Micronations A Brief History
Contents 1
An Introduction
1
1.1
Micronation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
1.1.1
Etymology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
1.1.2
Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
1.1.3
Categories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
1.1.4
History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
1.1.5
Legitimacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
1.1.6
Academic, literary, and media attention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8
1.1.7
Coins of micronations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
1.1.8
See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
1.1.9
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
1.1.10 Further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
1.1.11 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
Sovereignty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
1.2.1
Different approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
1.2.2
History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
1.2.3
Definition and types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
1.2.4
Acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
1.2.5
Justifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
1.2.6
Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
1.2.7
Relation to rule of law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
1.2.8
See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
1.2.9
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
1.2.10 Further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
1.2
2
Alphabetical List of Micronations
19
2.1
Aerican Empire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19
2.1.1
History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19
2.1.2
Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19
2.1.3
Offline activities
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
2.1.4
See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
2.1.5
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
2.1.6
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
i
ii
CONTENTS 2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
Conch Republic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
2.2.1
History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
2.2.2
Souvenir passports and vehicle registration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22
2.2.3
Military . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22
2.2.4
In literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22
2.2.5
National anthem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22
2.2.6
See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22
2.2.7
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22
2.2.8
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
Crown Dependency of Forvik . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
2.3.1
Name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
2.3.2
Ownership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
2.3.3
Declaration of Dependence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24
2.3.4
Letter to Queen Elizabeth II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24
2.3.5
Response from United Kingdom Government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24
2.3.6
Response from Shetland Islands Council . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24
2.3.7
Citizenship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25
2.3.8
Oil exploration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25
2.3.9
See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25
2.3.10 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25
2.3.11 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26
Dominion of Melchizedek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26
2.4.1
Origin and status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26
2.4.2
Frauds linked to the Dominion of Melchizedek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27
2.4.3
Principal Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27
2.4.4
See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28
2.4.5
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28
2.4.6
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29
Empire of Atlantium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29
2.5.1
History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29
2.5.2
Aurora . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29
2.5.3
Status and operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30
2.5.4
Stamps, coins and banknotes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30
2.5.5
Membership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30
2.5.6
See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30
2.5.7
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30
2.5.8
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31
2.5.9
Further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31
2.5.10 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31
Freetown Christiania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31
2.6.1
31
History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CONTENTS
iii
2.6.2
Drugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35
2.6.3
Further developments
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37
2.6.4
The flag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
38
2.6.5
In fiction and popular culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
38
2.6.6
See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
38
2.6.7
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
38
2.6.8
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
39
Frestonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40
2.7.1
Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40
2.7.2
Origins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40
2.7.3
Independence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40
2.7.4
Culture, communications, transport and economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40
2.7.5
Decline and fall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
41
2.7.6
Current situation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
41
2.7.7
Cultural reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
41
2.7.8
See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
41
2.7.9
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
41
2.7.10 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
42
Global Country of World Peace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
42
2.8.1
Mission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
42
2.8.2
Currency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
42
2.8.3
Administrative centers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
43
2.8.4
Peace Palaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
43
2.8.5
Other facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
44
2.8.6
Efforts to obtain sovereignty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
44
2.8.7
Administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
44
2.8.8
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45
2.8.9
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
46
Grand Duchy of Avram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
47
2.9.1
See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
47
2.9.2
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
47
2.9.3
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
47
2.10 Westarctica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
47
2.10.1 Territory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
47
2.10.2 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
48
2.10.3 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
49
2.10.4 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
49
2.10.5 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
49
2.11 Hajdučka Republika Mijata Tomića . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
49
2.7
2.8
2.9
2.11.1 Location
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
49
2.11.2 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
49
iv
CONTENTS 2.11.3 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
49
2.11.4 Currency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
50
2.11.5 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
50
2.11.6 References and sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
50
2.12 Hay-on-Wye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
50
2.12.1 Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
50
2.12.2 Governance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
51
2.12.3 Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
51
2.12.4 Book town . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
51
2.12.5 Other activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
51
2.12.6 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
51
2.12.7 Twinning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
52
2.12.8 King of Hay-on-Wye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
52
2.12.9 Notable people . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
53
2.12.10 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
53
2.12.11 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
53
2.12.12 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
53
2.13 Independent State of Rainbow Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
53
2.13.1 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
54
2.13.2 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
54
2.14 Kingdom of EnenKio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55
2.14.1 Basis of claim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55
2.14.2 Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55
2.14.3 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
56
2.14.4 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
56
2.14.5 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
56
2.15 Kingdom of Redonda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
56
2.15.1 History of the “Kingdom” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
56
2.15.2 In popular culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
58
2.15.3 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
58
2.15.4 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
59
2.16 Ladonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
59
2.16.1 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
59
2.16.2 Population and citizenry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
60
2.16.3 Nimis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
60
2.16.4 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
61
2.16.5 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
61
2.16.6 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
61
2.17 Llanrwst . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
61
2.17.1 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
61
2.17.2 Geography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
62
CONTENTS
v
2.17.3 Demography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
62
2.17.4 Transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
62
2.17.5 Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
63
2.17.6 Sport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
63
2.17.7 Notable people . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
63
2.17.8 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
63
2.17.9 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
63
2.17.10 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
63
2.18 Lundy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
64
2.18.1 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
64
2.18.2 Geography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
68
2.18.3 Ecology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
68
2.18.4 Transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
70
2.18.5 Electricity supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
72
2.18.6 Staying on the island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
72
2.18.7 Administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
72
2.18.8 In popular culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
72
2.18.9 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
72
2.18.10 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
72
2.18.11 Further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
75
2.18.12 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
75
2.19 Nation of Celestial Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
75
2.19.1 Declaration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
75
2.19.2 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
76
2.19.3 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
76
2.20 Nova Roma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
76
2.20.1 Roman religion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
76
2.20.2 Live events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
77
2.20.3 Cultural competitions and games . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
77
2.20.4 Historical contexts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
77
2.20.5 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
77
2.20.6 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
78
2.20.7 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
79
2.20.8 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
79
2.21 Other World Kingdom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
79
2.21.1 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
79
2.21.2 Government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
79
2.21.3 Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
79
2.21.4 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
80
2.21.5 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
80
2.21.6 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
80
vi
CONTENTS 2.22 Perloja . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
80
2.22.1 Village . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
80
2.22.2 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
80
2.22.3 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
81
2.23 Principality of Hutt River . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
81
2.23.1 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
81
2.23.2 Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
82
2.23.3 Casley family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
83
2.23.4 Currency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
83
2.23.5 Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
84
2.23.6 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
85
2.23.7 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
85
2.23.8 Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
86
2.23.9 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
86
2.24 Principality of Sealand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
87
2.24.1 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
87
2.24.2 Legal status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
88
2.24.3 Administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
89
2.24.4 Business operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
89
2.24.5 Sports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
90
2.24.6 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
91
2.24.7 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
91
2.24.8 Further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
92
2.24.9 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
93
2.25 Principality of Seborga . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
93
2.25.1 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
93
2.25.2 Government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
93
2.25.3 Economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
94
2.25.4 Gallery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
94
2.25.5 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
94
2.25.6 Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
94
2.25.7 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
95
2.26 Republic of Minerva . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
95
2.26.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
95
2.26.2 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
95
2.26.3 Geography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
97
2.26.4 Shipwrecks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
98
2.26.5 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
98
2.26.6 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
98
2.27 Republic of Molossia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
98
2.27.1 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
98
CONTENTS
vii
2.27.2 Territory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
99
2.27.3 Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
99
2.27.4 Economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 2.27.5 Tourism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 2.27.6 War with East Germany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 2.27.7 In popular culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 2.27.8 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 2.27.9 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 2.27.10 Further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 2.27.11 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 2.28 Republic of Peščenica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 2.28.1 Presidents
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
2.28.2 Facts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 2.28.3 Personalities
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
2.28.4 Cultural manifestations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 2.28.5 Famous actions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 2.28.6 Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 2.28.7 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 2.28.8 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 2.29 Rockall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 2.29.1 Etymology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 2.29.2 Geography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 2.29.3 Geology
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
2.29.4 Ecology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 2.29.5 Visits to Rockall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 2.29.6 Ownership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 2.29.7 Shipping disasters
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
2.29.8 In popular culture
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
2.29.9 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 2.29.10 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 2.29.11 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 2.30 Talossa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 2.30.1 Government
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
2.30.2 Culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 2.30.3 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 2.30.4 Leaders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 2.30.5 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 2.30.6 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 2.30.7 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 2.31 Užupis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 2.31.1 Geography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
viii
CONTENTS 2.31.2 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 2.31.3 The Republic of Užupis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 2.31.4 Angel of Užupis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 2.31.5 Notable residents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 2.31.6 In creative works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 2.31.7 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 2.31.8 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 2.32 Wirtland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 2.32.1 History and government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 2.32.2 Population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 2.32.3 Media reaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 2.32.4 Wirtland’s coins and cinderella stamps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 2.32.5 National identity card . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 2.32.6 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 2.32.7 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 2.32.8 Further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 2.32.9 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
3
Appendices 3.1
3.2
121
Emperor Norton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 3.1.1
Early life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
3.1.2
Declares himself emperor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
3.1.3
Norton’s Imperial acts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
3.1.4
Later years and death . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
3.1.5
Legacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
3.1.6
See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
3.1.7
Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
3.1.8
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
3.1.9
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Flags of micronations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 3.2.1
A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
3.2.2
B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
3.2.3
C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
3.2.4
E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
3.2.5
F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
3.2.6
H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
3.2.7
J . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
3.2.8
K . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
3.2.9
L . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
3.2.10 M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 3.2.11 O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 3.2.12 R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
CONTENTS
ix
3.2.13 S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 3.2.14 T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 3.2.15 V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 3.2.16 W . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 3.2.17 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 3.2.18 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 3.2.19 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
4
''How to Start Your Own Country'' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 3.3.1
Episodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
3.3.2
Citizen TV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
3.3.3
Kingdom of Lovely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
3.3.4
See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
3.3.5
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
3.3.6
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
List of micronation currencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 3.4.1
List of currencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
3.4.2
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
3.4.3
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
List of micronations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 3.5.1
Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
3.5.2
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
3.5.3
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
Montevideo Convention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 3.6.1
Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
3.6.2
Criticisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
3.6.3
Parties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
3.6.4
Customary international law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
3.6.5
See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
3.6.6
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
3.6.7
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses
137
4.1
Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
4.2
Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
4.3
Content license . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Chapter 1
An Introduction 1.1 Micronation
The term “micronation” to describe those entities dates at least to the 1970s.[2] The term micropatrology is someThis article is about entities that are not officially recog- times used to describe the study of both micronations and nized by world governments or major international organ- microstates by micronationalists, some of whom refer to isations. For information on countries that are generally sovereign nation-states as “macronations”. recognized but geographically small, see microstate. A micronation, sometimes referred to as a model coun-
1.1.1 Etymology
The term 'micronation' literally means “small nation”. It is a neologism originating in the mid-1970s to describe the many thousands of small unrecognised state-like entities that have mostly arisen since that time. It is generally accepted that the term was invented by Robert Ben Madison. The term has since also come to be used retrospectively to refer to earlier unrecognised entities, some of which date to as far back as the 19th century. Supporters of micronations (“micronationalists”) use the term “macronation” for any UN-recognized sovereign nation-state.
The Principality of Sealand, a micronation.
Not all micronations are small; some can be rather large, like the Dominion of British West Florida or those with try or new country project, is an entity that claims to claims on Antarctica or other planets. be an independent nation or state but is not officially recognized by world governments or major international organizations. 1.1.2 Definition Micronations are distinguished from imaginary countries and from other kinds of social groups (such as ecovillages, campuses, tribes, clans, sects, and residential community associations) by expressing a formal and persistent, even if unrecognized, claim of sovereignty over some physical territory.
Micronations generally have a number of common features, although these may vary widely. They may have a structure similar to established sovereign states, including territorial claims, government institutions, official symbols and citizens, albeit on a much smaller scale. Micronations are often quite small, in both their claimed territory and claimed populations — although there are some exceptions to this rule, with different micronations having different methods of citizenship. Micronations may also issue formal instruments such as postage stamps, coins, banknotes and passports, and bestow honours and titles of nobility.
Several micronations have issued coins, flags, postage stamps, passports, medals, and other items, which are rarely accepted outside of their own community. The earliest known micronations date from the beginning of the 19th century. The advent of the Internet provided the means for people to create many new micronations, whose members are scattered all over the world and interact mostly by electronic means, often calling their nations Nomadic Countries. The differences between such Internet micronations, other kinds of social networking groups, and role playing games are often difficult to define.[1]
The Montevideo Convention was one attempt to create a legal definition distinguishing between states and nonstates. Some micronations meet this definition, while some do not, and others reject the Convention altogether. The academic study of micronations, and microstates is 1
2
CHAPTER 1. AN INTRODUCTION
known as micropatrology, and the hobby of establishing and operating micronations is known as micronationalism.
1.1.3
Categories
In the present day, nine main types of micronations are prevalent: 1. Social, economic, or political simulations. 2. Exercises in personal entertainment or selfaggrandisement. 3. Exercises in fantasy or creative fiction. 4. Vehicles for the promotion of an agenda. 5. Entities created for fraudulent purposes. 6. Historical anomalies and aspirant states. 7. New-country projects. 8. Exercises in historical revisionism. 9. Alternative governments. Social, economic, or political simulations These micronations tend to have a reasonably serious intent, and often involve significant numbers of people interested in recreating the past or simulating political or social processes. Examples include:
• Republic of Jamtland, a self-proclaimed republic in the county of Jämtland, Sweden. It was founded in 1963 due to Sweden’s social welfare politics, which wanted Jämtland to merge with the county of Västernorrland and wanted more people to move away from the countryside of northern Sweden and into the big cities of southern Sweden. This started protests in Jämtland and later that year they declared themselves a free republic within the Kingdom of Sweden. The Republic of Jämtland has a population of 130,573 inhabitants and has an area of 19,090.4 square miles. Jämtland also has embassies and consulates in 17 different countries, such as China, Germany, the USA, England, Norway and Russia. In 1967, Yngve Gamlin, the president of the republic at that time, went to see the Swedish prime minister Tage Erlander about merging with Västernorrland county. Yngve was greeted at Harpsund estate by Tage as a chief of state on a state visit to Sweden. This gave Jamtland some recognition from Sweden as a free republic. This event has, however, been debated whether it should be seen as formal recognition or not. • Holy Empire of Reunion, a Brazilian micronation founded in 1997 as an online constitutional monarchy simulation. It claims several dozen members around the world. It has minted coins and produced flags, banknotes and passports for its citizens. According to a report by BBC, Réunion has contacts with 175 micronations all over the world.[15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22]
Exercises in personal entertainment or self• Freetown Christiania, a semi-legal district in aggrandisement Copenhagen, Denmark • Kingdom of Elleore, micronation founded 1944 on With literally thousands in existence, micronations of the the small island of Elleore in the Roskilde Fjord, second type are by far the most common. This type can also be known as “political simulationism” or simnorth of Roskilde on the Danish island of Zealand ply “simulationism”. They generally exist “for fun,” have • Talossa, a political simulation founded in 1979, with relatively few participants, are ephemeral, today usually more than 200 members (“citizens”) and an invented Internet-based, and many do not survive more than a few culture and language, which split into three sepa- months—although there are notable exceptions. They are rate groups in 2005, of which two united in 2010 to usually concerned solely with arrogating to their founders the “Kingdom of Talossa”, and the last one vanished the outward symbols of statehood. The use of grandsounding titles, awards, honours, and heraldic symbols into quiescence.[3][4][5] derived from European feudal traditions, the conduct of • Nova Roma, a group claiming a worldwide mem- “wars” (often known as recwars) and “diplomacy” with bership of several thousand that has minted its own other micronations, and simulated continents or planets coins, maintains its own wiki, and which engages in are common manifestations of their activities. Examples real-life Roman-themed re-enactments. include: • Grand Duchy of Flandrensis: a Belgian micronation with claims over some territories of Antarctica. The micronation is also a political simulation and cultural organization. In 2012, the micronation was composed of 114 citizens from 21 different nationalities.[6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]
• The Aerican Empire, a Monty Pythonesque micronation founded in 1987 and known for its tonguein-cheek interplanetary land claims, smiley-faced flag and a range of national holidays (called “niftydays,” because “there’s nothing holy about them”)
1.1. MICRONATION
3 • San Serriffe, an April Fool’s Day hoax created by the British newspaper The Guardian, in its April 1, 1977 edition. The fictional island nation was described in an elaborate seven-page supplement and has been revisited by the newspaper several times. • Republic of Saugeais (République du Saugeais), a fifty-year-old “republic” in the French département of Doubs, bordering Switzerland. The republic is made of the 11 municipalities of Les Allies, Arcon, Bugny, La Chaux-de-Gilley, Gilley, Hauterivela-Fresne, La Longeville, Montflovin, Maisonsdu-Bois-Lievremont, Ville-du-Pont, and its capital Montbenoit. It had a “president”—Georgette Bertin-Pourchet, elected in 2006—a “prime minister” and numerous “citizens”. It was born from a joke between a Sauget resident and the local Préfet. Vehicles for agenda promotion
President Kevin Baugh of Molossia.
that includes “Topin Wagglegammon” amongst others. • Republic of Molossia, a desert-based micronation of 0.5 ha (1.3 acres) located near Reno, Nevada ruled by President Kevin Baugh, founded in 1977. There is a nationwide ban on smoking.[23] • The Kingdom of Lovely is an attempt by King Danny I (Danny Wallace) to create an internet nation based in his flat in London, the central feature of his 2005 TV series How to Start Your Own Country. Exercises in fantasy or creative fiction
“Welcome to the Conch Republic" – a sign at Key West International Airport.
These types of micronations are typically associated with a political or social reform agenda. Some are maintained as media and public relations exercises. Examples of this type include:
Micronations of the third type include stand-alone artistic projects, deliberate exercises in creative online fiction, social justification or gratification, and artistamp creations. Examples include:
• Akhzivland is a self-declared and officially tolerated “independent republic” established by Israeli hippie and former sailor Eli Avivi on the Mediterranean beach at Akhziv in Israel.[24]
• The Republic of Kugelmugel, founded by an Austrian artist and based in a ball-shaped house in Vienna, which quickly became a tourist attraction.
• The Conch Republic, which began in 1982 as a protest by residents and business owners in the Florida Keys against a United States Border Patrol roadblock. It has since been maintained as a tourism booster, and the group has engaged in other protests.
• The Copeman Empire, run from a caravan park in Norfolk, England, by its founder Nick Copeman, who changed his name by deed poll to HM King Nicholas I. He and his empire are the subject of a book and a website where King Nicholas sells knighthoods.
• Valašské království (Kingdom of Wallachia) is a tongue-in-cheek micronation established by Tomáš Harabiš, with the Czech actor Bolek Polívka as its king in 1997 in the territory of Moravian Wallachia, for the purpose of promoting the region and tourist
4
CHAPTER 1. AN INTRODUCTION activities. The micronation has been registered as a tourist agency in 2000. The micronation suffered a coup d'état during which Polívka was stripped of his throne and ousted from the kingdom.
Entities created for allegedly fraudulent purposes
Atlantis’ leader, the self-styled Sheikh Yakub AlSheikh Ibrahim, was wanted in the US for various crimes including fraud and money laundering. At one point, Atlantis sent a delegation to the legitimate state of Palau to offer a low interest loan of $100 million.[29][30][31]
A number of micronations have been established for Historical anomalies, legal anomalies and aspirant fraudulent purposes, by seeking to link questionable or states illegal financial actions with seemingly legitimate nations. • The Territory of Poyais was invented by Scottish adventurer and South American independence hero Gregor MacGregor in the early 19th century. On the basis of a land grant made to him by the Anglophile native King of the Mosquito people in what is present-day Honduras, MacGregor wove one of history’s most elaborate hoaxes, managing to charm the highest levels of London's political and financial establishment with tales of the bucolic, resourcerich country he claimed to rule as a benevolent sovereign prince, or “Cazique”, when he arrived in the UK in 1822. The putative border crossing from Italy into the Principality of Seborga
• The Dominion of Melchizedek has been widely condemned for promoting fraudulent banking activities and other financial scams, and for the involvement A small number of micronations are founded based on by one of its founders in the attempted secession of historical anomalies or on legal anomalies (deriving from disputed interpretations of law). These types of mithe Fijian island of Rotuma.[25][26] cronations are usually located on small (usually disputed) • New Utopia, operated by Oklahoma City longevity territorial enclaves, generate limited economic activity promoter Howard Turney as a libertarian new coun- founded on tourism and philatelic and numismatic sales, try project was stopped by a United States federal and are tolerated or ignored by the nations from which court temporary restraining order from selling bonds they claim to have seceded. This category includes: and bank licenses. New Utopia has claimed for a number of years to be on the verge of commenc• Seborga, a town in the region of Liguria, Italy, near ing construction of an artificial island territory lothe southern end of the border with France, which cated approximately midway between Honduras and traces its history back to the Middle Ages. Cuba, on the Misteriosa Bank but no such project has yet been undertaken. • The Principality of Hutt River (formerly “Hutt River Province”), a farm in Western Australia, claims to have seceded from Australia to become an indepen• The Kingdom of EnenKio, which claims Wake Atoll dent principality, with a worldwide population numin the Marshall Islands belonging to the US mibered in the tens of thousands. nor outlying islands, has been condemned by the governments of the Marshall Islands and of the • The Principality of Sealand, a World War II-era United States for selling passports and diplomatic anti-aircraft platform built in the North Sea beyond [27] papers. On April 23, 1998, the Ministry of ForBritain’s then territorial limit, seized by a pirate raeign Affairs of the Republic of the Marshall Islands dio group in 1967 as a base for their operations, and issued an official Circular Note, denouncing reprecurrently used as the site of a secure web-hosting sentatives of both “EnenKio” and “Melchizedek” for facility. Sealand has continued to promote its inde[28] making fraudulent representations. pendence by issuing stamps, money, and appointing an official national athlete. It has been described as • The United Kingdom of Atlantis operated a webthe “world’s most notorious micronation” as well as site that ceased to function in 2005, and claimed the “world’s smallest and weirdest country”.[32] to be located in the Pacific Ocean near Australia. • The Crown Dependency of Forvik is an island in The “kingdom” published maps of its alleged loShetland, currently recognized as part of UK. Stuart cation; however, the islands shown did not exist.
1.1. MICRONATION Hill claims that independence comes from an arrangement struck in 1468 between King Christian I of Denmark/Norway and Scotland’s James III, whereby Christian pawned the Shetland Islands to James in order to raise money for his daughter’s dowry. Hill claims that the dowry was never paid and therefore it is not part of UK and should be a crown dependency like the Isle of Man. Hill has also encouraged the rest of Shetland to declare independence.[33] • The Free Republic of Liberland is a small, unclaimed parcel of land between Croatia and Serbia, sharing a land border with Croatia and having its eastern border on the Danube river. It was proclaimed by Vít Jedlička on April 13, 2015. The unclaimed land was created because of the CroatiaSerbia border dispute, which made lots of parcels of land claimed by both countries and parcels that were claimed by neither. It has not been officially recognised by any country in the United Nations as of May 6, 2015. New-country projects New-country projects are attempts to found completely new nation-states. They typically involve plans to construct artificial islands (few of which are ever realised), and a large percentage have embraced or purported to embrace libertarian or democratic principles. Examples include:
5 2001. If the Awdal Road Company was able to build a road, then the Sultan of Awdal will give land to allow them ARC to create an economic free zone, and some of that territory will then be handed over to the Principality of Freedonia. After the men from Awdal Roads Company were deported following false allegations about the lease, resulting public dissatisfaction led to rioting, and the reported death of a Somali. • Republic of Rose Island, an artificial island constructed in 1968 by Italian architect Giorgio Rosa in the Adriatic Sea. The structure was originally built as a tourist attraction, but soon after it was finished, Rosa declared sovereignty. • Oceania (also known as “The Atlantis Project”, but unrelated to the 1970s project listed above), another libertarian artificial island project that raised US$400,000 before going bankrupt in 1994.[34] • Seasteading, a project aimed at building competitive governments at sea. • Global Country of World Peace, “a country without borders for peace-loving people everywhere”, was declared by Maharishi Mahesh Yogi in 2000. It made several attempts to buy or lease land for a sovereign territory.[35] It is currently governed by Maharaja Tony Nader.[36] Its currency is the RAAM and its capitals include Maharishi Vedic City, Iowa and MERU, Holland.
• Operation Atlantis, an early 1970s New York–based Exercises in historical revisionism libertarian group, built a concrete-hulled ship called • In Germany, numerous individuals and groups— Freedom, which they sailed to the Caribbean, incollectively labeled Kommissarische Reichsregieruntending to permanently anchor it as their “territory”. gen (KRR)—assert that the German Empire continThe ship sank in a hurricane and the project colues to exist in its pre-World War II borders and that lapsed with it. they are its government, or government-in-exile.[37]
Landing on Minerva
• The Imperial Throne formerly the Russian Empire, is a micronation created in 2011 by Russian businessman and politician Anton Bakov, chairman of the Monarchist Party of the Russian Federation. In 2014, the Imperial Throne proclaimed that Prince Karl Emich of Leiningen, one of several claimants to the royal Romanov line, was now Nicholas III, Emperor of All Russia. The Imperial Throne claims to be in contact with the governments of Macedonia and Montenegro about a grant of territory and state recognition.
• Republic of Minerva, another libertarian project that succeeded in building a small man-made island on the Minerva Reefs south of Fiji in 1972 before being invaded by troops from Tonga, who formally 1.1.4 History annexed it before destroying the island. Early history and evolution • Principality of Freedonia, a libertarian project that supported the Awdal Road Company’s attempts to The oldest extant micronation to arise in modern times lease land from the Sultan of Awdal in Somaliland in is the Kingdom of Redonda, founded in 1865 in the
6 Caribbean. It failed to establish itself as a real country, but has nonetheless managed to survive into the present day as a unique foundation with its own king and aristocracy—although it is not without its controversies: there are presently at least four competing claimants to the Redondan throne. Martin Coles Harman, owner of the British island of Lundy in the early decades of the 20th century, declared himself King and issued private coinage and postage stamps for local use. Although the island was ruled as a virtual fiefdom, its owner never claimed to be independent of the United Kingdom, so Lundy can at best be described as a precursor to later territorial micronations. Another example is the Principality of Outer Baldonia, a 16-acre (65,000 m2 ) rocky island off the coast of Nova Scotia, founded by Russell Arundel, chairman of the Pepsi Cola Company (later: PepsiCo), in 1945 and comprising a population of 69 fishermen.
CHAPTER 1. AN INTRODUCTION coast of Jamaica. This territory, consisting of an 8-foot (2.4 m) by 30-foot (9.1 m) barge, he called “New Atlantis”. Hemingway was an honorary citizen and President; however, the structure was damaged by storms and finally pillaged by Mexican fishermen. In 1973, Hemingway was reported to have moved on from New Atlantis to promoting a 1,000 sq yd (840 m2 ) platform near the Bahamas. The new country was called “Tierra del Mar” (Land of the Sea). (Ernest Hemingway’s adopted hometown of Key West was later itself part of another micronation; see Conch Republic.) The Republic of Minerva was set up in 1972 as a libertarian new-country project by Nevada businessman Michael Oliver. Oliver’s group conducted dredging operations at the Minerva Reefs, a shoal located in the Pacific Ocean south of Fiji. They succeeded in creating a small artificial island, but their efforts at securing international recognition met with little success, and near-neighbour Tonga sent a military force to the area and annexed it. On April 1, 1977, bibliophile Richard Booth declared the Welsh town of Hay-on-Wye an independent kingdom with himself as its monarch. The town subsequently developed a healthy tourism industry based on literary interests, and “King Richard” (whose sceptre is a recycled toilet plunger) continues to award Hay-on-Wye peerages and honours to anyone prepared to pay for them.[38] Japanese micronations in the 1980s
The 550 m2 (5,900 sq ft) Principality of Sealand
History during 1960 to 1980 The 1960s and 1970s witnessed the foundation of a number of territorial micronations. The first of these, Sealand, was established in 1967 on an abandoned World War II gun platform in the North Sea just off the East Anglian coast of England, and has survived into the present day. Others were founded on libertarian principles and involved schemes to construct artificial islands, but only three are known to have had even limited success in realizing that goal.
In 1981, drawing on a news report about Leicester Hemingway’s “New Atlantis”, novelist Hisashi Inoue wrote a 700-page work of magic realism, Kirikirijin, about a village that secedes from Japan and proclaims its bumpkinish, marginalized dialect its national language, and its subsequent war of independence. This single-handedly inspired a large number of Japanese villages, mostly in the northern regions, to “declare independence”, generally as a move to raise awareness of their unique culture and crafts for urban Japanese who saw village life as backwards and uncultured. These micronations even held “international summits” from 1983 to 1985, and some of them formed confederations. Throughout the 1980s there was a “micronation boom” in Japan that brought many urban tourists to these wayward villages. But the harsh economic impact of the Japanese asset price bubble in 1991 ended the boom. Many of the villages were forced to merge with larger cities, and the micronations and confederations were generally dissolved.[39]
The Republic of Rose Island was a 400 m2 (4,300 sq ft) platform built in 1968 in Italian national waters in the Adriatic Sea, 7 miles (11 km) off the Italian town of Rimini. It is known to have issued stamps, and to have Australian and New Zealand developments declared Esperanto to be its official language. Shortly after completion, however, it was seized and destroyed by Micronational developments that occurred in New the Italian Navy for failing to pay state taxes. Zealand and Australia in the final three decades of the In the late 1960s, Leicester Hemingway, brother of au- 20th century included: thor Ernest, was involved in another such project—a small timber platform in international waters off the west
• The Principality of Hutt River was founded in 1970,
1.1. MICRONATION
7
when Leonard Casley declared his property inde- 1.1.5 Legitimacy pendent after a dispute over wheat quotas. See also: Constitutive theory of statehood and • 1976 witnessed the creation of the Province of BumDeclarative theory of statehood bunga on a rural property near Snowtown, South Australia, by an eccentric British monarchist. In international law, the Montevideo Convention on the • The Sovereign State of Aeterna Lucina was created Right and Duties of States sets down the criteria for statein a hamlet on the New South Wales north coast in hood in article 1: The state as a person of international 1978. law should possess the following qualifications: (a) a per• In Victoria, a long-running dispute over flood dam- manent population; (b) a defined territory; (c) government; age to farm properties led to the creation of the and (d) capacity to enter into relations with the other states. Independent State of Rainbow Creek in 1979.
•
• • • •
The first sentence of article 3 of the Montevideo Convention explicitly states that “The political existence of the An anti-taxation campaigner founded the Grand state is independent of recognition by the other states.” Duchy of Avram in western Tasmania in the 1980s; “His Grace the Duke of Avram” was later elected to Under these guidelines, any entity which meets all of the criteria set forth in article 1 can be regarded as sovereign the Tasmanian Parliament. under international law, whether or not other states have The Independent State of Aramoana was established recognized it. in New Zealand in 1980. The Sovereign Military Order of Malta, as an indepenThe Empire of Atlantium was established in Sydney, dent subject of international law does not meet all the criteria for recognition as a State (however it does not claim in 1981 as a non-territorial global government. itself a State either), but is and has been recognized as a The Republic of Whangamomona was established sovereign nation for centuries. in 1989. The doctrine of territorial integrity does not effectively A mortgage foreclosure dispute led George and prohibit unilateral secession from established states in inStephanie Muirhead of Rockhampton, Queensland, ternational law, per the relevant section from the text of to briefly and abortively secede as the Principality of the Final Act of the Conference on Security and CoopMarlborough in 1993. eration in Europe, also known as the Helsinki Final Act, Helsinki Accords or Helsinki Declaration:[41]
Effects of the Internet Micronationalism shed much of its traditionally eccentric anti-establishment mantle and took on a distinctly hobbyist perspective in the mid-1990s, when the emerging popularity of the Internet made it possible to create and promote statelike entities in an entirely electronic medium with relative ease. An early example is the Kingdom of Talossa, a micronation created in 1979 by then 14-yearold Robert Ben Madison, which went online in November 1995, and was reported in the New York Times and other print media in 2000.[40] As a result, the number of exclusively online, fantasy or simulation-based micronations expanded dramatically. The activities of these types of micronations are almost exclusively limited to simulations of diplomatic activity (including the signing of “treaties” and participation in “supra-micronational” forums such as the League of Micronations) and contribution to wikis. With the introduction of the Internet, many articles on how to create micronations were made available on such wikis, which serve as a hub of online activity for micronations. A number of traditional territorial micronations, including the Hutt River Province, Seborga, and Sealand, maintain websites that serve largely to promote their claims and sell merchandise.
IV. Territorial integrity of States The participating States will respect the territorial integrity of each of the participating States. Accordingly, they will refrain from any action inconsistent with the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations against the territorial integrity, political independence or the unity of any participating State, and in particular from any such action constituting a threat or use of force. The participating States will likewise refrain from making each other’s territory the object of military occupation or other direct or indirect measures of force in contravention of international law, or the object of acquisition by means of such measures or the threat of them. No such occupation or acquisition will be recognized as legal. In effect, this states that other states (i.e., third parties), may not encourage secession in a state. This does not make any statement as regards persons within a state electing to secede of their own accord.
8
1.1.6
CHAPTER 1. AN INTRODUCTION
Academic, literary, and media atten- The Sunderland summit was later featured in the 5-part BBC light entertainment television series How to Start tion
Your Own Country presented by Danny Wallace. The series told the story of Wallace’s experience of foundThere has been a small but growing amount of attening a micronation, Lovely, located in his London flat. It tion paid to the micronation phenomenon in recent years. screened in the UK in 2005.[45] Most interest in academic circles has been concerned with studying the apparently anomalous legal situations affect- Similar programs have also aired on television networks ing such entities as Sealand and the Hutt River Province, in other parts of Europe. In France, several Canal+ in exploring how some micronations represent grassroots programs have centered on the satirical Presipality of political ideas, and in the creation of role-playing entities Groland, while in Belgium a series by Rob Vanoudenhoven and broadcast on the Flemish commercial network for instructional purposes. VTM in April 2006 was reminiscent of Wallace’s seIn 2000, Professor Fabrice O'Driscoll, of the Aixries, and centred on the producer’s creation of Robland. Marseille University, published a book about micronaAmong other things Vanoudenhoven minted his own tions: Ils ne siègent pas à l'ONU (“They are not in the coins denominated in “Robbies”. United Nations”), with more than 300 pages dedicated to On September 9, 2006, The Guardian newspaper rethe subject.[18] ported that the travel guide company Lonely Planet had In May 2000, an article in the New York Times entitled published the world’s first travel guide devoted to mi“Utopian Rulers, and Spoofs, Stake Out Territory Online” cronations, Micronations: The Lonely Planet Guide to brought the phenomenon to a wider audience.[42] Similar Home-Made Nations. articles were published by newspapers such as the Italian La Repubblica, O Estado de S. Paulo in Brazil, and Por- The Democratic Empire of Sunda, which claims to be the Government of the Kingdom of Sunda (an ancient kingtugal’s Visão at around the same time. dom, in present-day Indonesia) in exile in Switzerland, Several recent publications have dealt with the subject made media headlines when two so-called princesses, of particular historic micronations, including Republic Lamia Roro Wiranatadikusumah Siliwangi Al Misri, 21, of Indian Stream (University Press), by Dartmouth Coland Fathia Reza Wiranatadikusumah Siliwangi Al Misiri, lege geographer Daniel Doan, 'The Land that Never Was, 23, were detained by Malaysian authorities at the borabout Gregor MacGregor and the Principality of Poyais, der with Brunei, on 13 July 2007, and are charged for by David Sinclair (Review, 2003, ISBN 0-7553-1080-2) entering the country without a valid pass. The hearing and “An Australian Monarch” about the Principality of continues.[46] Hutt River by William Pitt (CopyRight Publishing, ISBN In 2010, a conference of micronations was held on 9-781876-344672). Dangar Island in Sydney, Australia. Micronations with In August 2003, a summit of micronations took place representatives in attendance included the Empire of Atin Helsinki at Finlandia Hall, the site of the Conference lantium, the Principality of Hutt River, the Principality for Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE). The of Wy and the Gay and Lesbian Kingdom of the Coral summit was attended by delegations of the Principality Sea Islands[47] of Sealand, the Kingdoms of Elgaland-Vargaland, NSKState in Time, Ladonia, the Transnational repub- In 2010, a documentary film by Jody Shapiro entitled lic|Transnational Republic, the State of Sabotage and by “How to Start your Own Country” was screened as part of the Toronto International Film Festival. The documenscholars from various academic institutions.[43] tary explored various micronations around the world, and From 7 November through 17 December 2004, the Reg included an analysis of the concept of statehood and citVardy Gallery at the University of Sunderland (UK) izenship. Erwin Strauss, author of the eponymous book, hosted an exhibition on the subject of micronational was interviewed as part of the film.[48] group identity and symbolism. The exhibition focused on numismatic, philatelic and vexillological artifacts, as In 2012, a conference of micronations (Polination Micronations with well as other symbols and instruments created and used 2012) was held in London . by a number of micronations from the 1950s through to representatives in attendance included the Empire of the present day. A summit of micronations conducted Atlantium, the Republic of Molossia, the Grand Duchy as part of this exhibition was attended by representatives of Flandrensis, Ladonia, Neue Slowenische Kunst and of Sealand, Elgaland-Vargaland, New Utopia, Atlantium, Austenasia.[7][8][9][49][6] Frestonia and Fusa.[44] The exhibition was reprised at the The manga and anime series Hetalia: Axis Powers, in Andrew Kreps Gallery in New York City from 24 June – which the main characters are the stereotyped person29 July of the following year and organized by R. Black- ifications of the nations of the world, features several son and Peter Coffin. Peter Coffin organized a more micronations as characters. As of 2011 micronations extensive exhibition about micronations at Paris’ Palais represented include Sealand, Seborga, Wy, Kugelmugel, de Tokyo in early 2007 called ÉTATS (faites-le vous- Molossia, Hutt River, Ladonia, and the former micronamême)/States (Do it yourself).
1.1. MICRONATION
9
tion of Nikko Nikko.
[9] (Dutch) VANSTEENKISTE, A., “Hoogledenaar is Groothertog van micronatie Flandrensis, Het Nieuwsblad, 13 September 2012, page 22-22
The Australian television comedy series "Micro Nation" is set on the fictional island micronation of Pullamawang, which remained independent from Australia because they [10] (Russian) CHASTNY KORRESPONDENT, Micronations on the Southern Continent “forgot to mail in their paperwork” at the Federation of Australia in 1901.[50]
1.1.7
Coins of micronations
• A Principality of Seborga coin • 35 Dollars; Republic of Minerva coin • 20 Dollars; Hutt River Province
[11] (French) BELENFANT, M., Sa Majesté le Grand-Duc de Flandrensis brise la glace, Le Jeu de l'Oie: La Revue Internationale de Sciences – Po Lille, April 2014, page 30-31 [12] (French) PRUDENT, R., Envie d’être chef ? Toi aussi, crée ta micronation en dix leçons , ‘Rue 89', 12 June 2014 [13] (Dutch) CORNILLIE, B., “Niels, groothertog van Flandrensis, Het Laatste Nieuws, 29 August 2014, page 20
• Lundy Island – 1 Puffin coin
[14] (French) MAZARS, P., “Micronations: la tournée du grand-duc, ‘Le Journal du Dimanche', 28 July 2014
• 100 Cifras – Holy Empire of Reunion coin
[15] “The Holy Empire of Reunion”. Retrieved 2015-02-07.
• 10 ICU gold “Wirtland Crane”
[16] Stephen Mihm (2009-05-25). Utopian Rulers, and Spoofs, Stake Out Territory Online . The New York Times.
• Sealandic coins, from left to right: Cupronickel Half Dollar, Silver One Dollar and Bronze Quarter Dollar
[17] Chris Nutall (1999-08-06). Birth of a cybernation . BBC News.
1.1.8
See also
• Flags of micronations • League for Small and Subject Nationalities • List of micronation currencies • List of micronations • List of unrecognized countries
1.1.9
References
[1] Mateusz Kudła, “Jak zostać premierem nie odchodząc od komputera” (in Polish). onet.pl. Retrieved 2013-04-27.
[18] ''Ils ne siègent pas à l'ONU''. Webcitation.org. Retrieved on 2012-07-15. [19] (Portuguese)(1998-08-05). Micronação sai do quarto para a Internet . Folha de S.Paulo. [20] Taglioni, François. “INSULARITY, POLITICAL STATUS AND SMALL INSULAR SPACES” (PDF). Retrieved 2015-02-07. [21] “Człowiek-wódka patrzy na lepszy świat” (in Polish). Kurier. Retrieved 2015-02-07. [22] Iolis, Andrea. “Teoria delle Micronazioni” (in Italian). Retrieved 2015-02-07.
[2] The People’s Almanac #2, page 330.
[23] EscapeArtist.com. “Start Your Own Country – Creating A New Country”. Escapeartist.com. Retrieved 2010-0924.
[3] “Kingdom of Talossa (1)". My.execpc.com. Retrieved 2010-09-24.
[24] Miller, Colin. “A World of His Own: Eli Avivi”. Go World Travel Online Magazine. Retrieved 2008-06-14.
[4] “The Kingdom of Talossa”. Retrieved 2010-09-24.
[25] ALERT 98-38. occ.treas.gov (1998-11-13).
[5] “Republic of Talossa”. Talossa.com. 2010-06-01. Retrieved 2010-09-24.
[26] “Litigation Release No. 16368 / November 23, 1999”. Sec.gov. Retrieved 2010-09-24.
[6] (Dutch) GHEERAERT, T., Diplomatieke rel om een deel van Antarctica, Het Wekelijks Nieuws, 05 September 2013, page 10-11
[27] “Richard’s Ramblings... History of Wake Island”. Richardsramblings.com. 2002-09-15. Retrieved 201009-24.
[7] (Dutch) DAMIAANS, R., DILLEN, R., Uw krant op bezoek bij Europese micronaties Deel 1: Flandrensis, Het Belang van Limburg, 20 July 2012, page 20-21
[28] “Official Marshall Islands Notices”. Angelfire.com. 199804-23. Retrieved 2010-09-24.
[8] (Dutch)DAMIAANS, R., DILLEN, R., Dwergstaten Deel 1: Flandrensis, Gazet van Antwerpen, 23 July 2012, page 8-9
[29] Olivier Wortel. Pacific Notes. Pacific Magazine. [30] Warnings And Notices. Angelfire.com. Retrieved on 2012-07-15.
10
[31] ‘Man from Atlantis not in Palau’. Szed.com (2004-02-18). Retrieved on 2012-07-15. [32] “JOURNEYS – THE SPIRIT OF DISCOVERY: Simon Sellars braves wind and waves to visit the unlikely North Sea nation of Sealand”. The Australian. Retrieved 200711-10.
CHAPTER 1. AN INTRODUCTION
1.1.10 Further reading • Anonymous (2003-07-24). “Prince finds if all else fails, secede”. Australian Daily Telegraph. • Alex Blumberg (March 2000). “It’s Good to Be King”. Wired. Retrieved 2009-07-03.
[34] The Oceania Project. Retrieved November 9, 2006.
• Adam Clanton, “The Men Who Would Be King: Forgotten Challenges to U.S. Sovereignty,” UCLA Pacific Basin Law Journal, Vol. 26, No. 1, Fall 2008, pp. 1–50.
[35] McGirk, Jan (2001-06-08). “Yogi’s disciples want to create new utopia”. The Independent (London (UK)). p. 17.
• Dapin, Mark (2005-02-12). “If at first you don't secede...”. The Sydney Morning Herald.
[33] Hill, Stuart (2008-06-21). “Forvik Declaration of Direct Dependence”. The Crown Dependency of Forvik. Retrieved 2009-05-04.
[36] MIZROCH, AMIR (2006-07-23). “Forget the F-16s, Israel needs more Yogic Flyers to beat Hizbullah. 30-strong TM group, sole guests at Nof Ginnosar Hotel, say they need another 235 colleagues to make the country safe”. Jerusalem Post. p. 4. Archived from the original on November 10, 2013. [37] Thiriet, Maurice (11 March 2009). ""Reichsführerschein” im Thurgau nicht gültig”. Tages-Anzeiger (in German). Retrieved 2009-03-25. [38] “Mid Wales Arts – Richard Booth”. BBC. Retrieved 2010-09-24. [39] Shigeru Inoue, Nippon Matchidukuri Jiten, pp. 407-409, 2010, ISBN 4621081942 [40] Stephen Mimh (2000) Utopian Rulers, and Spoofs, Stake Out Territory Online. New York Times, May 25, 2000 [41] Second round required for the Presidential election. Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (200501-07). [42] “Utopian Rulers, and Spoofs, Stake Out Territory Online”. New York Times (2000-05-25). Retrieved on 2012-0715. [43] Summit of micronations. Muu.fi. Retrieved on 2012-0715. [44] Nations come together in Sunderland. sunderland.ac.uk [45] Sellars, John Ryan, George Dunford, Simon (2006). Micronations : [the Lonely Planet guide to home-made nations]. London: Lonely Planet Publications. pp. 28–33. ISBN 1-74104-730-7. [46] “Pizza Hut spends RM2 mln on advertising and promotion costs”. The Borneo Post. 2010-05-06. Retrieved 201009-24. [47] Nick Squires (2010-05-04). The world’s micronations unite to demand recognition . Telegraph UK. [48] Jody Shapiro (2010). How to Start your Own Country. tiff.net. [49] (French) Delafontaine, L., Les Micronations, Montreuilsur-Brêche, Diaphane, 14 September 2013, pages 160, ISBN 978-2-919077-19-9 [50] “Micro Nation”.
• Bruno Fuligni (1997). L'État C'est Moi: Histoire des monarchies privées, criptarchies (L'État C'est Moi: History of private monarchies and cryptarchies). Max Chaleil. • Kochta & Kalleinen, editors. Amorph! 03 Summit of Micronations–Documents/Asiakirjoja, 2003, ISBN 3-936919-45-3 • Menefee, Samuel Pyeatt. "'Republics of the Reefs’: Nation-Building on the Continental Shelf and in the World’s Oceans,” California Western International Law Journal, vol. 25, no. 1, Fall 1994, pp. 81–111 • Peter Needham (2006-09-26). “Born to rule”. The Australian. • Nick Squires (2005-02-24). “Mini-states Down Under are sure they can secede”. The Daily Telegraph. • Strauss, Erwin S. How to start your own country, ISBN 0-915179-01-6
1.1.11 External links • Micronation at DMOZ • MicroWiki, the largest online encyclopedia on micronations.
1.2 Sovereignty “Sovereign” redirects here. For other uses, see Sovereign (disambiguation). Sovereignty is understood in jurisprudence as the full right and power of a governing body to govern itself without any interference from outside sources or bodies. In political theory, sovereignty is a substantive term designating supreme authority over some polity.[1] It is a basic principle underlying the dominant Westphalian model of state foundation. Derived from Latin through French souveraineté, its attainment and retention, in both Chinese and Western[2] culture, has traditionally been associated with certain moral imperatives upon any claimant.
1.2. SOVEREIGNTY
11 Often, these four aspects all appear together, but this is not necessarily the case – they are not affected by one another, and there are historical examples of states that were non-sovereign in one aspect while at the same time being sovereign in another of these aspects.[6] According to Immanuel Wallerstein, another fundamental feature of sovereignty is that it is a claim that must be recognised by others if it is to have any meaning: “Sovereignty is more than anything else a matter of legitimacy [...that] requires reciprocal recognition. Sovereignty is a hypothetical trade, in which two potentially conflicting sides, respecting de facto realities of power, exchange such recognitions as their least costly strategy.”[7]
1.2.2 History Classical The Roman jurist Ulpian observed that:[8] • The imperium of the people is transferred to the Emperor. • The Emperor is not bound by the law. • The Emperor’s word is law. Emperor is the law making and abiding force. The frontispiece of Thomas Hobbes' Leviathan, depicting the Sovereign as a massive body wielding a sword and crozier and composed of many individual people.
Ulpian was expressing the idea that the Emperor exercised a rather absolute form of sovereignty, although he did not use the term expressly.
1.2.1
Medieval
Different approaches
The concept of sovereignty has been discussed throughout history, from the time before recorded history through to the present day.[3][4] It has changed in its definition, concept, and application throughout, especially during the Age of Enlightenment. The current notion of state sovereignty contains four aspects consisting of territory, population, authority and recognition.[5] According to Stephen D. Krasner, the term could also be understood in four different ways:
Classical Ulpian’s statements were known in medieval Europe, but sovereignty was an important concept in medieval times.[1] Medieval monarchs were not sovereign, at least not strongly so, because they were constrained by, and shared power with, their feudal aristocracy.[1] Furthermore, both were strongly constrained by custom.[1] Sovereignty existed during the Medieval Period as the de jure rights of nobility and royalty, and in the de facto capability of individuals to make their own choices in life.
• domestic sovereignty – actual control over a state ex- Around c. 1380–1400, the issue of feminine sovereignty ercised by an authority organized within this state,[6] was addressed in Geoffrey Chaucer’s Middle English collection of Canterbury Tales, specifically in The Wife of • interdependence sovereignty – actual control of Bath’s Tale.[9] movement across state’s borders, assuming the bor- A later English Arthurian romance, The Wedding of Sir ders exist,[6] Gawain and Dame Ragnell (c. 1450),[10] uses much of • international legal sovereignty – formal recognition the same elements of the Wife of Bath’s tale, yet changes the setting to the court of King Arthur and the Knights of by other sovereign states,[6] the Round Table. The story revolves around the knight Sir • Westphalian sovereignty – lack of other authority Gawain granting to Dame Ragnell, his new bride, what is over state than the domestic authority (examples purported to be wanted most by women: sovereignty. of such other authorities could be a non-domestic We desire most from men, church, a non-domestic political organization, or any other external agent).[6]
12
CHAPTER 1. AN INTRODUCTION From men both lund and poor, To have sovereignty without lies. For where we have sovereignty, all is ours, Though a knight be ever so fierce, And ever win mastery. It is our desire to have master Over such a sir.
Despite his commitment to absolutism, Bodin held some moderate opinions on how government should in practice be carried out. He held that although the sovereign is not obliged to, it is advisable for him, as a practical expedient, to convene a senate from whom he can obtain advice, to delegate some power to magistrates for the practical administration of the law, and to use the Estates as a means of communicating with the people.
Such is our purpose. — The Wedding of Sir Gawain and Dame Ragnell (c. 1450), [10]
With his doctrine that sovereignty is conferred by divine law, Bodin predefined the scope of the divine right of kings.
Reformation Sovereignty reemerged as a concept in the late 16th century, a time when civil wars had created a craving for stronger central authority, when monarchs had begun to gather power onto their own hands at the expense of the nobility, and the modern nation state was emerging. Jean Bodin, partly in reaction to the chaos of the French wars of religion, presented theories of sovereignty calling for strong central authority in the form of absolute monarchy. In his 1576 treatise Les Six Livres de la République (“Six Books of the Republic”) Bodin argued that it is inherent in the nature of the state that sovereignty must be:[1] • Absolute: On this point he said that the sovereign must be hedged in with obligations and conditions, must be able to legislate without his (or its) subjects’ consent, must not be bound by the laws of his predecessors, and could not, because it is illogical, be bound by his own laws. • Perpetual: Not temporarily delegated as to a strong leader in an emergency or to a state employee such as a magistrate. He held that sovereignty must be perpetual because anyone with the power to enforce a time limit on the governing power must be above the governing power, which would be impossible if the governing power is absolute. Bodin rejected the notion of transference of sovereignty from people to the ruler (also known as the sovereign); natural law and divine law confer upon the sovereign the right to rule. And the sovereign is not above divine law or natural law. He is above (ie. not bound by) only positive law, that is, laws made by humans. The fact that the sovereign must obey divine and natural law imposes ethical constraints on him. Bodin also held that the lois royales, the fundamental laws of the French monarchy which regulated matters such as succession, are natural laws and are binding on the French sovereign. How divine and natural law could in practice be enforced on the sovereign is a problematic feature of Bodin’s philosophy: any person capable of enforcing them on him would be above him.
Age of Enlightenment During the Age of Enlightenment, the idea of sovereignty gained both legal and moral force as the main Western description of the meaning and power of a State. In particular, the “Social Contract” as a mechanism for establishing sovereignty was suggested and, by 1800, widely accepted, especially in the new United States and France, though also in Great Britain to a lesser extent. Thomas Hobbes, in Leviathan (1651) borrowed Bodin’s definition of sovereignty, which had just achieved legal status in the "Peace of Westphalia", and explained its origin. He created the first modern version of the social contract (or contractarian) theory, arguing that to overcome the “nasty, brutish and short” quality of life without the cooperation of other human beings, people must join in a “commonwealth” and submit to a “Soveraigne [sic] Power” that is able to compel them to act in the common good. This expediency argument attracted many of the early proponents of sovereignty. Hobbes strengthened the definition of sovereignty beyond either Westphalian or Bodin’s, by saying that it must be: • Absolute: because conditions could only be imposed on a sovereign if there were some outside arbitrator to determine when he had violated them, in which case the sovereign would not be the final authority. • Indivisible: The sovereign is the only final authority in his territory; he does not share final authority with any other entity. Hobbes held this to be true because otherwise there would be no way of resolving a disagreement between the multiple authorities. Hobbes’ hypothesis—that the ruler’s sovereignty is contracted to him by the people in return for his maintaining their physical safety—led him to conclude that if and when the ruler fails, the people recover their ability to protect themselves by forming a new contract. Hobbes’s theories decisively shape the concept of sovereignty through the medium of social contract theories. Jean-Jacques Rousseau's (1712–1778) definition of popular sovereignty (with early antecedents in Francisco Suárez's theory of the origin of power), provides that the
1.2. SOVEREIGNTY people are the legitimate sovereign. Rousseau considered sovereignty to be inalienable; he condemned the distinction between the origin and the exercise of sovereignty, a distinction upon which constitutional monarchy or representative democracy is founded. John Locke, and Montesquieu are also key figures in the unfolding of the concept of sovereignty; their views differ with Rousseau and with Hobbes on this issue of alienability. The second book of Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s Du Contrat Social, ou Principes du droit politique (1762) deals with sovereignty and its rights. Sovereignty, or the general will, is inalienable, for the will cannot be transmitted; it is indivisible, since it is essentially general; it is infallible and always right, determined and limited in its power by the common interest; it acts through laws. Law is the decision of the general will in regard to some object of common interest, but though the general will is always right and desires only good, its judgment is not always enlightened, and consequently does not always see wherein the common good lies; hence the necessity of the legislator. But the legislator has, of himself, no authority; he is only a guide who drafts and proposes laws, but the people alone (that is, the sovereign or general will) has authority to make and impose them. Rousseau, in his 1763 treatise Of the Social Contract [11] argued, “the growth of the State giving the trustees of public authority more and means to abuse their power, the more the Government has to have force to contain the people, the more force the Sovereign should have in turn in order to contain the Government,” with the understanding that the Sovereign is “a collective being of wonder” (Book II, Chapter I) resulting from “the general will” of the people, and that “what any man, whoever he may be, orders on his own, is not a law” (Book II, Chapter VI) – and furthermore predicated on the assumption that the people have an unbiased means by which to ascertain the general will. Thus the legal maxim, “there is no law without a sovereign.”[12]
13 by the laws of its predecessors, or by custom, and no areas of law or policy are reserved as being outside its control. International law; policies and actions of neighboring states; cooperation and respect of the populace; means of enforcement; and resources to enact policy are factors that might limit sovereignty. For example, parents are not guaranteed the right to decide some matters in the upbringing of their children independent of societal regulation, and municipalities do not have unlimited jurisdiction in local matters, thus neither parents nor municipalities have absolute sovereignty. Theorists have diverged over the desirability of increased absoluteness. Exclusivity A key element of sovereignty in a legalistic sense is that of exclusivity of jurisdiction. Specifically, the degree to which decisions made by a sovereign entity might be contradicted by another authority. Along these lines, the German sociologist Max Weber proposed that sovereignty is a community’s monopoly on the legitimate use of force; and thus any group claiming the same right must either be brought under the yoke of the sovereign, proven illegitimate, or otherwise contested and defeated for sovereignty to be genuine.[14] International law, competing branches of government, and authorities reserved for subordinate entities (such as federated states or republics) represent legal infringements on exclusivity. Social institutions such as religious bodies, corporations, and competing political parties might represent de facto infringements on exclusivity. De jure and de facto
De jure, or legal, sovereignty concerns the expressed and institutionally recognised right to exercise control over a territory. De facto, or actual, sovereignty is concerned with whether control in fact exists. Cooperation and respect of the populace; control of resources in, or moved 1.2.3 Definition and types into, an area; means of enforcement and security; and ability to carry out various functions of state all repreThere exists perhaps no conception the meaning of which sent measures of de facto sovereignty. When control is is more controversial than that of sovereignty. It is an practiced predominately by military or police force it is indisputable fact that this conception, from the moment considered coercive sovereignty. when it was introduced into political science until the present day, has never had a meaning which was univerSovereignty and independence State sovereignty is sally agreed upon. sometimes viewed synonymously with independence, Lassa Oppenheim (30-03-1858 – 07-10-1919), an however, sovereignty can be transferred as a legal right [13] authority on international law whereas independence cannot.[15] A state can achieve de facto independence long after acquiring sovereignty, such as in the case of Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam.[15] Additionally, independence can also be suspended when an Absoluteness entire region becomes subject to an occupation such as An important factor of sovereignty is its degree when Iraq had been overrun by the forces to take part of absoluteness.[3][4] A sovereign power has absolute in the Iraq War of 2003, Iraq had not been annexed by sovereignty when it is not restricted by a constitution, any country, so its sovereignty during this period was
14 not contested by any state including those present on the territory. Alternatively, independence can be lost completely when sovereignty itself becomes the subject of dispute. The pre-World War II administrations of Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia maintained an exile existence (and considerable international recognition) whilst the entities were annexed by the Soviet Union and governed locally by their pro-Soviet functionaries. When in 1991 Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia re-enacted independence, it was done so on the basis of continuity directly from the preSoviet republics.[15][16] Another complicated sovereignty scenario can arise when regime itself is the subject of dispute. In the case of Poland, the People’s Republic of Poland which governed Poland from 1945 to 1989 is now seen to have been an illegal entity by the modern Polish administration. The post-1989 Polish state claims direct continuity from the Second Polish Republic which ended in 1939. For other reasons however, Poland maintains its communist-era outline as opposed to its preWorld War II shape which included areas now in Belarus, Czech Republic, Lithuania, Slovakia and Ukraine but did not include some of its western regions that were then in Germany. At the opposite end of the scale, there is no dispute regarding the independence of Republic of Abkhazia, Republic of South Ossetia or the Republic of Kosovo (see List of states with limited recognition) since the factually governing bodies are neither part of a bigger state, nor are they subjected to supervision. The sovereignty (i.e. legal right to govern) however, is disputed in all three cases as the first two entities are claimed by Georgia and the third by Serbia. Internal
CHAPTER 1. AN INTRODUCTION cause war in one of two ways: first, undermining the value of agreement by allowing costly violations; and second, requiring such large subsidies for implementation that they render war cheaper than peace.[19] Leadership needs to be able to promise members, especially those like armies, police forces, or paramilitaries will abide by agreements. The presence of strong internal sovereignty allows a state to deter opposition groups in exchange for bargaining. It has been said that a more decentralized authority would be more efficient in keeping peace because the deal must please not only the leadership but also the opposition group. While the operations and affairs within a state are relative to the level of sovereignty within that state, there is still an argument between who should hold the authority in a sovereign state. This argument between who should hold the authority within a sovereign state is called the traditional doctrine of public sovereignty. This discussion is between an internal sovereign or an authority of public sovereignty. An internal sovereign is a political body that possesses ultimate, final and independent authority; one whose decisions are binding upon all citizens, groups and institutions in society. Early thinkers believe sovereignty should be vested in the hands of a single person, a monarch. They believed the overriding merit of vesting sovereignty in a single individual was that sovereignty would therefore be indivisible; it would be expressed in a single voice that could claim final authority. An example of an internal sovereign or monarch is Louis XIV of France during the seventeenth century; Louis XIV claimed that he was the state. Jean-Jacques Rousseau rejected monarchical rule in favor of the other type of authority within a sovereign state, public sovereignty. Public Sovereignty is the belief that ultimate authority is vested in the people themselves, expressed in the idea of the general will. This means that the power is elected and supported by its members, the authority has a central goal of the good of the people in mind. The idea of public sovereignty has often been the basis for modern democratic theory.[20]
Internal sovereignty is the relationship between a sovereign power and its own subjects. A central concern is legitimacy: by what right does a government exercise authority? Claims of legitimacy might refer to the divine right of kings or to a social contract (i.e. popular sovereignty). Modern internal sovereignty Within the modern govWith Sovereignty meaning holding supreme, indepen- ernmental system, internal sovereignty is usually found dent authority over a region or state, Internal Sovereignty in states that have public sovereignty and rarely found refers to the internal affairs of the state and the location within a state controlled by an internal sovereign. A form of supreme power within it.[17] A state that has inter- of government that is a little different from both is the nal sovereignty is one with a government that has been UK parliament system. From 1790 to 1859 it was arelected by the people and has the popular legitimacy. In- gued that sovereignty in the UK was vested neither in the ternal sovereignty examines the internal affairs of a state Crown nor in the people but in the “Monarch in Parliaand how it operates. It is important to have strong inter- ment”. This is the origin of the doctrine of parliamentary nal sovereignty in relation to keeping order and peace. sovereignty and is usually seen as the fundamental prinWhen you have weak internal sovereignty organization ciple of the British constitution. With these principles of such as rebel groups will undermine the authority and parliamentary sovereignty majority control can gain acdisrupt the peace. The presence of a strong authority al- cess to unlimited constitutional authority, creating what lows you to keep agreement and enforce sanctions for the has been called “elective dictatorship” or “modern auviolation of laws. The ability for leadership to prevent tocracy”. Public sovereignty in modern governments is a these violations is a key variable in determining inter- lot more common with examples like the USA, Canada, nal sovereignty.[18] The lack of internal sovereignty can Australia and India where government is divided into dif-
1.2. SOVEREIGNTY ferent levels.[21] External See also: Sovereign state § Recognition External sovereignty concerns the relationship between a sovereign power and other states. For example, the United Kingdom uses the following criterion when deciding under what conditions other states recognise a political entity as having sovereignty over some territory; “Sovereignty.” A government which exercises de facto administrative control over a country and is not subordinate to any other government in that country or a foreign sovereign state. (The Arantzazu Mendi, [1939] A.C. 256), Stroud’s Judicial Dictionary
15 Catholic) states despite possessing no territory – a situation resolved when the Lateran Treaties granted the Holy See sovereignty over the Vatican City. Another case, sui generis, though often contested, is the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, the third sovereign entity inside Italian territory (after San Marino and the Vatican City State) and the second inside the Italian capital (since in 1869 the Palazzo di Malta and the Villa Malta receive extraterritorial rights, in this way becoming the only “sovereign” territorial possessions of the modern Order), which is the last existing heir to one of several once militarily significant, crusader states of sovereign military orders. In 1607 its Grand masters were also made Reichsfürst (princes of the Holy Roman Empire) by the Holy Roman Emperor, granting them seats in the Reichstag, at the time the closest permanent equivalent to a UN-type general assembly; confirmed 1620). These sovereign rights were never deposed, only the territories were lost. 100 modern states still maintain full diplomatic relations with the order[24] (now de facto “the most prestigious service club”), and the UN awarded it observer status.[25]
External sovereignty is connected with questions of international law – such as: when, if ever, is intervention by one country onto another’s territory permissible? The governments-in-exile of many European states (for Following the Thirty Years’ War, a European religious instance, Norway, Netherlands or Czechoslovakia) durconflict that embroiled much of the continent, the Peace ing the Second World War were regarded as sovereign of Westphalia in 1648 established the notion of territo- despite their territories being under foreign occupation; rial sovereignty as a norm of noninterference in the af- their governance resumed as soon as the occupation had fairs of other nations, so-called Westphalian sovereignty, ended. The government of Kuwait was in a similar sitthe Iraqi occupation of its country dureven though the actual treaty itself reaffirmed the multi- uation vis-à-vis [26] ing 1990–1991. The government of Republic of China ple levels of sovereignty of the Holy Roman Empire. This was recognized as sovereign over China from 1911 to resulted as a natural extension of the older principle of 1971 despite that its mainland China territory became cuius regio, eius religio (Whose realm, his religion), leavoccupied by Communist Chinese forces since 1949. In ing the Roman Catholic Church with little ability to in1971 it lost UN recognition to Chinese Communist-led terfere with the internal affairs of many European states. People’s Republic of China and its sovereign and political It is a myth, however, that the Treaties of Westphalia cre[22] status as a state became disputed and it lost its ability to ated a new European order of equal sovereign states. use “China” as its name and therefore became commonly In international law, sovereignty means that a government known as Taiwan. possesses full control over affairs within a territorial or geographical area or limit. Determining whether a spe- The International Committee of the Red Cross is comcific entity is sovereign is not an exact science, but often a monly mistaken to be sovereign. It has been granted varmatter of diplomatic dispute. There is usually an expec- ious degrees of special privileges and legal immunities that in cases like Switzerland are tation that both de jure and de facto sovereignty rest in in many countries, [27] considerable, which are described. The Committee is the same organisation at the place and time of concern. a private organisation governed by Swiss law.[28] Foreign governments use varied criteria and political considerations when deciding whether or not to recognise the sovereignty of a state over a territory. Membership in the United Nations requires that "[t]he admission of any Shared and pooled such state to membership in the United Nations will be effected by a decision of the General Assembly upon the Just as the office of head of state can be vested jointly in several persons within a state, the sovereign jurisdiction recommendation of the Security Council.”[23] Sovereignty may be recognized even when the sovereign over a single political territory can be shared jointly by body possesses no territory or its territory is under par- two or more consenting powers, notably in the form of a tial or total occupation by another power. The Holy condominium. See was in this position between the annexation in 1870 of the Papal States by Italy and the signing of the Lateran Treaties in 1929, a 59-year period during which it was recognised as sovereign by many (mostly Roman
Likewise the member states of international organizations may voluntarily bind themselves by treaty to a supranational organization, such as a continental union. In the case of the European Union members states this is called
16
CHAPTER 1. AN INTRODUCTION
“pooled sovereignty”.[29]
• Creation is the process by which new land is reclaimed from the sea such as in the Netherlands.
Nation-states
• Adjudication and
A community of people who claim the right of self• Conquest determination based on a common ethnicity, history and culture might seek to establish sovereignty over a refull national jurisdiction and sovereignty gion, thus creating a nation-state. Such nations are somerestrictions on national jurisdiction and sovereignty times recognised as autonomous areas rather than as fully international jurisdiction per common heritage of sovereign, independent states. mankind Federations In a federal system of government, sovereignty also refers to powers which a constituent state or republic possesses independently of the national government. In a confederation constituent entities retain the right to withdraw from the national body, but in a federation member states or republics do not hold that right. Different interpretations of state sovereignty in the United States of America, as it related to the expansion of slavery and fugitive slave laws, led to the outbreak of the American Civil War. Depending on the particular issue, sometimes both northern and southern states justified their political positions by appealing to state sovereignty. Fearing that slavery would be threatened by results of the federal election, eleven slave states declared their independence from the federal Union and formed a new confederation.[30] The United States government rejected the secessions as rebellion, declaring that secession from the Union by an individual state was unconstitutional, as the states were part of an indissolvable federation.
1.2.4
Acquisition
Main article: Acquisition of sovereignty A number of modes of acquisition of sovereignty are presently or have historically been recognised by international law as lawful methods by which a state may acquire sovereignty over territory. The classification of these modes originally derived from Roman property law and from the 15th and 16th century with the development of international law. The modes are:[31] • Cession is the transfer of territory from one state to another usually by means of treaty;
1.2.5 Justifications There exist vastly differing views on the moral basis of sovereignty. A fundamental polarity is between theories that assert that sovereignty is vested directly in the sovereign by divine or natural right and theories that assert it originates from the people. In the latter case there is a further division into those that assert that the people transfer their sovereignty to the sovereign (Hobbes), and those that assert that the people retain their sovereignty (Rousseau). During the brief period of Absolute monarchies in Europe, the divine right of kings was an important competing justification for the exercise of sovereignty. The Mandate of Heaven had some similar implications in China. A republic is a form of government in which the people, or some significant portion of them, retain sovereignty over the government and where offices of state are not granted through heritage.[32][33] A common modern definition of a republic is a government having a head of state who is not a monarch.[34][35] Democracy is based on the concept of popular sovereignty. In a direct democracy the public plays an active role in shaping and deciding policy. Representative democracy permits a transfer of the exercise of sovereignty from the people to a legislative body or an executive (or to some combination of legislature, executive and Judiciary). Many representative democracies provide limited direct democracy through referendum, initiative, and recall. Parliamentary sovereignty refers to a representative democracy where the parliament is ultimately sovereign and not the executive power nor the judiciary.
• Occupation is the acquisition of territory that belongs to no state, or terra nullius; 1.2.6 • Prescription is the effective control of territory of another acquiescing state; • Operations of nature is the acquisition of territory through natural processes like river accretion or volcanism;
Views
• Classical Liberals such as Stuart Mill consider every individual as sovereign on oneself. • Realists view sovereignty as being untouchable and as guaranteed to legitimate nation-states.
1.2. SOVEREIGNTY
17
• Rationalists see sovereignty similarly to Realists. 1.2.8 See also However, Rationalism states that the sovereignty of • Air sovereignty a nation-state may be violated in extreme circumstances, such as human rights abuses. • Autonomous area • Internationalists believe that sovereignty is outdated • Basileus and an unnecessary obstacle to achieving peace, in line with their belief of a 'global community'. In • Electronic leviathan the light of the abuse of power by sovereign states • Mandate of Heaven such as Hitler’s Germany or Stalin’s Soviet Union, they argue that human beings are not necessarily • National sovereignty protected by the state whose citizens they are, and that the respect for state sovereignty on which the • Plenary authority UN Charter is founded is an obstacle to humanitar• Sovereignty of the Individual ian intervention.[22] • Souverainism • Anarchists and some libertarians deny the sovereignty of states and governments. Anar• Suzerainty chists often argue for a specific individual kind of sovereignty, such as the Anarch as a sovereign individual. Salvador Dalí, for instance, talked of 1.2.9 References “anarcho-monarchist” (as usual for him, tongue in cheek); Antonin Artaud of Heliogabalus: Or, The This article incorporates text from a publicaCrowned Anarchist; Max Stirner of The Ego and tion now in the public domain: Herbermann, Its Own; Georges Bataille and Jacques Derrida of Charles, ed. (1913). Catholic Encyclopedia. a kind of “antisovereignty”. Therefore, anarchists Robert Appleton Company. join a classical conception of the individual as sovereign of himself, which forms the basis of [1] “sovereignty (politics)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Repolitical consciousness. The unified consciousness trieved 5 August 2010. is sovereignty over one’s own body, as Nietzsche demonstrated (see also Pierre Klossowski's book [2] Bateman, C.G. (15 February 2011). “Nicaea and Sovereignty: Constantine’s Council of Nicaea as an Imon Nietzsche and the Vicious Circle). See also portant Crossroad in the Development of European State sovereignty of the individual and self-ownership. • Imperialists hold a view of sovereignty where power rightfully exists with those states that hold the greatest ability to impose the will of said state, by force or threat of force, over the populace or other states with weaker military or political will. They effectively deny the sovereignty of the individual in deference to either the 'good' of the whole, or to divine right. According to Matteo Laruffa “sovereignty resides in every public action and policy as the exercise of executive powers by institutions open to the participation of citizens to the decision-making processes”[36]
1.2.7
Relation to rule of law
Another topic is whether the law is held to be sovereign, that is, whether it is above political or other interference. Sovereign law constitutes a true state of law, meaning the letter of the law (if constitutionally correct) is applicable and enforceable, even when against the political will of the nation, as long as not formally changed following the constitutional procedure. Strictly speaking, any deviation from this principle constitutes a revolution or a coup d'état, regardless of the intentions.
Sovereignty”. University of British Columbia. pp. 54–91. SSRN 1759006.
[3] Núñez, Jorge Emilio. “About the Impossibility of Absolute State Sovereignty”. International Journal for the Semiotics of Law. [4] Núñez, Jorge Emilio. “About the Impossibility of Absolute State Sovereignty: The Middle Ages”. International Journal for the Semiotics of Law. [5] Biersteker, Thomas; Weber, Cynthia (1996). State Sovereignty as Social Construct. Cambridge Studies in International Relations 46. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521565998. [6] Krasner, Professor Stephen D. (2001). Problematic Sovereignty: Contested Rules and Political Possibilities. pp. 6–12. ISBN 9780231121798. [7] Wallerstein, Immanuel (2004). World-Systems Analysis: An Introduction. Duke University Press. p. 44. ISBN 9780822334422. [8] https://books.google.com/books?id= Or46AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA42&lpg=PA42&dq= ulpian+sovereignty&source=bl&ots=yLziOgc30p& sig=M8UwaBN0HZMBwqfdmI3Cz9HBk3w&hl= en&sa=X&ei=pE6kVJ6GEMe3oQSAq4L4Dg& ved=0CCAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=ulpian% 20sovereignty&f=false
18
[9] “Chaucer’s tale of the Wife of Bath.”. Retrieved 10 January 2009. [10] “The Wedding of Sir Gawain and Dame Ragnell”. Retrieved 10 January 2009. [11] Of the Social Contract, Book II, Chapter III. [12] Stallybrass, William Teulon Swan (1918). “A society of states: Or, Sovereignty, independence, and equality in a league of nations”. [13] Lassa Oppenheim, International Law 66 (Sir Arnold D. McNair ed., 4th ed. 1928) [14] Newton, Kenneth. Foundations of comparative politics: democracies of the modern world. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005. [15] Talmon, Stefan (1998). Recognition of Governments in International Law. Oxford Monographs in International Law Series. Oxford University Press. p. 50. ISBN 9780198265733. [16] Mälksoo, Lauri (2003). Illegal Annexation and State Continuity: The Case of the Incorporation of the Baltic States by the USSR. M. Nijhoff Publishers. p. 193. ISBN 9041121773. [17] Heywood, Andrew. “Political Theory”. pg. 92. Palgrave Macmillan. Retrieved 25 June 2011.
CHAPTER 1. AN INTRODUCTION
privileges at the same level as foreign embassies, and simplifies Committee travel in and out of Switzerland. On the other hand Switzerland does not recognize ICRC issued passports. [28] About the International Committee of the Red Cross [29] http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9248. 00096/abstract [30] McPherson, James, Battle Cry of Freedom, (1988) pp. 40, 195, 214, 241 [31] Malanczuk, Peter. Akehurst’s Modern Introduction to International Law. International politics/Public international law. Routledge. pp. 147–152. ISBN 9780415111201. [32] “Republic”. Encyclopædia Britannica. [33] Montesquieu, The Spirit of the Laws (1748), Bk. II, ch. 1. [34] “republic”. WordNet 3.0 (Dictionary.com). Retrieved 20 March 2009 [35] “Republic”. 2010.
Merriam-Webster.
Retrieved 14 August
[36] Matteo Laruffa, “The European Integration and National Interests: from an intergovernmental model to a Constitutional Agreement"(Hungarian Academy of Social Sciences, Budapest, 3 July 2014)
[18] Wolford, Rider, Scott, Toby. “War, Peace, and Internal Sovereignty” (PDF). pg.1. Retrieved 19 June 2011. [19] Wolford, Rider, Scott, Toby. “War, Peace, and Internal Sovereignty” (PDF). pg.3. Retrieved 19 June 2011. [20] Heywood, Andrew. “Political Theory”. pg. 93. Palgrave Macmillan. Retrieved 21 June 2011. [21] Heywood, Andrew. “Political Theory”. pgs. 94–95. Palgrave Macmillan. Retrieved 21 June 2011. [22] Andreas Osiander, “Sovereignty, International Relations, and the Westphalian Myth”, International Organization Vol. 55 No. 2 (Spring 2001), pp. 251–287. [23] “UN Chart, Article 2”. Retrieved 4 October 2011. [24] Bilateral diplomatic relations of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta [25] United Nations General Assembly Session 48 Resolution 265.Observer status for the Sovereign Military Order of Malta in the General Assembly A/RES/48/265 {{{date}}}. Retrieved 10 September 2007. [26] Nolan, Cathal J. (2002). The Greenwood Encyclopedia of International Relations. Volume 4. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 1559. [27] By formal agreement between the Swiss government and the ICRC, Switzerland grants full sanctity of all ICRC property in Switzerland including its headquarters and archive, grants members and staff legal immunity, exempts the ICRC from all taxes and fees, guarantees the protected and duty-free transfer of goods, services, and money, provides the ICRC with secure communication
1.2.10 Further reading • Benton, Lauren (2010). A Search for Sovereignty: Law and Geography in European Empires, 1400– 1900. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521-88105-0. • Philpott, Dan. “Sovereignty”. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. • Prokhovnik, Raia (2007). Sovereignties: contemporary theory and practice. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire New York, N.Y: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 9781403913234. • Prokhovnik, Raia (2008). Sovereignty: history and theory. Exeter, UK Charlottesville, VA: Imprint Academic. ISBN 9781845401412. • Thomson, Janice E. (1996). Mercenaries, pirates, and sovereigns: state-building and extraterritorial violence in early modern Europe. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-02571-1.
Chapter 2
Alphabetical List of Micronations 2.1 Aerican Empire
to over five hundred people. This number slowly fell over the following years as members left, eventually stabilizing The Aerican Empire (conventionally referred to in short and rising again with time. form as Aerica) is a micronation founded in May 1987,[6] which has no sovereign territory of its own and has never been recognized by any other sovereign state as existing. 2.1.2 Status The name is a pun on the term "American Empire".[7] In 2000 The New York Times described its website as “one The Empire’s mission statement is “The Empire exists of the more imaginative” micronation sites.[8] to facilitate the evolution of a society wherein the EmIts members claim sovereignty over a vast discon- pire itself is no longer necessary.”[10][14][16][17] It claims nected territory, including a square kilometer of land in to be organized as a parliamentary democracy, with varAustralia, a house-sized area in Montreal, Canada (con- ious elected bodies and offices, under the oversight of an taining the “Embassy to Everything Else”), several other Emperor (currently the founder, Eric Lis).[18] areas of the Earth, a colony on Mars, the northern hemiThe Aerican Empire first issued coinage in November sphere of Pluto, and an imaginary planet.[9] 2009, and a second coin was minted to celebrate AerAs with most micronations, the number of members ica’s 25th anniversary in 2012.[19] It does not have printed (“citizens”) has fluctuated wildly with time. In May 2009, passports, but has a downloadable “novelty passport” and it was claimed to exceed 400 people.[10] ID card. The first issued passport was exhibited in the [20] Their flag is a parody of the flag of Canada, with a large Palais de Tokyo 2007 Micronational art exhibition. [21] yellow smiley face instead of the red maple leaf in the Aerica issued stamps for the first time in 2015. white square (although the red rectangles on the sides The group’s activities are permeated by a great deal of have different side length ratios). humour and a love of science fiction and fantasy, with re-
2.1.1
History
The Aerican Empire was founded on 8 May 1987 by Montreal psychiatrist Eric Lis and a core group of friends. Lis, who founded the Aerican Empire as a child, obtained his M.D., C.M. from McGill University and has been published in the Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience[11] and Weird Tales magazine.[12][13] For the first ten years the Empire was almost wholly fictional, claiming sovereignty over a vast galaxy of planets and engaging in “wars” against other micronations.[14] After the advent of the Internet, through which the founders discovered other micronations similar to their own, the Empire slowly abandoned most fictional elements and worked towards becoming a political entity rather than a hobby. In 1997, the Empire created a Web site.[15]
current references to Star Wars, The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy, and similar works. Annually, the Empire holds story-writing contests, role-playing and wargaming days, and such events as the Dog-Biscuit Appreciation Day Scavenger Hunt.[14] It also developed a “religion” called Silinism, the worship of the Great Penguin; originally intended as a joke, but which the group claims to have thirty practitioners worldwide.[8] It has holidays and “niftydays” (such as 2 January Procrastinator’s Day, 27 February *Oops* Day, 19 March What the Heck is That Day, and 26 October Topin Wagglegammon, The Niftiest Day of the Year).[22]
Possibly the single most widespread cultural activity within the Empire is gaming, particularly role-playing games and wargaming. The Aerican Empire’s official gaming club (AEGIS) is associated with seven universities worldwide and has sponsored/funded/supported an annual gaming day on December 29 since 2003. AEGIS In 2000, the first growth spurt in the Empire’s population has funded the creation of several Aerican Empirewas triggered by an article in The New York Times.[8] In themed Warhammer 40K armies which have competed the months following this, the Empire’s membership rose nationally in tournaments. 19
20
CHAPTER 2. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF MICRONATIONS
2.1.3
Offline activities
[20] Aerican Mailing List Archive, , December 2, 2006 [21] Aerican Empire Post, , May 8, 2015
While Internet-based activities in the Empire are more well-documented and facilitate interaction between [22] Context Magazine: Context Magazine, April–May 2001, “Altered States”. members in different countries, a major focus has always been local physical events. Members gather for weekly meetings in Montreal, Springvale, New York and other centers, and a twentieth anniversary convention was held 2.1.6 External links in July 2007.[10] • The Aerican Empire
2.1.4
See also
• List of micronations
2.1.5
References
[1] http://www.aericanempire.com/anthem.html [2] Aerican Empire: Citizens [3] Aerican Empire: Census 2012 [4] Aerican Empire: Money [5] Extraradi: Extraradi, 22 September 2009. Barcelona: COMRadio
2.2 Conch Republic The Conch Republic (República de la Concha) is a micronation declared as a tongue-in-cheek secession of the city of Key West, Florida, from the United States on April 23, 1982. It has been maintained as a tourism booster for the city since. Since then, the term “Conch Republic” has been expanded to refer to “all of the Florida Keys, or, that geographic apportionment of land that falls within the legally defined boundaries of Monroe County, Florida, northward to 'Skeeter’s Last Chance Saloon' in Florida City, Dade County, Florida, with Key West as the nation’s capital and all territories north of Key West being referred to as 'The Northern Territories’".[4]
[6] Ryan, J: Micronations: The Lonely Planet Guide to SelfProclaimed Nations, ISBN 1-74104-730-7
While the protest that sparked the creation of the Conch Republic (and others since then) have been described [7] Aerican Empire: FAQ at the group’s website, section by some as “tongue-in-cheek,” they were motivated by frustrations over genuine concerns. The original protest “What kind of name is Aerica?". Retrieved July 2009. event was motivated by a U.S. Border Patrol roadblock [8] The New York Times: “Utopian Rulers, and Spoofs, Stake and checkpoint that greatly inconvenienced residents and Out Territory Online”, 25 May 2000. tourists. [9] Aerican Empire: Lands controlled by the Empire
The Conch Republic celebrates Independence Day every April 23 as part of a week-long festival of activities in[10] The Aerican Empire volving numerous businesses in Key West. The organi[11] Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience: , 2007, “Neu- zation — a “Sovereign State of Mind”, seeking only to roimaging and genetics of borderline personality disorder: bring more “Humor, Warmth and Respect” to a world in a review”. sore need of all three according to its Secretary General, [12] Weird Tales Magazine: Weird Tales, 2008, “My True Peter Anderson — is a key tourism booster for the area. Lovecraft Gave To Me”. [13] Weird Tales Magazine: Weird Tales, 2011, “A Contract Without Loopholes”.
In 1982, the United States Border Patrol set up a roadblock and inspection point on US 1 just north of the merger of Monroe County Road 905A/Miami-Dade O'Driscoll, F: Ils ne siègent pas à l'ONU, ISBN 2-87867- County Road 905A onto US 1 (they are the only two 251-8 roads connecting the Florida Keys with the mainland), in front of the Last Chance Saloon just south of Florida The Boston Phoenix: The Boston Phoenix, October 2000, City. Vehicles were stopped and searched for narcotics “States of Mind”. and illegal immigrants. The Key West City Council comCBC Daybreak: Daybreak, 13 July 2006, “The Aerican plained repeatedly about the inconvenience for travelers Empire: Interview With Eric Lis”. Montreal: CBC Radio to and from Key West, claiming that it hurt the Keys’ important tourism industry. Eastern Air Lines, which had Le Soleil, Quebec City: Le Soleil, 18 January 2001, “Vive a hub at Miami International Airport, saw a window of Eric 1er, empereur virtuel!" opportunity when the roadblocks were established; Easthttp://www.aericanempire.com/econ.html ern was at the time the only airline to establish jet service
[14] The Montreal Mirror: The Montreal Mirror, 17 August 2006, “The little empire that could” [15] [16] [17] [18] [19]
2.2.1 History
2.2. CONCH REPUBLIC
21 Seeing another chance at publicity, Wardlow and the forces behind the 1982 Conch Republic secession mobilized the island for a full-scale war (in the Conch Republic, this involved firing water cannons from fireboats and hitting people with stale Cuban bread), and protested to the Department of Defense for arranging this exercise without consulting the City of Key West. The leaders of the 478th issued an apology the next day, saying they “in no way meant to challenge or impugn the sovereignty of the Conch Republic”, and submitted to a surrender ceremony on September 22.[6]
The sign “WELCOME TO THE CONCH REPUBLIC” greeting those arriving at Key West International Airport.
to Key West International Airport, counting on travelers from Key West to Miami preferring to fly rather than to wait for police to search their vehicles. When the City Council’s complaints went unanswered by the U.S. federal government and attempts to get an injunction against the roadblock failed in court, as a form of protest Mayor Dennis Wardlow and the Council declared Key West’s independence on April 23, 1982. In the eyes of the Council, since the U.S. federal government had set up the equivalent of a border station as if they were a foreign nation, they might as well become one. As many of the local citizens were referred to as Conchs, the nation took the name of the Conch Republic.
During the U.S. federal government shutdown of 1995 and 1996, as a protest, the Republic sent a flotilla of Conch Navy, civilian and fire department boats to Fort Jefferson, located in Dry Tortugas National Park, to reopen it. The action was dubbed a “full scale invasion” by the Conch Republic. Inspired by efforts of the Smithsonian Institution to keep its museums open by private donations, local residents had raised private money to keep the park running (a closed park would damage the tourist-dependent local economy), but could find no one to accept the money and reopen the park. When officials attempted to enter the monument, they were cited. When the citation was contested in court the following year, the resultant case, The United States of America v. Peter Anderson, was quickly dropped.[7] The annexation of Seven Mile Bridge
As part of the protest, Mayor Wardlow was proclaimed Prime Minister of the Republic, which immediately declared war against the U.S. (symbolically breaking a loaf of stale Cuban bread over the head of a man dressed in a naval uniform), quickly surrendered after one minute (to the man in the uniform), and applied for one billion dollars in foreign aid. Conch Republic officials were invited to the Summit of the Americas in Miami in 1994, and Conch representatives were officially invited to 1995’s Florida Jubilee.[5] The faux secession and the events surrounding it generated great publicity for the Keys’ plight — the roadblock and inspection station were removed soon afterward. It also resulted in the creation of a new avenue of tourism Seven Mile Bridge for the Keys. In yet another protest on January 13, 2006, Peter Anderson (the defendant in the Dry Tortugas case from 1995– Invasions of 1995 1996) purported to annex the abandoned span of Seven Mile Bridge, which had been replaced by a parallel span On September 20, 1995, it was reported that the 478th in 1982. The move was in response to a recent event Civil Affairs Battalion of the United States Army Reserve regarding Cuban refugees. On the previous January 4, was to conduct a training exercise simulating an invasion fifteen Cuban refugees reached the bridge, but were reof a foreign island. They were to land on Key West and turned to Cuba by the U.S. Border Patrol because the conduct affairs as if the islanders were foreign. However, U.S. government had declared the bridge a “wet feet” lono one from the 478th notified Conch officials of the ex- cation under the wet feet, dry feet policy. The rationale was that, since two sections of the span had been removed ercise.
22
CHAPTER 2. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF MICRONATIONS
and it was no longer connected to land, it was not part of September 11 attacks, FBI investigators thought that hiU.S. territory subject to the “dry feet” rule, and thus the jacker Mohamed Atta had possibly purchased a Conch refugees could not stay. Republic passport[10] from the website. International Anderson, seizing upon the U.S.'s apparent disavowal of Country Code stickers can also be purchased from venthe abandoned span, claimed it for the Republic. He ex- dors in Key West, bearing the initials KW and “CR”—the pressed hope to use the bridge for affordable, ecolog- country codes for Kuwait and Costa Rica, respectively. ically friendly housing. In response, Russel Schweiss, spokesman for Florida Governor Jeb Bush, declared “With all due respect to the Conch Republic, the bridge belongs to all the people of Florida, and we're not currently in negotiations to sell it.”[8] The refugee decision was later overturned, but only after the refugees had been returned to Cuba. Recent history In another protest, beginning in 2008, the northern keys including Key Largo formed a separation of the Conch Republic known as the Independent Northernmost Territories of the Conch Republic. Proponents claim this separation is a result of disagreements over the definition and use of the term 'Conch Republic'.[9]
2.2.2
Souvenir passports and vehicle registration
2.2.3 Military The Conch Republic actively maintains an Army, Navy, and Air Force whose primary duties are to help re-enact the Great Sea Battle of 1982 and the retaking of Fort Jefferson. The Navy comprises no fewer than 10 civilian boats and the schooner Wolf under the command of RAdm Finbar Gittelman. The Army consists of the 1st Conch Artillery, garrisoned in Fort Taylor. The Conch Republic Air Force has more than a dozen appointed aircraft in its fleet. The flagship, a 1942 Waco, was flown by Fred R. Cabanas, a legendary stunt pilot and Ambassador for the Conch Republic at air shows worldwide.[11] He flew “Conch Fury” in the 2005 Reno Air Races. Fred was declared General of the Air Force by the mayor of Key West after intercepting a defecting Cuban MiG-23 with his Pitts Special in 1991.[12] Following his death in January 2013,[13] Fred was succeeded by his son, Raymond Cabanas.[14]
2.2.4 In literature Some of the action in Joe Haldeman's 1989 science fiction novel Buying Time takes place in the Conch Republic, a lawless place where assassination and other activities are perfectly legal.
2.2.5 National anthem In 1994, Joe and Meri-Lynn Britz wrote the National Anthem for the Conch Republic, Conch Republic.[15] It was recorded by the Key Lime Pie band and voted on and accepted by the city of Key West City Commissioners.
2.2.6 See also • Forgottonia, a secessionist movement in Illinois in the 1970s • The Mouse That Roared, a comedy in which a minuscule nation declares war on the United States, and wins. A Conch Republic flag hanging from a balcony.
Through their website, the Republic issues souvenir passports. These are issued as souvenirs, but some have evidently bought them in the mistaken belief they are legitimate travel and identity documents. Shortly after the
2.2.7 References [1] “Fodors Key West Travel Guide”. Retrieved 2006-12-07. [2] “Unlocking Key West”. Retrieved 2007-12-07.
2.3. CROWN DEPENDENCY OF FORVIK
[3] Triviaballer. “Key West Trivia”. Retrieved 2006-12-07. [4] A brief history of the Conch Republic [5] John Ryan, George Dunford & Simon Sellars (2006). Micronations. Lonely Planet Publications. p. 131. ISBN 1-74104-730-7. [6] John Ryan, George Dunford & Simon Sellars (2006). Micronations. Lonely Planet Publications. p. 133. ISBN 1-74104-730-7. [7] Anderson, Peter. “Sir”. THE TAKING OF FORT JEFFERSON. Key West Web Services. Retrieved 5 May 2014. [8] “Conchs roar to bridge annexation”. Associated Press. 2006-01-14. [9] “Insurrection in the Conch Republic”. KeysNews.com. 2008-12-30.
23
2.3 Crown Dependency of Forvik The Sovereign State of Forvik, previously referred to as the Crown Dependency of Forvik, is an unrecognised micronation run by Stuart “Captain Calamity” Hill. It consists of the island of Forewick Holm. The micronation of Forvik was created in June 2008 by the island’s disputed owner, sole occasional occupant, and Cunningsburgh resident, Stuart Hill when he unilaterally declared Forvik to be a British Crown Dependency. Although Hill asserts the matter is for the Monarch to decide, a spokesperson for the United Kingdom Ministry of Justice stated that under the Constitution of the United Kingdom, Forvik is part of the Shetland Islands and as such is subject to United Kingdom legislation. The Shetland Islands Council Convenor Sandy Cluness has not dismissed Hill’s actions out of hand and said official bodies would wait and see how it progressed.
Hill has instituted various forms of citizenship – Shetland residents may apply for one square metre plots of land with voting rights, whilst others may apply for honorary citizenship on the promise of a share of future income. [11] “Remembering aviation great Fred Cabanas”. Aircraft Both classes of citizenship are offered on the payment of Owners and Pilots Association. January 16, 2013. Re- an annual tax. [10] Babson, Jennifer (2001-10-03). “Atta May Have Obtained Conch Republic Passport”. The Miami Herald. Retrieved 2006-11-29.
trieved 2013-10-31. [12] Jones, Lindsay (June 12, 2004). “Key West’s 'General' to fly in St. Lucie air show”. The Palm Beach Post (West Palm Beach, FL). p. 1B. Retrieved 2013-10-31. [13] Clark, Cammy (January 16, 2013). “Key West stunt pilot Fred Cabanas dies in plane crash in Mexico”. The Miami Herald. Miami, FL. Retrieved 2013-10-31. [14] “Raymond Cabanas Declaired General of the Conch Republic Air Force”. Key West Biplanes. Key West, FL. March 26, 2013. Retrieved 2013-10-31. [15] Shearer, Victoria (2008). It Happened in the Florida Keys. p. 82. ISBN 978-0762740918.
2.2.8
External links
Although Hill admits that the amount of seabed he is claiming is small, he is inviting well-established companies to negotiate for oil exploration rights.
2.3.1 Name The name Forvik Island was coined by Hill who asserts that it means “island of the bay of sheep”.[1] Wick is a development of vik, a Norse word for bay. Holm is a common name in the Orkney and Shetland Islands for a small, rounded island. “Forvik” is not a recorded historical form, but a pseudoNorse version of “Forewick”, which is the name of a headland on the adjacent island of Papa Stour.
• http://www.conchrepublic.com/ • Conch Dollars — catalog of coins minted by the 2.3.2 Conch Republic. • King of the Conch Republic
Ownership
Ownership of the Forewick Holm is in dispute between Papa Stour resident Mark King and Stuart Hill.
• The flag shown is a different design than the modern Hill states that King donated the island’s udal title (allodial design shown above. More colorful and less sym- title) to Hill in 2008.[2][3] metrical. King stated this was not the case and that he had agreed to sell the island to Hill. In March 2009 King still claimed Coordinates: 24°33′33″N 81°47′3″W / 24.55917°N ownership stating that Hill had not paid for the island as 81.78417°W agreed.[4]
24
CHAPTER 2. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF MICRONATIONS I humbly offer my services to Your Majesty as Steward of this, probably the smallest of your territories outside the United Kingdom.” To date Hill has not reported a response from the Queen.
Forewick Holm from Sandness on Mainland Shetland with Papa Stour in the background
2.3.5 Response from United Kingdom Government
2.3.3
On 20 June 2008 a United Kingdom Ministry of Justice spokesperson in London when asked about Mr Hill’s forthcoming Declaration of Dependence, replied that, “Under the UK constitution, Forvik is part of the Shetland Islands, which is subject to UK legislation. The people of Shetland pay taxes to the United Kingdom exchequer and elect MPs to the UK parliament. Forvik is an integral part of the UK.”[11]
Declaration of Dependence
Hill is an Englishman who settled in Shetland after being shipwrecked there in 2001 during a failed attempt to circumnavigate the British Isles. This earned him the nickname “Captain Calamity”.[5][6] On 21 June 2008, Hill unilaterally declared Forvik to be a British Crown Dependency, and thus not a part of the United Kingdom or of the European Union.[7][8] Since the declaration of in- The Ministry of Justice administers communications dependence other Scottish micronation Republic of Keig between the UK government and the three existing recognized its claim of dependence. Crown Dependencies of Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of [12] Hill’s declaration of dependence is founded on an ar- Man. Guidance to civil servants notes that the existing rangement struck in 1469 between King Christian I Crown Dependencies have never been part of the UK, no historical precedent for Hill’s of Denmark/Norway and Scotland's King James III, and there is therefore [13] “declaration”. whereby Christian effectively pawned the Shetland Islands to James in order to raise money for his daughter’s dowry. Hill contends that, as the loan was never repaid and no other legal agreement ever put in place, Shetland 2.3.6 Response from Shetland Islands remains in a constitutional limbo, and should properly enCouncil joy the status of Crown Dependencies such as the Isle of Man or the Channel Islands.[8] Shetland Islands Council Convenor Sandy Cluness, who Hill’s announcement coincided with an actual legal chal- has been active in promoting greater local autonomy for lenge by Shetland Islands Council to the British Crown Shetland, has not dismissed Mr Hill’s actions out of hand, Estate's control over the seabed surrounding the islands.[8] being quoted as saying on 24 June 2008 that official bodHill is quoted in one British media report as saying “It’s ies would “wait and see how this one goes”. all jolly good fun,” and that “Every pensioner should do Further Cluness stated that, "[the Forvik Declaration of something like this.”[8] Dependence] raises interest in the question of what ShetHowever, he has also stated that “this is not just a whim, land’s status should be, as is his intention. Many Shetsomething I am doing to amuse myself. This is a serious landers would be quite interested to see whether this has endeavour to change things here in Shetland, to have a any impact on views in relation to greater autonomy for better democracy which will ripple out to the rest of the the isles. From time to time, it has been the council’s polworld, because it is sorely needed. There has been abso- icy that we could provide a better service if we had greater lutely no response from the authorities so far. It has to control of our own resources. From that point of view he [9] come to a confrontation at some point, whether that be is spot on.” physical or in the courts. I am ready when they are.”[9] On 1 August 2008 a letter to the Shetland Islands News was published (apparently from Shetland Islands Council employee, Guy Nightingale) which mocked Mr Hill 2.3.4 Letter to Queen Elizabeth II including the regular coverage[14] of Mr Hill in The Shetland Times, referred to him as “a king caught half way On 23 June 2008 Hill wrote a letter[10] to Queen Elizabeth between a bucket of ridicule and a bucket of excrement”, II recognising her as Forvik’s head of state, with the same and appeared to make a veiled threat regarding debt colpowers as assigned to King James III of Scotland at the lection (related to Mr Hill’s recent refusal to pay VAT to time of the pawning of Shetland in 1469, and explaining Her Majesty’s Revenue and Customs[15] ): “If I see him the constitutional basis for his doing so. again I am going to report my sighting to 'the Flea',[16] Hill further stated that, “As absolute owner of Forvik get a cut of his debt collection fee and become a Shetland and as provided for in the Act of Annexation of 1669, bounty hunter!".[17]
2.3. CROWN DEPENDENCY OF FORVIK
2.3.7
Citizenship
Hill is accepting Forvik citizenship applications; landowning citizenship (Shetland Islands residents only) which includes a one square metre plot of land, and honorary citizenship which doesn't but is open to non-Shetlanders. Both types of citizen will pay an annual skat (tax) of one Forvik Gulde per year.[18] Land-owning citizens will be entitled to vote and participate in the island’s open direct democracy system and will decide how the island’s income is spent and what projects are undertaken. For each plot of land sold, Hill states that one Gulde will be placed in a holding account until all 8,000 plots are sold. This money is to be held for a purpose to be disclosed at a later stage, but stated as “to the benefit of the Shetland Islands population as a whole.”[18]
25 the seabed while up to the 200-mile limit (or to the median line between Forvik and other states) would likely exclude the corridor 200 miles west of Shetland because Shetland’s rights from Papa Stour and the west of Sandness would occlude Forvik’s rights. “Even so, the piece of seabed that I am claiming is certainly large enough to put an oil rig on. It has long been rumoured that Shetland is sitting on a basin of oil and as oil discoveries continue to be made ever closer to Shetland’s shores, this would appear to be confirmed,” continued Hill.[26] He elaborated in a different interview: “The waters around Shetland belong to Shetland and I think the British government will find it very difficult to prove that they have any rights which would enable them to licence the oil companies. Making this offer is a direct challenge to the UK government. I will be delighted if and when oil companies contact me for those exploration rights.”[29]
Local experts speculate that 8,000 plots is a deliberately chosen number, related to the 8,000 Florins of the Rhine for which Shetland was pawned to James III of Scotland 2.3.9 See also by Christian I of Denmark in 1469. Mr Hill has nei[19] ther confirmed or denied any connection. No person • Treaty of Breda (1667) or their immediate family is permitted to own more than twenty plots. Votes are one per person, but shares in future Forvik profits are to be apportioned per plot.
2.3.10 References
An honorary citizen is a non-land owning, non-voting citizen, but who is entitled to a share in the island’s future income. Applications are open to “suitable persons” from anywhere in the world. As of 25 July 2008 three Shetland Islands residents had applied for and received land-owning citizenship, joining “hundreds of people around the globe” who had paid to apply for honorary citizenship.[20] There are no full-time residents of the island or permanent structures.[21] Hill stays in a house in Cunningsburgh on Shetland’s south mainland and travels to and from the island on a small flat-bottomed plywood home made boat. Mr Hill had to be rescued by a Coastguard helicopter and RNLI Lifeboat on 14 September 2008 after his vessel began to sink. His boat was described as “ramshackle” and a “floating wardrobe” and was criticised by his rescuers for having no lifejacket or radio aboard.[22][23][24][25]
[1] “Forvik Island”. shetlopedia.com. Retrieved 22 June 2008. [2] “Who owns Forvik?". forvik.com. Retrieved 26 June 2010. [3] Riddel, Neil (20 June 2008). “Captain Calamity’ goes it alone again, this time safe on dry land”. shetlandtimes.co.uk. Retrieved 2 July 2008. [4] “War of words over Forvik after island owner reveals it was gift”. ShetlandTimes.co.uk. 6 March 2009. Retrieved 8 August 2010. [5] "'Captain Calamity' returns to sea”. BBC News. 2001-0721. Retrieved 2010-05-24. [6] “Lucky escape for 'Captain Calamity'". BBC News. 200108-22. Retrieved 2010-05-24. [7] Forvik Declaration of Direct Dependence
2.3.8
Oil exploration
On 18 July 2008 Hill began inviting companies with a “proven track record” to bid for oil exploration rights in Forvik’s territorial waters.[26][27] [28]
Hill contends area bounded:
that Forvik’s territorial waters cover an
60°19.28′N 01°39.85′W / 60.32133°N 1.66417°W 60°18.97′N 01°40.4′W / 60.31617°N 1.6733°W 60°18.80′N 01°39.23′W / 60.31333°N 1.65383°W 60°19.12′N 01°39.81′W / 60.31867°N 1.66350°W In an interview on the same day, Hill stated his claim to
[8] Khan, Urmee (19 June 2008). “Captain Calamity to create new state in Shetland islands”. London: telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 22 June 2008. [9] [10] “Welcome to Forvik”. Forvik.co.uk. Retrieved 8 August 2010. [11] “Captain Calamity’ goes it alone again, this time safe on dry land [12] " Crown Dependencies” Ministry of Justice. Retrieved 24 August 2008.
26
CHAPTER 2. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF MICRONATIONS
[13] “Briefing background information on Crown Dependencies; Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man” (2006) (pdf) Department for Constitutional Affairs. Retrieved 24 August 2008.
2.4 Dominion of Melchizedek
The Dominion of Melchizedek (DoM), is a unilaterally declared, internationally unrecognised micronation [14] “Stuart Hill”. ShetlandTimes.co.uk. Retrieved 8 August known for facilitating large scale banking fraud in many 2010. parts of the world during the 1990s and early 2000s.[2] [15] Forvik wins some local backing as trio snap up plots of land and voting rights [16] “Allison Duncan – Shetlopedia – The Shetland Encyclopaedia”. Shetlopedia. 11 July 2010. Retrieved 8 August 2010. [17] The King spotted in Sandness! [18] Forvik – Forvik [19] “Forvik Island – Shetlopedia – The Shetland Encyclopaedia”. Shetlopedia. Retrieved 8 August 2010.
2.4.1 Origin and status The Dominion of Melchizedek was unilaterally declared in 1990 by U.S. citizen Mark Pedley, possibly with his father, David Pedley.[2] Mark Pedley also uses a number of pseudonyms, including “Tzemach Ben David Netzer Korem” and “Branch Vinedresser”. It borrows its name from the biblical king and priest Melchizedek.[3]
When created, the DoM first laid claim to the Colombian island of Malpelo, a small island 300 miles off the Pacific coast of Colombia.[4] Later, it claimed the Karitane Shoal in the South Pacific,[5] which is completely submerged for [21] “Hill issues invitation to oil firms over rights to the Forvik part of the day;[6] Clipperton Island, an overseas possesseabed”. ShetlandTimes.co.uk. 18 July 2008. Retrieved sion of France which lies 671 miles south-west of Mex8 August 2010. ico; and Taongi, otherwise known as Bokak Atoll, an un[22] “Captain Calamity rescued again from Shetland seas – inhabited Micronesian atoll falling under the administraScotsman.com News”. Edinburgh: News.scotsman.com. tion of the Government of the Marshall Islands.[5] Rep16 September 2008. Retrieved 8 August 2010. resentatives of the DoM were banned from entering the island of Rotuma after their involvement with dissident [23] Cramb, Auslan (15 September 2008). "'Captain groups seeking to secede from Fiji,[7] with whom they had Calamity' rescued again A sailor nicknamed “Captain signed agreements to lease land on the islands of Rotuma Calamity” after he was rescued seven times when he tried and its neighbour Solkope.[8] It also claims the portion to sail round Britain has been saved by the coastguard sovereign states, from 90 deagain.”. The Daily Telegraph (London). Retrieved 30 of Antarctica unclaimed by [9] grees to 150 degrees west, known as Marie Byrd Land. April 2010. [20] Forvik wins some local backing as trio snap up plonts of land and voting rights
[24] “Calamity at sea as King of Forvik loses craft in stormy weather”. ShetlandTimes.co.uk. 19 September 2008. Retrieved 8 August 2010. [25] "'Captain Calamity' rescued for 8th time after setting sail in 'floating wardrobe'". The Daily Record. Retrieved 8 August 2010. [26] “Hill issues invitation to oil firms over rights to the Forvik seabed”. ShetlandTimes.co.uk. 18 July 2008. Retrieved 8 August 2010. [27] “Island owner welcomes oil bids”. The Daily Record. 19 July 2008. Retrieved 8 August 2010. [28] “Oil Exploration”. Forvik.com. Retrieved 8 August 2010. [29]
2.3.11
External links
• Crown Dependency of Forvik Official website • Forvik – Truth & Light Satirical site purporting to represent the island’s “real owners”
It has been described as “non-existent” by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission,[10] and as a “non-recognised sovereignty” by the U.S. Office of the Comptroller of the Currency.[3][11] It appears on an EU list of fantasy passports issued by private individuals or organisations.[12] Media reports have described it as a “virtual country”,[3] as a “ruse”,[4] and as a “phony country”.[13]
Recognition According to the Washington Post, the Central African Republic extended diplomatic recognition to the DoM in 1993, but the Post article went on to remark, "...you get the feeling that the Central African Republic would recognize the State of Denial if it had a letterhead.”[4] An article in the Quatloos! online anti-fraud site noted that: “Melchizedek has apparently obtained some sort of recognition from some smaller states ... all of which are notable for their corruption. Claims that the DoM has received recognition from any major government are purely lies.”[2]
2.4. DOMINION OF MELCHIZEDEK
27
Marshall Islands statement
In the same address Stockey also stated that: “The Dominion of Melchizedek is a fraud, a major fraud, and not In response to one of DoM’s territorial claims, the gov- a legitimate sovereign entity. Persons associated with the ernment of the Republic of the Marshall Islands issued Dominion of Melchizedek have been indicted and conthe following statement: victed of a variety of crimes, but as United States Citizens for violating United States Law.”[2] The Government of the Republic of the In 1991, in Washington, D.C, shell banks that were subMarshall Islands condemns the claims and sidiaries of a Melchizedekian company tried to secure activities asserted by representatives of the loans from real banks based on fake DoM securities, but “Kingdom of EnenKio” and the “Dominion were closed down before they succeeded. One of the of Melchizedek”. The representatives making men involved, Steve Peterson, later pled guilty to fraud claims of separate sovereignty are not citizens and theft charges in another case in Arizona after using a of the Republic of the Marshall Islands and company chartered in DoM.[15] have no right to make claims on behalf of Marshallese landowners. Furthermore, these In Hong Kong, Gerhard Bacher used cheques issued by representatives are making fraudulent asserphoney Melchizedek banks to open accounts in legitimate tions that violate the Republic of the Marshall Hong Kong banks;[3][15] he was sentenced to 6 months in Islands’s constitution. The area of land and prison.[15] In 1995, in the UK, an organisation that was ocean which the “Kingdom of EnenKio” making use of a DoM licensed bank was barred from doasserts as a sovereign nation separate from ing business.[15] the Marshall Islands and the area of land and A so-called “60/40 Investment Programme” offered ocean which the “Dominion of Melchizedek” by Credit Bank International, run by Roger Roseis asserting control over are areas within the mont and registered in the DoM, was a Ponzi scheme geographical and political boundaries of the that convinced at least 1,400 people to invest over Republic of the Marshall Islands. $4,000,000.[3][17] — Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Companies with links to the DoM have been used in inthe Marshall Islands, Circular Note 01-98[14] surance fraud schemes. In Texas in 1996, after pleading guilty to insurance fraud, Jeffrey Reynolds was sentenced to 52 months in prison and ordered to repay 2.4.2 Frauds linked to the Dominion of $475,802 in premiums he had collected for bogus insurance policies.[18] The companies he was using had been liMelchizedek censed in the DoM.[18][19] Later in the same year, and also Soon after its inception, the DoM started selling doc- in Texas, Leon Hooten’s New Zealand-registered comuments purporting to charter or licence companies.[15] panies were prevented from selling insurance when they By the end of the 1990s, the DoM claimed that some were found to be capitalised with worthless assets issued 300 banking licenses had been sold.[7][16] DoM apologists by the DoM.[20][21] have suggested that there is no link between Melchizedek The DoM has also been involved in selling unusable and the illegal activities conducted by “banks” it has passports, misrepresenting them as internationally recog“licensed";[3] however, John Shockey, a former special nised. In 1998, three individuals purporting to be offiassistant in the office of the U.S. Comptroller of the Cur- cials of the DoM were arrested in the Philippines after rency, has stated: hundreds were duped into paying up to $3,500 for worthMelchizedek first came to my attention in June 1990, a few months after Mark Pedley was paroled from a 1986 conviction. Inquiries were received concerning bank names: Banco de Asia, Guardian Savings & Guaranty and Express Bank among others. Investigations that these entities had bank charters from the DOM and obtained through an entity named Consortium Finance Corporation headquartered in Lake Tahoe, California. Further investigation disclosed a principal alternately named John Hayden and Branch Vinedresser. Shortly thereafter the FBI took Branch Vinedresser into custody and revealed that he was Mark Pedley, who then was charged with violations of his parole.[2]
less travel documents. The ringleader, John Gillespie, an Australian felon who was involved in the Fine Cotton horse substitution scam, eluded capture. The passport scam grossed an estimated $1,000,000.[3]
2.4.3 Principal Figures David Evan Pedley After being convicted of several financial crimes in the 1970s, including stock fraud, David Pedley was incarcerated. He claims the charges were false and the result of a “witch-hunt” against him. While incarcerated, he started a cattle business, which his son Mark operated for him in Los Angeles, California.[22]
28 While in Mexican custody Pedley apparently died, though the circumstances are not clear. A closed casket funeral was held in Altadena, California in 1987. At the funeral, FBI agents approached the Pedley family and requested to fingerprint David Pedley’s body. This request was denied by the family and allegedly some government regulators believe that Pedley is still alive.[3] Pedley is the co-author, with his son, of the Melchizedek Bible.[6]
CHAPTER 2. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF MICRONATIONS $1.8 million; a $650,000 fine for the ZNext corporation, and $1.18 million for Gamboa personally. Gamboa was also permanently barred from selling penny stocks. She has not paid the fine and is attempting to have the decision overturned.[6]
2.4.4 See also • Kingdom of EnenKio
Mark Logan Pedley Mark Logan Pedley (born 19 July 1953),[4] later changed to Mark Wellington,[13] (also known as “Tzemach Ben David Netzer Korem” and “Branch Vinedresser"; Branch Vinedresser being a translation of his Hebrew name Tzemach Korem).[23] He is the son of David Pedley and was the Head of the House of Elders, Vice President, and Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the DoM.[23] Pedley is the co-author, with his father, of the Melchizedek Bible.[6] In 1983, Pedley was convicted of mail and interstate fraud relating to a land fraud in California and jailed for 3 years. Shortly after his release, he was again successfully prosecuted in 1986 for a $6 million currency fraud scheme that was operated in 1982-3; he was jailed for 8 years and fined $25,000. Having been paroled in 1990, he set up the Dominion of Melchizedek. His parole was revoked in late 1991 due to a violation of his conditions, arising from his promotion of a fictitious country, and was returned to prison to serve the remainder of his sentence.[13] In 1994, following his release, Pedley married Pearlasia Gamboa, who was made president of Melchizedek.[2]
2.4.5 References [1] “The Government: Governmental Offices”. Dominion of Melchizedek. [2] “Dominion of Melchizedek”. Quatloos!. [3] “Cyberfraud: The fictitious “Dominion of Melchizedek"". The Nation (Thailand). 30 May 1999. [4] “The Ruse That Roared”. November 1995.
The Washington Post.
5
[5] Tillman, Robert (2002). Global Pirates: Fraud in the Offshore Insurance Industry. Northeastern University Press. p. 105. [6] “Fantasy Island: The Strange Tale of Alleged Fraudster Pearlasia Gamboa”. SF Weekly. 6 July 2011. [7] Tillman, Robert (2002). Global Pirates: Fraud in the Offshore Insurance Industry. Northeastern University Press. p. 113. [8] “State v Riogi [2001] FJHC 61; Haa0060j.2001s”. High Court of Fiji. 20 August 2001.
In 2010, under the name Tzemach David Netzer Ko- [9] “Scam Without A Country”. Dallas Observer. 2 May rem, he was charged with, and later pled guilty to, share 1996. p. 2. manipulation regarding ZNext Mining. ZNext Mining [10] “Litigation Release No. 16368”. U.S. Securities and Exwas investigated by a multi-agency taskforce as part of change Commission. 23 November 1999. Operation Broken Trust, a US-wide operation in 2010 that targeted investment fraud.[24] In 2011 he was sen- [11] “Caribbean Bank of Commerce Ltd. (Melchizedek)". Office of the Comptroller of the Currency. 13 November tenced to 2 years in prison;[13] he was released in 2012.[25] 1998.
Pearlasia Gamboa Main article: Pearlasia Gamboa
[12] “INFORMATION CONCERNING THE NONEXHAUSTIVE LIST OF KNOWN FANTASY AND CAMOUFLAGE PASSPORTS” (PDF). DirectorateGeneral for Migration and Home Affairs. 20 February 2015.
Pearlasia Gamboa was president of the Dominion of [13] “Boy, Do We Know Tzemach Ben David Netzer Korem”. Melchizedek.[4] She is married to Mark Pedley.[26] Forbes. 8 October 2010. She is a Filipina-American business woman who has been [14] “Marshall Islands Ministry of Foreign Affairs Declares involved in controversial banking and investments. She “Kingdom of EnenKio” a Fraud”. Ministry of Foreign Afwas prevented from operating companies that were purfairs and Trade of the Republic of the Marshall Islands. porting to be banks in Indiana[27] and California.[28] The 23 April 1998. U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission sued Gamboa in 2009, alleging that she had used fictitious reports [15] “Scam Without A Country”. Dallas Observer. 2 May 1996. p. 3. of gold mining operations to profit by fraudulently sell[29][30] A [16] “A 'Nation' in Cyberspace Draws Fire From Authorities”. ing shares, siphoning off more than $1 million. judgment was ordered against her in August 2010 totaling Wall Street Journal. 9 Feb 1999.
2.5. EMPIRE OF ATLANTIUM
[17] Tillman, Robert (2002). Global Pirates: Fraud in the Offshore Insurance Industry. Northeastern University Press. p. 114.
29 espousal of “progressive, liberal policies” and characterizes it as a “secular humanist utopia”.[2]
Among the causes Atlantium supports are the right to unrestricted international freedom of movement, the right to abortion, the right to assisted suicide[3] and decimal [19] Tillman, Robert (2002). Global Pirates: Fraud in the Offcalendar reform.[4] [18] “No man is an island”. Dallas Observer. 27 June 1996.
shore Insurance Industry. Northeastern University Press. p. 106.
[20] “Texas Halts Allegedly Fraudulent Bond Operation”. PropertyCasualty360. 14 October 1996. [21] “INSURER OVERHAULS CAPITAL AFTER LOSSES ON INVESTMENTS”. Business Insurance. 5 Jan 1997.
It has almost 3000 “citizens”, most of whom signed up online from over 100 countries and have never physically been to Atlantium.[5]
2.5.1 History
[22] David Pasztor (1996-05-02). “Scam Without A Country”. Dallas Observer (Village Voice Media). [23]
[24]
[25] [26]
Atlantium was established in 1981 by three Sydney teenagers – George Francis Cruickshank, Geoffrey John Tillman, Robert (2002). Global Pirates: Fraud in the Off- Duggan and Claire Marie Coulter (née Duggan). The shore Insurance Industry. Northeastern University Press. three claimed a 10 square metres (110 sq ft) Provisional pp. 111–2. Territory in the southern suburb of Narwee as Atlantium’s first capital, and declared Cruickshank to be Sovereign “U.S. ATTORNEY ANNOUNCES REGIONAL REHead of State, with the title “Emperor George II”.[6][7] SULTS OF “OPERATION BROKEN TRUST” TARGeoffrey Duggan (1982–1986) was elected as prime minGETING INVESTMENT FRAUD”. United States Deister. Damian Scott (1986–1988), and Kevin Fanucchi partment of Justice. 6 December 2010. (1988–1990) also served as prime ministers, but by 1990, “Find an inmate”. Federal Bureau of Prisons. BOP Reg- when the original group members had graduated from ister Number 76523-012. university and moved to different locations, the group ceased to be active. Tillman, Robert (2002). Global Pirates: Fraud in the Offshore Insurance Industry. Northeastern University Press. p. 112.
[27] “Indiana trying to expel `phantom' Asia Pacific Bank”. The Indianapolis Star. 9 November 1994. p. E1. [28] ""Nation” Waging “Spiritual War” on State Official”. The Sacramento Bee. 13 February 1995. p. B1. [29] “SEC Ties Gold-Mining Shares to Empty Shell”. Courthouse News Service. 15 Jun 2009. [30] “SEC Sues ZNext Mining and its Principal for Fraud and Registration Violations”. U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. 12 June 2009.
2.4.6
External links
• Official site
2.5 Empire of Atlantium The Empire of Atlantium is a micronation and secular, pluralist progressive lobby group[1] based in New South Wales, Australia. Micronations: The Lonely Planet Guide to Home-Made Nations describes Atlantium as “a refreshing antidote to the reactionary self-aggrandisement of so many micronations”, and “an extremely sophisticated nation-state experiment, as well as an entirely serious claimant to legitimate statehood”. The book’s entry on Atlantium notes its
In 1999 Cruickshank purchased an apartment in the inner Sydney suburb of Potts Point, and soon after revived Atlantium, launching a website, which was instrumental in attracting new members. The 61 square metres (660 sq ft) apartment, known as the Imperium Proper, became the second capital of Atlantium.[7] Concordia became the third capital of Atlantium on 12 January 2008, when the rural 0.76 square kilometres (0.29 sq mi) Province of Aurora, approximately 350 kilometres (220 mi) southwest of Sydney, was created. The Atlantium website describes Aurora as Atlantium’s “global administrative capital, ceremonial focal point and spiritual homeland”.[8]
2.5.2 Aurora The Province of Aurora covers 0.76 square kilometres (0.29 sq mi)[5] and has a fenced 4.5 kilometres (2.8 mi) long perimeter. It is divided into four “administrative divisions”, known as the District of Hickey (which occupies approximately half of Aurora’s total area), the District of Duggan (which occupies the southern third of the province), Concordia Capital District (the only administrative division in which permanent human occupancy and development is permitted) and the Prefecture of Idalia (the renamed former Imperium Proper). The latter is the current residence of Cruickshank. Concordia is the intended location of facilities to house Atlantium’s legislature, government offices, museum, throne hall and commemorative monuments. Currently it is the location of a single-storey residential and adminis-
30
CHAPTER 2. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF MICRONATIONS
trative building, several service structures, and two small man-made lakes. Aurora is also the site of an historic gold-processing facility built and operated in the 1860s by Chinese immigrant miners.[9]
residing due to the small physical expanse of the Empire of Atlantium) over 100 countries.[5] The website names just over 20 individuals holding such functions as minister, director, magister and imperial legate. Atlantium says its citizenship does not supersede previously existing citizenships. Atlantians contend that they are all 2.5.3 Status and operations dual-citizens,[18] and that Atlantium actively encourages its members to participate in the political processes of The Atlantium website uses several different self- their resident countries. descriptions, including “self-declared state”, “aspirant microstate" and “global sovereign state”.[10] In line with its claim to be a “primarily non-territorial” state 2.5.6 See also Atlantium does not maintain any formal territorial claims; however, it does promote the idea that Cruick• List of micronations shank’s apartment, and the Province of Aurora, have extraterritorial status; in practice these properties remain 2.5.7 References under Australian jurisdiction. No established nation has recognised Atlantium’s sovereignty claims, and it has no reciprocal diplomatic relations. Atlantium has appointed “unaccredited diplomatic representatives” called “Imperial Legates” in the United States, Pakistan, Poland, Brazil, India, Italy, Iran, Singapore, Serbia and Switzerland.[11] The group has awarded “Imperial Honours” to various recipients, generally in recognition of political activism or for service to local communities.[12]
2.5.4
Stamps, coins and banknotes
Stamps, coins and banknotes are sold by Atlantium, which utilises a decimal currency system of 100 imperial centi to the imperial solidus. Atlantium’s website claims that the profits from those sales are used for “the Empire’s ongoing operations” as well as charitable causes.[13] The earliest documented media report referring to Atlantium is a 1984 philatelic magazine article[14] about its cinderella stamp releases. There are currently 12 issues of Atlantian stamps. Atlantium mints coins,[15] though the levels of Atlantian economic activity remain low.[16] The first coin was the 20th anniversary 10 solidi coin, which has a likeness of George Cruickshank as the obverse and the imperial eagle as the reverse. In 2011, a 30 solidi coin was issued to commemorate the 30th anniversary of Atlantium. The coin has the likeness of George Cruickshank on the obverse and the wedge-tailed eagle (Aquila audax) on the reverse and was struck in cupronickel and plated with 9 carat gold. Banknotes of Atlantium are denominated in imperial solidi (10, 25, 50 and 100 imperial solidi) and are currently divided into a 2006 series and a 2007 series.[17]
2.5.5
Membership
[1] “Links”. Unrecognised States Numismatic Society. Retrieved 2008-01-15. [2] John Ryan, George Dunford & Simon Sellars (2006). Micronations. Lonely Planet Publications. pp. 74–. ISBN 1-74104-730-7. [3] “Constitution of Atlantium”. Empire of Atlantium. Retrieved 2008-01-26. [4] “Decimal Time — Calendars — Annus Novus Decimal Calendar”. John D Hynes. Archived from the original on 2008-06-02. Retrieved 2008-01-30. [5] Ewan Gilbert (18 October 2015). “Empire of Atlantium: Take a glimpse into Australia’s smallest micronation”. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 18 October 2015. [6] Blackson, Robert (Summer 2005). “The Empire of Atlantium”. Cabinet Magazine. Retrieved 9 January 2014. [7] “History of Atlantium”. Empire of Atlantium. Retrieved 2008-01-26. [8] “Province of Aurora”. Empire of Atlantium. Retrieved 2008-01-15. [9] “Province of Aurora”. Empire of Atlantium. Retrieved 2008-01-26. [10] “Empire of Atlantium”. Empire of Atlantium. Retrieved 2008-01-15. [11] Charles Green (2005). “The Empire of Atlantium”. Cabinet Magazine. [12] “Imperial News Service”. Empire of Atlantium. [13] “Frequently Asked Questions”. Empire of Atlantium. Retrieved 2008-01-15. [14] Bill Hornadge (September 1984). “Atlantium Empire”. Stamp News. p. 196.
As of October 2015, the group has almost 3000 “citi- [15] John Mulhall (July 2002). “The Empire Strikes a Coin” (PDF). The Australasian Coin & Banknote Magazine. zens” originally hailing from (and by necessity still therein
2.6. FREETOWN CHRISTIANIA
[16] “Ministry of Finance”. Empire of Atlantium. Retrieved 2008-01-30.
31
2.6 Freetown Christiania
Christiania, also known as Freetown Christiania (Danish: Fristaden Christiania) is a self-proclaimed autonomous neighbourhood of about 850 residents, [18] “Ministry of State”. Empire of Atlantium. Retrieved covering 34 hectares (84 acres) in the borough of 2008-01-26. Christianshavn in the Danish capital Copenhagen. Civic authorities in Copenhagen regard Christiania as a large commune, but the area has a unique status in that it is 2.5.8 Bibliography regulated by a special law, the Christiania Law of 1989, • John Ryan, George Dunford & Simon Sellars which transfers parts of the supervision of the area from (2006). Micronations. Lonely Planet Publications. the municipality of Copenhagen to the state. It was closed pp. 74–77. ISBN 1-74104-730-7. by residents in April 2011, whilst discussions continued with the Danish government as to its future, but is now • Colin R Bruce (2005). Unusual World Coins. open again.[1] Krause Publications. p. 10. ISBN 0-87349-793-7. Christiania has been a source of controversy since its creation in a squatted military area in 1971. Its cannabis 2.5.9 Further reading trade was tolerated by authorities until 2004. In the years following 2004, measures for normalizing the legal status • Judy Lattas (March 2005). “DIY Sovereignty and of the community led to conflicts, police raids and negothe Popular Right in Australia” (PDF). Macquarie tiations. More recent governments have, however, been University. more tolerant. • Nick Squires (2005-02-24). “Mini-states Down Un- Among many Christiania residents, the community is der are sure they can secede”. The Daily Telegraph. known as “staden” (“the town”), short for “fristaden” • Mark Dapin (2005-02-12). “If at first you don't se- (“the freetown”). [17] Banknotes of the Empire of Atlantium Numismondo (www.numismondo.net). Retrieved on 2013-02-14.
cede...”. The Sydney Morning Herald – Good Weekend. pp. 47–50.
2.6.1 History
• Justin Norrie (2004-05-07). “His Majesty George II: The boy from Hurstville who now rules a big flat”. Barracks and ramparts The Sydney Morning Herald. p. 3. • Justin Norrie (November–December 2003). “Micronations”. HQ Magazine. pp. 90–93, 144–145. • John Mulhall (July 2002). “The Empire Strikes a Coin” (PDF). The Australasian Coin & Banknote Magazine. • David Fickling (2002-11-20). “Passport to Pimlico – Aussie style”. The Guardian. • Billy Adams (2001-08-29). “The national madness of King George”. The New Zealand Herald. • Calin Stroila (2001-07-16). “Cea mai mica tara este intr-un apartment”. Libertatea (Romania). p. 1. • Bill Hornadge (September 1984). “Atlantium Empire”. Stamp News. p. 196.
Entrance to Christiania
The area of Christiania consists of the former mil• “Worldwide Stamp Identifier: Bogus Issues”. Inter- itary barracks of Bådsmandsstræde and parts of the city ramparts. The ramparts and the borough of national Society of Worldwide Stamp Collectors. Christianshavn (then a separate city) were established in 1617 by King Christian IV by reclaiming the low beaches and islets between Copenhagen and Amager. Af2.5.10 External links ter the siege of Copenhagen during wars with Sweden, • Official website the ramparts were reinforced during 1682 to 1692 under Christian V to form a complete defence ring. The west• Official news blog ern ramparts of Copenhagen were demolished during the • Atlantium Paper Money 19th century, but those of Christianshavn were allowed
32
CHAPTER 2. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF MICRONATIONS
to remain. They are today considered among the finest can still be seen on the Second Redan close to the buildsurviving 17th century defence works in the world.[2] ing called Aircondition.[4] The wooden execution shed is The barracks of Bådsmandsstræde (Bådsmandsstrædes gone, but the concrete foundation and a drain for the Kaserne) housed the Royal Artillery Regiment, the Army blood remain just next to the path. In total, 29 World Materiel Command and ammunition laboratories and de- War II criminals were executed on the site. The last was pots. Less used after World War II, the barracks were Ib Birkedal, a high-level Danish Gestapo collaborator, on 20 July 1950. abandoned during 1967 to 1971. The adjacent area to the north, Holmen, was Denmark’s main naval base until the 1990s. It is an area in develop- Building and area protection ment, home to the new Copenhagen Opera House (not to be confused with the first and still existing venue called “Operaen”, a concert venue in Christiania) and schools. An area further north is still used by the navy, but open to the public during daytime. The outermost defence line, Enveloppen, has been renamed Dyssen in Christiania language (except for the southernmost tip of it which was not annexed by Christiania). It is connected to central Christiania by a bridge across the main moat or can be reached by the path beginning at Christmas Møllers Plads. Four gunpowder storehouses line the redans. They were built 1779-80 to replace a storage in central Copenhagen, at Østerport, which blasted infamously in 1770, killing 50 people. The buildings are renamed Aircondition, Autogena, Fakirskolen (The Fakir School) and Kosmiske Blomst (Cosmic Flower) and have, although protected, been slightly altered from their historical state.[3]
Glass house in Freetown Christiania, one of the many idiosyncratic constructions exemplifying modern “architecture without architects”.
In 2007, the National Heritage Agency proposed protection status for some of the ancient military buildings, now in Christiania. These are: • Den grå hal ('The grey hall'), formerly a riding house with a unique Bohlendach roof construction, now Christiania’s largest concert venue • Den grønne hal ('The green hall'), originally a smaller riding house • Mælkebøtten ('The dandelion') • The Commander’s house, a half-timbered building • The 17th and 18th century powder magazines on the bastions. Some of the historic buildings have been altered somewhat after Christiania’s takeover.[5] Founding of Christiania After the military moved out, the area was only guarded The last Danish execution site, active from 1946 to 1950, by a few watchmen and there was sporadic trespassing
2.6. FREETOWN CHRISTIANIA
33
of homeless people using the empty buildings. On 4 The community September 1971, inhabitants of the surrounding neighbourhood broke down the fence to take over parts of the unused area as a playground for their children. Although the takeover was not necessarily organised in the beginning, some claim this happened as a protest against the Danish government. At the time there was a lack of affordable housing in Copenhagen. On 26 September 1971, Christiania was declared open by Jacob Ludvigsen, a well-known provo and journalist who published a magazine called Hovedbladet ('The main paper'), which was intended for and successfully distributed to mostly young people. In the paper, Ludvigsen wrote an article in which he and five others went on exploration into what he termed 'The Forbidden City of the Military'. The article widely announced the proclamation of the free town, and among other things he wrote the following un- Mural in Christiania der the headline Civilians conquered the 'forbidden city' Meditation and yoga have always been popular among of the military:[6] the Christianites, and for many years Christiania had their own internationally acclaimed theater group Solvognen, who, beyond their theater performances, also staged Christiania is the land of the settlers. It is many happenings in Copenhagen and even throughout the so far biggest opportunity to build up a soSweden. Ludvigsen had always talked of the acceptance ciety from scratch - while nevertheless still inof drug-addicts who could no longer cope with regular socorporating the remaining constructions. Own ciety, and the spirit of that belief has still not diminished, electricity plant, a bath-house, a giant athletics even though many problems sprouted due to drug trafbuilding, where all the seekers of peace could fic and use (mostly of 'hard drugs’, however, which are have their grand meditation - and yoga center. not tolerated in Christiania). These addicts enter and reHalls where theater groups can feel at home. main in Christiania and are considered just as integral to Buildings for the stoners who are too paranoid the Freetown ethics as the entrepreneurs. For this reason and weak to participate in the race...Yes for many Danes have seen Christiania as a successful social those who feel the beating of the pioneer heart experiment. However, for years the legal status of the there can be no doubt as to the purpose of Chrisregion has been in a limbo due to different Danish govtiania. It is the part of the city which has been ernments attempting to remove the Christianites. Such kept secret to us - but no more. attempts at removal have all been unsuccessful so far. Ludvigsen was co-author of Christiania’s mission state- Christiania is considered to be the fourth largest tourist attractions in Copenhagen (and it has half a million visiment, dating from 1971, which offers the following: tors annually);[8] and abroad it is a well-known “brand” for the supposedly progressive and liberated Danish The objective of Christiania is to create a lifestyle. Many Danish businesses and organizations also self-governing society whereby each and every use Christiania as a show place for their foreign friends individual holds themselves responsible over the and guests. The purpose is to show something Danish wellbeing of the entire community. Our socithat cannot be found anywhere else in the world. ety is to be economically self-sustaining and, as Among the local users are many social security recipisuch, our aspiration is to be steadfast in our conents, pensioners, immigrants and clients from social instiviction that psychological and physical destitututions. Single mothers also visit here, not to mention the tion can be averted. many homeless and jobless young people. Greenlanders, street people and vagabonds, all find a sanctuary here. But The spirit of Christiania quickly developed into one of the many other people such as students, musicians, artists, inhippie movement, the squatter movement, collectivism tellectuals and academics visit the Freetown often. and anarchism, in contrast to the site’s previous military In Christiania the creative and recreational values are use. found in rich measure. In fact, the green ramparts of The 1976 protest song I kan ikke slå os ihjel (translated: “You cannot kill us”), written by Tom Lunden of flower power rock group Bifrost, became the unofficial anthem of Christiania.[7]
Christiania appear much more recreational and attractive to visitors than the well kept, deserted areas under the care of municipal Copenhagen. Many people, however, abstain from exploring and using Christiania, simply be-
34 cause they cannot find their way around.
CHAPTER 2. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF MICRONATIONS 2005 shooting and murder
The people in Christiania have developed their own set of rules, independent of the Danish government. The rules On April 24, 2005, a 26-year-old Christiania resident was forbid stealing, violence, guns, knives, bulletproof vests, killed and three other residents injured in a violent gang assault on Pusher Street. The reason for this was a feud hard drugs and bikers’ colors.[9] over the cannabis market of Copenhagen. Famous for its main drag, known as Pusher Street, where hash and skunk weed were sold openly from permanent After the open cannabis trade was ended in Christiania stands until 2004, it nevertheless does have rules forbid- the year before, criminal circles outside Christiania were ding 'hard drugs’, such as cocaine, amphetamine, ecstasy eager to take over the market. Those responsible for the and heroin. The hash commerce is controversial, but shooting were one such gang, primarily of immigrants resince the rules require a consensus they cannot be re- siding in Nørrebro, a northwestern borough of the city. moved unless everybody agrees. Legalization of cannabis They had repeatedly asked the Christiania pushers to alis one of the ideas of many of the citizens in Christia- low them on their market and had repeatedly been turned nia. The region negotiated an arrangement with the Dan- down. On April 23, 2005, this stalemate escalated viish defence ministry (which still owns the land) in 1995. olently. The pushers of Christiania discovered that a Since 1994, residents have paid taxes and fees for water, member of the outside gang had infiltrated their organisation by dating a female pusher. He was exposed and electricity, trash disposal, etc. just barely escaped - two shots were fired at him. The After bitter negotiations that temporarily resulted in the next day two cars pulled up outside Christiania and 6–8 area being sealed off to the public, in June 2011, the res- masked men with automatic weapons got out and headed idents of Christiania agreed to collectively set up a fund for Pusher Street. When they arrived they fired at least to formally purchase the land at below market prices.[10] 35 rounds indiscriminately toward the crowd, killing one The community made its first payment in July 2012, of- Christianite and injuring three others. ficially becoming legal landowners.[11] Some saw this tragic incident as a sign that the future survival of the community was dubious due to the risk of violence stemming from the cannabis market.[15] Others blamed the incident on the fragmentation of the Copenhagen cannabis market and its expansion to the rest of the city, brought about by the measures of the Anders Fogh Riots over demolition of house Rasmussen government. See below: Drugs On May 14, 2007, workers from the governmental Forest and Nature Agency, accompanied by police, entered Christiania to demolish leftovers of the small, abandoned building of Cigarkassen ('the cigar box'). They were met by angry and frightened Christianites, fearing that the police also intended to demolish other houses. Road blocks were built and trucks transporting what was left of the house were sabotaged, so that they could not move. The police then entered the Freetown on a massive scale and were met by resistance. Residents threw stones and shot fireworks at police vehicles. They also built barricades in the street outside Christiania’s gate. The police used tear gas on the residents and a number of arrests were made.[12] One activist sneaked behind the police commander and poured a bucket of urine and faeces upon him.[13] Later, the police force retreated from Christiania. As youths barricaded the entrances to Christiania and bombarded the police with stones and Molotov cocktails, the trouble continued into the early morning hours. After several failed attempts to storm the barricades, the police retreated and ultimately gave up. In all, over 50 activists from both Christiania and outside were arrested. Prosecutors are demanding they be imprisoned on the basis that they might otherwise participate in further disturbances in Copenhagen (which prosecutors claim is “in a Christiania common law; the nine rules. state of rebellion.”)[14]
2.6. FREETOWN CHRISTIANIA
35
Cars
rary electro-punk style music being described as techno. After 9 months, they were asked to leave Christiania.
Within Christiania itself no private cars are allowed. However, a total of 132 cars are owned by residents and need to be parked on the streets surrounding the Freetown.[16] After negotiating with city authorities, Christiania has agreed to establish parking areas for residents’ own cars on its territory. As of 2005, parking space for only 14 cars had been established within the area.[17]
In 2004, Dunst participated in 'Christiania Distortion', an event supportive of Christiania. As they could not make use of the Gay House, Dunst’s part of the event took place in a bus circling around Christiania.[19][20]
Before the city council elections of November 2001, residents in one of Christiania’s sections proposed a municipal kindergarten just outside Christiania should be torn down and moved some hundred meters away, the area being turned into a parking lot. The proposal was criticised by other Christiania residents and citizens in the borough, but proponents claimed the wooden kindergarten buildings were outdated anyway and the parking space issue needed to be solved before Christiania itself would turn into an area where cars were widely parked. It has also been claimed that taxis and police vehicles add to the traffic problems.[18]
Grenade attack On 24 April 2009, a 22-year-old man had his jaw blown off by a hand grenade thrown into the crowds seated at Cafe Nemoland.[21] Four[21] or five[22] others had minor back and leg injuries. A perpetrator has not been found.
2.6.2 Drugs
As of 2008 Christiania established a road block robot in the vehicle entrance of Christiania next to The Gray Hall (Grå Hal) to prevent cannabis customers and other visitors from driving into Christiania and park their cars in its narrow streets. Only cargo transport is allowed through these gates. A downside to this was that it moved the problem to another part of Christiania further up the road where the residents now have blocked this entrance entirely until another road block robot will be installed. There are very few entrances to Christiania. With the two entrances blocked by road block robots the Christianites believe they can rid themselves from the problem of ha- 'Pusher Street' in 2007, after eviction of the hash stands. A 'no photo sign' remains. The hash stands have since returned. rassing traffic.
Gay House Since the 1970s, the Gay House (Bøssehuset), one of Christiania’s autonomous institutions, had been a center for gay activism, parties and theatre. The humorous and artistically high-ranking variety-style shows still have fame among Copenhagen homosexuals.
Since its opening, Christiania has been famous for its open cannabis trade, taking place in the aptly named and centrally located 'Pusher Street', although named 'Green Light District' by the Christianian council. Although the hash trade is illegal, authorities were for many years reluctant to forcibly stop it. Proponents thought that concentrating the hash trade at one place would limit its dispersion in society, and that it could prevent users from switching to 'harder drugs’. Some wanted to legalize hash altogether. Opponents thought the ban should be enforced, in Christiania as elsewhere, and that there should be no differentiation between 'soft' and 'hard' drugs. It has also been claimed that the open cannabis trade was one of Copenhagen’s major tourist attractions, while some said it scared other potential tourists away. Even though the police have attempted to stop the drug trade, the cannabis market is still thriving in Christiania.
In 2002, a group of young gay performers and activists, Dunst, were invited to take over the house so it could remain a center for gay activity. Dunst introduced democratic management and established open workshops for photography, art, music, dance, video etc. They also arranged three 'Save Christiania' nights, a cabaret show and three support parties in order to be able to pay down some of the Gay House’s debt to Christiania. According to Dunst, however, neighbours would never readily accept them and the newcomers were accused of not understanding “the Christiania lifestyle”. Dunst claimed they Eviction of 'hard drugs’ received verbal abuse, threatening letters, and even in one instance, had a baseball bat brandished against them. One of the most significant community accomplishments Some disliked Dunst’s loud parties and their contempo- in the history of Christiania was the 'junk blockade' in
36
CHAPTER 2. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF MICRONATIONS
November 1979. The government was still very hostile but the community faced other acute challenges as well. Many Christiania residents were interested in mindaltering techniques, including psychotropic substances. During the late 1970s 'hard drugs’ such as heroin were considered permissible, but this had grave consequences. In one year, from 1978 to 1979, ten people had died in Christiania from drug overdose; four of them were residents there. Most of them lived in a building called 'The Arc of Peace', which was in an extreme level of disrepair. Doors were missing, there were holes in the floors, and in most rooms there was no furniture except mattresses. One floor was overrun by a feral cat colony. It was a terribly unhealthy environment and the Christianites became increasingly aware that the situation could not continue.
Biker gang eviction
An attempt was made to cooperate with the police in order to get rid of the heroin pushers, which was something many Christianites felt extremely uncomfortable about due to their anarchical tradition and the continuous clashes between Christiania and the police. Despite the shared feelings of distrust, however, some Christianites felt there was no other way to address the problem, and supplied the police with a list of suspected 'hard drug' users. The intention of the Christianites’ decision was made very clear: police were to concentrate only on 'hard drugs’. This did not happen, and instead the police ignored the Christianites’ requests and made a large crackdown only on the hash network, conspicuously leaving the heroin ring untouched.
The Hells Angels recently had established themselves in Copenhagen and the leaders of Bullshit were murdered in a war over the drug trade in Copenhagen including Christiania.
The police gave the names of “cooperating Christianites” to the hash dealers, and they had to leave Christiania for fear of reprisals. Feeling betrayed and bitter the Christianites decided not to cooperate any further with the authorities, and instead launched what was to be known as the Junk Blockade. For 40 days and nights the Christianites—men, women, and children—patrolled 'The Arc of Peace' and whenever they found junkies or pushers they gave them an ultimatum: either quit all activities with hard drugs or leave Christiania. In the end, the pushers were forced to leave, and sixty people entered drug rehabilitation.
Around 1984 a Copenhagen-resident biker gang called Bullshit arrived in Christiania and took control of a part of the cannabis market. Violence in the neighbourhood increased and many Christianites felt unsafe and unhappy with the new residents. This resulted in sabotage acts directed towards the bikers as well as the publication of several provocative manuscripts urging the Christianites to throw out the powerful and armed bikers. This tension culminated when the police found a murdered individual who had been sliced to pieces and buried beneath the floor of a building. Christiania reacted with two colossal community meetings—one outside the building—where it was agreed that the bikers had to leave.
A biker war between the Hells Angels and rival gangs over the drug trade continued in Copenhagen from the murder of the leader of Bullshit, 'Makrellen', who controlled the cannabis trade in Christiania, through to 1996.
Action against open drug selling Since its opening in 1971, the open drug trade of Christiania was a thorn in the side of Danish authorities, a constant source of public discussion, and led to protests from neighbouring countries as well (especially Sweden with its no-tolerance drug policy). When the centre-right cabinet of Anders Fogh Rasmussen took office in 2001, one of its promises was to end illegal activities at Christiania. These were, including the obvious cannabis market, a long list of alleged criminal activities; the politicians demanded the end of 'hard drugs’ sales, such as cocaine and amphetamines, weapons trade, dealing with contraband etc. The Christiania residents claim them to be purely speculative accusations and that they are obviously based upon sinister rumors and political spin to take the focus away from the real meaning of the Freetown. It is observed to be another weapon in the government’s fight against the community and the “normalization” of the area. It is a common left-wing observation that by emphasizing the most illegal part of the Freetown (the Cannabis trade) and associating it with the local bikers, street gangs and other groups of criminal intent, the basis of the community becomes more confusing to the public, causing sympathy for the Freetown to drop. As of 2010 this tactic has not scared the tourists away.
It is part of the Christiania mythology that there are no 'hard drugs’ consumed in Christiania anymore, but cocaine and speed are found to be carried and/or purchased among more and more visitors. They are still not being sold in Pusher Street, though. The use of cocaine, amphetamines, and other substances has been on the rise for the past decade and is an occurrence all over Denmark. It does affect Christiania as well, but the ban on hard drugs is still guiding the recreational activities in the community. People in Christiania deal with it frequently but are still willing to keep the community open and their values In 2002, the government began aiming to make the cannabis trade less visible. In response, the cannabis sellintact. ers covered their stands in military camouflage nets as a humorous reply.[23] On January 4, 2004, the stands were finally demolished by the cannabis dealers the day before a large scale police operation. They knew about this op-
2.6. FREETOWN CHRISTIANIA eration, and decided to take the stands down themselves. The police made more than twenty arrests in the following weeks, and a large part of the organised dealer network of Pusher Street was then eliminated. Before they were demolished, the National Museum of Denmark was able to get one of the more colourful stands, which is now part of an exhibit.
37 Governmental normalisation measures
In 2004, the Danish government passed a law abolishing the collective and treating its 900 members as individuals. Beginning in the summer of 2005, a series of protests were staged by Christiania members. During the same time, Danish police have made frequent sweeps of the On March 16, 2004, police raided the area. Allegedly, area. many dealers started to move huge amounts of cannabis The Christiania Café Månefiskeren set up a board recordout into Copenhagen and the rest of the country instead. ing the number of police patrols on Christiania in NovemThis was done in order to avoid the heavy police-presence ber 2005. In the summer of 2006 this passed the 1000th in Christiania and to meet the demand for cannabis by patrol (about 4–6 patrols a day). These patrols normally customers. According to both police and other sources consisted of 6 to 20 police officers, often dressed in comthe number of marijuana clubs in Copenhagen grew bat uniform and sometimes with police dogs. rapidly to at least five times as many as before the police This has, however, not affected the street prices of crackdown on Pusher Street, and in these clubs the sale of cannabis in- or out-side of Christiania. There has been hash was mixed with other drugs such as amphetamine, no notable change in the rate of “regular crime” in the cocaine, ecstasy and GHB. Especially in the northwestarea. ern part of the city (Nørrebro and the Nordvest borough) many clubs arrived and were controlled by armed gangs In January 2006, the government proposed that Chriswho had long tried to enter the cannabis sales in Christia- tiania would be turned into a mixed alternative communia. The gang responsible for the shootings of 2005 was nity and residential area adding condominiums for 400 new residents. Current residents, now paying DKK 1450 one of these. See above: 2005 shooting and murder (USD 250) per month, would be allowed to remain but The open cannabis trade has since returned to the way it need to begin paying normal rent for the facilities, albeit was before the 2004 raids. below market rent levels. Christiania has rejected this scenario, fearing the freetown would turn into a normal Copenhagen neighbourhood. In particular, the concept of privately owned dwellings is claimed to be incompati2.6.3 Further developments ble with Christiania’s collective ownership. The open cannabis trade in Christiania has been hailed by some Danes and seen as a source of constant annoyance by others. The center-right government took a number of steps to enforce the law in Christiania. The first step in this process was a police crackdown on the cannabis trade. Both politicians and police declared that the cannabis trade would not be allowed to return. The second (and currently ongoing) phase is the registration of all buildings in Christiania. The third step will be the demolition of a number of wooden private residences situated in a nature conservation area (the historic naval fortress of Copenhagen). These buildings had all been approved by the authorities before the new government passed the current law on Christiania. For the last 15 years the government has not allowed construction in Christiania. This is now being enforced on a zero-tolerance policy with the help of a massive police presence. This is regarded by Christiania community as a government strategy to undermine the collective selfgovernment of Christiania. They believe the government is planning to sell out building rights to private enterprises, in an attempt to force the freetown to accept the paradigm of private ownership and market capitalization of private property. The 900 or so inhabitants of Christiania have staked a claim for collective rights of use to all of Christiania, but this has been ignored by the government.
In September 2007, the representatives of Christiania and Copenhagen’s city council reached an agreement to cede control of Christiania to the city over the course of 10 years for the purposes of business development.[24] Also, as of May 2009, the Eastern High Court upheld a 2004 Act of Parliament which reaffirmed the state’s legal claim to control of the base.[25] Quotes from politicians Christiania is a dwelling for people who wish to live in a different manner... But it is crucial that varied ownership-models are introduced, so that there will be both private and partially owned houses. — Christian Wedell-Neergaard, the Christiania-spokesperson for the governing Conservative Party
(Christiania’s) demand that there be a collective fund is not fair, It doesn't meet the wish for a normalization. We (the government) have emphasized that there should be varied ownership-models, such as private ownership ... it is natural that there are also privately owned buildings in an area like Christiania...
38
CHAPTER 2. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF MICRONATIONS Because it is the case for the surrounding society in general, that there are variety in the ownership. — Christian Wedell-Neergaard[26]
It’s a question of principle, whether a group of people should be allowed to occupy a large part of government property in central Copenhagen. There’s no question that what they’ve been doing is illegal… they seized government property and have been living on it and that’s worth a lot of money now. — Karsten Lauritzen, Member of Parliament from Danish party Venstre[27]
The Minister of Finance from the Liberal Party (Venstre), part of the then ruling coalition, who to the question in parliament whether the new buildings at Christiania were only economically motivated, answered: It is a political priority that there be built new houses as suggested, to ensure a development of the Christiania-area with varied ownership-models. — Thor Pedersen (Finance Minister and member of the Danish Liberal party Venstre)[28]
Architectural competition
2.6.4 The flag The flag of Christiania is a red banner with three yellow discs representing the dots in the “i"s in “Christiania”.[29] The colours were supposedly chosen because when the original squatters took over the former military base, they reportedly found a large amount of red and yellow paint.[30]
2.6.5 In fiction and popular culture • In March 2004, Christiania was featured in an episode of the political satirical TV show Den halve sandhed (The half truth). As a tongue-in-cheek action, a journalist started to erect a small wooden hut in one of Christiania’s open areas, claiming he assumed everyone could settle in the freetown. Within minutes, Christiania residents arrived and told him this was totally unacceptable. The journalist was violently threatened and told to make himself scarce. Other residents, however, took the time to peacefully explain Christiania building rules (approval by the community meeting is needed for construction). Later, journalists set up a stall attempting to sell 'non-politically correct' products such as Coca-Cola, arguing this was no worse than selling cannabis to minors.[31] • In October 2014, a feature documentary film called Christiania – 40 Years of Occupation had its premiere at the New York Architecture and Design Film Festival. It has since been screened in countries around the world[32] and won Best Feature Documentary at the Seattle Transmedia and Independent Film Festival in May 2015.
In order to present a reasonable use of area after an even• In September 2015, Christiania was highlighted in tual “cleaning”, the Danish government commissioned an the Season 8 episode “The Last Free City In Amerarchitectural competition. 17 proposals were received, ica” of the YouTube comedy series Good Mythical of which only eight have met the formal competition Morning.[33] requirements. All of the proposals were rejected by the jury. The cost of the architectural competition was 850,000 Danish Kroner (113,900 EUR, 177,700 USD, 2.6.6 See also 89,500 GBP).
2.6.7 References Christiania’s development plan Christiania has countered the government’s plans for normalisation with its own community driven planning proposal, which after 8 months of internal workshops and meetings gained consensus at the common meeting before being published in early 2006. Christiania’s own development plan was awarded the Initiative Award of the Society for the Beautification of Copenhagen in November 2006 and the plan has received positive attention from the municipality of Copenhagen and the Agenda 21 Society for its sustainability goals and democratic process.
[1] Eriksen, Lars; Topping, Alexandra (28 April 2011). “Christiania, one of Europe’s most famous communes, faces last stand”. The Guardian (London). [2] History of the Christiania area at the Wayback Machine (archived March 31, 2009), Heritage Agency of Denmark, 12 March 2007 (Danish) [3] History of Christiania area at the Wayback Machine (archived October 1, 2011), Heritage Agency of Denmark (Danish) [4] Skydeskuret på Amager (The shooting shed on Amager), Information, 29 May 2007 (Danish)
2.6. FREETOWN CHRISTIANIA
[5] Description of Christiania houses recommended for protection at the Wayback Machine (archived December 23, 2008), Heritage Agency of Denmark, 13 March 2007 (Danish) [6] Christiania at the Wayback Machine (archived December 30, 2008), facsimiles of 'Hovedbladet', Jacob Ludvigsen’s website (Danish) [7] Henrik Vesterberg, Sangene kan de i hvert fald ikke slå ihjel at the Wayback Machine (archived February 18, 2012), Politiken, July 11, 2007 (Danish) [8] En rusten plattform og et kuleformet hus mener de er egne stater - Disse ni europeiske landene eksisterer egentlig ikke. [9] Guide to The Alternative Copenhagen [10] UPDATE: Christiania accepts “beautiful agreement” at the Wayback Machine (archived November 30, 2011) [11] Vickers, Steve (September 7, 2012). “In Copenhagen’s Christiania neighborhood, the future looks more settled”. The Washington Post. Retrieved July 16, 2015. [12] Christiania demolition unleashes havoc at the Wayback Machine (archived September 21, 2008) The Copenhagen Post, 14 May 2007 [13] Politichef overhældt med urin af aktivist at the Wayback Machine (archived May 18, 2007) Jyllands-Posten, 14 May 2007 (Danish) [14] Politianklagere: »København er i oprør« at the Wayback Machine (archived June 7, 2007), 18 May 2007 (Danish) [15] First arrest in drug war slaying at the Wayback Machine (archived August 10, 2007) [16] SVAR PÅ: “200 BILER” at the Wayback Machine (archived September 28, 2007)(Danish) [17] Christiania´s TRAFIKGRUPPE at the Wayback Machine (archived February 3, 2003)(Danish) [18] Fra Ugespejlet 11 - OM:TREKANTEN. BILER, BØRNEHAVER, CHRISTIANIA & TRAFIKKEN at the Wayback Machine (archived December 20, 2008) (Danish) [19] “Dunst historie” (in Danish). Dunst.dk. Retrieved February 10, 2012. [20] "Åbent brev til Christiania”. Dunst.dk. 26 May 2004. Retrieved February 10, 2012. [21] “Man’s jaw blown off in grenade attack”. Copenhagen: Copenhagen Post. Archived from the original on 200904-26. Retrieved April 24, 2009. A number of people were injured - one seriously - when a hand grenade was thrown at them outside a Christiania café. A young man had part of his jaw blown off in an indiscriminate attack last night in the Christiania area of Copenhagen. The 22-year-old and four friends were sitting at a picnic table outside Café Nemoland when a hand grenade landed near them shortly after midnight. The man’s face was badly injured when he was hit by shrapnel, but his condition was
39
described as stable last night. Three of his companions received less severe injuries to their backs and legs, while one escaped injury in the attack. [22] Julian Isherwood. “Grenade lobbed at cafe”. Copenhagen: Politiken. Retrieved April 24, 2009. Five people were wounded, one of them seriously, during the night when a hand grenade was lobbed at the Cafe Nemoland in the Christiania district of Copenhagen. A 22-year-old man suffered serious facial injuries, while four others suffered shrapnel wounds to the back and lower extremities. The 22-year-old was operated on during the night and is said to be in a stable condition. Police have no clues as to who was responsible for the attack or, as yet, an indication of a motive. [23] Christiania Guide - Page 10 - www.christiania.org at the Wayback Machine (archived February 5, 2012) [24] Riley, Harriet (2007-09-18). “Farewell to Freetown”. The Guardian (London). Retrieved 2010-05-02. [25] Christiania loses court challenge at the Wayback Machine (archived August 11, 2010) [26] All quotes from Politiken, 29 January 2006, p. 6. [27] “Christiania for Sale”, Roads & Kingdoms, June 28, 2012 [28] Information, 6 June 2006, p. 3. [29] “Christiania, Denmark”. Flags of the World. Archived from the original on 15 February 2012. [30] “Save Christiania”. Rick Steves. Archived from the original on 30 March 2013. [31] “Den halve sandhed”. DR Presse. [32] Lawson, Robert. “Bus No. 8 News”. busno8.com. [33] “The Last Free City In America”. YouTube. Good Mythical Morning. 1 September 2015. Retrieved 1 September 2015.
2.6.8 External links • Official website of Christiania City (Freetown Christiania) • Palaces and Properties Agency’s website about Christiania and the new Christiania act of 2004 • Official web “Bevar Christiania” (Save Christiania) • Interview with Charlotte Østervang - Christiania Photographer • The Coinage of Denmark’s Free State: Christiania Coordinates: 55°40′24.92″N 55.6735889°N 12.5997111°E
12°35′58.96″E
/
40
CHAPTER 2. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF MICRONATIONS
2.7 Frestonia For the Aztec Camera album, see Frestonia (album).
The state adopted the Latin motto Nos Sumus Una Familia - We are All One Family - and applied to join the United Nations,[10] at the same time warning that peacekeeping troops might be needed to keep the GLC at bay.[11]
Frestonia was the name adopted by the residents of Freston Road when they attempted to secede from the United Kingdom in 1977.[1] The residents were squatters (many of whom later set up a housing co-op in negotiation with Notting Hill Housing Trust) and included 2.7.4 artists, musicians, writers, actors and activists.[2] Actor David Rappaport was the Foreign Minister, while playwright Heathcote Williams served as Ambassador to Great Britain. Another minister was Nicholas Albery of BIT.[3]
2.7.1
Culture, communications, transport and economy
Location
Frestonia consisted of a 1.8 acres (7,300 m2 ) triangle of land (including communal gardens) formed by Freston Road, Bramley Road and Shalfleet Drive, W10,[4] which belonged at the time to the London Borough of Hammersmith. This land crosses the boundary of London postal districts W10 (North Kensington) and W11 (Notting Hill), and now belongs to the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea.[5]
2.7.2
Origins
The People’s Hall, Freston Road (51°30′37.49″N 0°13′2.33″W / 51.5104139°N 0.2173139°W). The focal point of the Frestonia community, this is the only significant building from the Frestonian independence period still standing on Freston Road itself, and was the location for the recording of much of The Clash's album Combat Rock.
Most of the residents of Freston Road were squatters, who moved into empty houses in the early 1970s.[6] When the Greater London Council planned to redevelop the area, the 120 residents first all adopted the same surname of Bramley with the aim that the council would then have Frestonia had its own newspaper The Tribal Messenger and an art gallery called The Car Breaker Gallery[12] from to re-house them collectively.[7] which came the performance art of Mutoid Waste Company,[13] visual artist Julie Umerle, comic book artist Brett Ewins and graphic novelist Brendan McCarthy.[14] 2.7.3 Independence Professional lighting for the gallery was donated by Sandy Nairne, later to be Director of the National Portrait The Council threatened formal eviction, so at a public [15] Gallery. There was also a “National Theatre” at Frestomeeting attended by 200 people, resident Nick Albery Heathcote Williams's The Immornia which performed - inspired by both the Ealing comedy film Passport to talist. The Frestonian National Film Institute was also Pimlico and a previous visit to Freetown Christiania in formed; its first screening being - appropriately - Passport Copenhagen - suggested that they declare the street into Pimlico and a film of The Sex Pistols. Local transport dependent of the rest of the UK. A referendum returned was served by the Number 295 bus, and the London Un94% of residents in favour of the plan, and 73% in favour derground, Latimer Road tube station being at the north of joining the European Economic Community. Indeend of Bramley Road. There were Frestonian postage pendence was declared on 31 October 1977. Shadow (honoured by the General Post Office), as well as stamps Chancellor of the Exchequer Sir Geoffrey Howe wrote [16] plans to introduce a currency. expressing his support, saying “As one who had childhood enthusiasm for Napoleon of Notting Hill, I can hardly fail to be moved by your aspirations”.[8] In a legal dispute regarding the unauthorised performance of his play The Immortalist, Heathcote Williams won a ruling from the UK courts that Frestonia was for this purpose not part of the UK.[9]
When the state celebrated its fifth anniversary in 1982, the population numbered 97 people occupying 23 houses. The same year, The Clash recorded their album Combat Rock in Ear Studios (also known as The People’s Hall) in Frestonia, where Motorhead practised in the rehearsal studios.[17]
2.7. FRESTONIA
2.7.5
Decline and fall
41 Features an introduction by art critic, writer and curator Sacha Craddock.
Following international press coverage, the residents formed the Bramleys Housing Co-operative Ltd, which • 2015. 'Arcadia'. An article by Robert Barry, viewnegotiated with Notting Hill Housing Trust for contining Frestonia as the forefathers of Arcadia Spectacued residence and acceptable redevelopment of the site. ular.[26] Some Frestonians were unhappy with the consequent loss of independence, and moved away. According to Tony Sleep, a brief Frestonian onlooker whose online photo- 2.7.8 See also journal[18] documents his idea of the history of the area, • List of micronations those leaving were often replaced by people with drinking and drug problems. The remaining Frestonians grabbed what they could for themselves instead of maintaining the ideals of the Frestonian “nation” which consequently 2.7.9 References went into decline. In its place, a more conventional local [1] The Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea Library, community reinstated the usual hierarchies. “Frestonia the past is another country”. Dave Walker. 23 04 2015
2.7.6
Current situation
To the current day, Bramleys Housing Co-operative manages the properties owned and built on the Frestonia site by Notting Hill Housing Trust,[19] and its members continue to live as a close-knit community. Some are children or grandchildren of the original Frestonians, although there has also been a significant influx of new residents. A large new office development, also named Frestonia, now occupies the adjacent site at the junction of Bramley Road and St Anns Road. It is occupied by the headquarters of Cath Kidston Limited. A second large office development also named Frestonia by its developers was erected at 125/135 Freston Road in 2001.[20] The Louise T Blouin Foundation is located in nearby Olaf Street, off Freston Road.[21] Major developments occurred in the 2000s with the completion of environmentally-friendly headquarters buildings for Monsoon Accessorize (in 2007) and TalkTalk (in 2009) at the rear of 91-121 Freston Road,.[22] The 150,000m² Westfield London shopping complex was also finished around this time, and links Frestonia, including the two HQ buildings in Notting Dale, via a nearby footbridge over the West Cross Route.
2.7.7
Cultural reactions
[2] “The Notting Hill Squatters Who Declared Independence from the UK”. 28 October 2014. Harry Sword. VICE [3] The Guardian, Friday, June 8, 2001 - Obituary: Nicholas Albery. Irreverent free spirit who put his socially innovative ideas into action [4] Fourth World News, Vol. 1 No. 18. February 1983. Edited by Nicholas Albery. Frestonia: Smallest Nation in Europe [5] The Royal Borough of Kensington & Chelsea, Freston Road [6] Cooke, Robin (2001-06-04). “Beneath the Mirror Ball”. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 200705-10. [7] NBC News archives. “NOTTING HILL SECTION OF LONDON DECLARES ITSELF AN INDEPENDENT COUNTRY--FRESTONIA; RESIDENTS ASSUME SAME SURNAME with the aim that the council would then have to re-house them collectively” [8] Vague, Tom (2007). “Getting it Straight in Notting Hill Gate 1958-2008: Subterania”. HISTORYtalk. Archived from the original on 2007-07-01. Retrieved 2007-08-14. [9] “The Eddie Woods Archive”. American Literary Studies. Stanford University Library. 2007-08-06. Retrieved 2007-08-14. [10] The Guardian. 'From Frestonia to Belgravia review'
• 1995. Frestonia was the name of the final album [11] Portobello Film Festival 2006. Counter Culture Portobello - Psychogeographical History, by Tom Vague. from Aztec Camera. [12] IT Archive (International Times), 01.01.1980, Vol 5, p5
• 2014. Robert Kerr won best Screenplay (UK) for his debut documentary 'The Republic of Frestonia' at the 11th London Independent Film Festival, a modern view of The Republic.[23] • 2015. 'to the Bramley Family of Frestonia'.[24] A publication documenting the public art project in London by Turner Prize nominee Nathan Coley.[25]
[13] Portobello Film Festival 2006. “Counter Culture Portobello Psychogeographical History”. Tom Vague [14] The Republic of Frestonia. Car Breaker Posters [15] The Republic of Frestonia [16] Portowebbo.co.uk – Passport to Frestonia - November 2002 (archived copy)
42
CHAPTER 2. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF MICRONATIONS
[17] Time Out London, Chris Parkin, Mon May 15 2006 – Frestonia declares its independence: It happened here
2.8.2 Currency
[18] Welcome to Frestonia. Comprehensive history and archive of photographs from Frestonia, by Tony Sleep, a resident photographer [19] Notting Hill Housing association – affordable homes and shared ownership schemes | Notting Hill Housing [20] Frestonia.com. [21] Hugh Pearman. Art and London Pschogeography [22] Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea, Planning. [23] London Independent Film Festival 2014 [24] Nathan Coley. to The Bramley Family of Frestonia [25] Artlyst. 26.08.2015. “Turner Prize nominee gifts sculptures to West London estate residents” [26] “Meet the pyrotechnics crew behind Glastonbury’s firespitting spiders”. Robert Barry. July 7 2015
2.7.10
External links
• Tony Sleep’s Photojournal Portfolio • The Republic of Frestonia. Website
2.8 Global Country of World Peace The Global Country of World Peace (GCWP) was inaugurated by Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, the founder of Transcendental Meditation, on October 7, 2000.[1] It is a non-profit organization that promotes Transcendental Meditation, education, and the construction of “buildings for peace” in the world’s major cities.[2][3] The GCWP was originally conceived as “a country without borders for peace-loving people everywhere.”[4] It has issued a currency called the “Raam,” and its leader is neurologist Tony Nader.[5] In 2002, the GCWP was incorporated in the state of Iowa, USA[6] with its headquarters in Maharishi Vedic City.[6][7] It has administrative or educational centres in the U.S., the Netherlands and Ireland. The GCWP made unsuccessful attempts to obtain sovereign land as a micronation during the years 2000 to 2002.
2.8.1
Mission
According to a report from Bloomberg, the GCWP’s tax filings describe its mission as the creation of world peace 'by unifying all nations in happiness prosperity, invincibility, and perfect health'.[8] The mission of the US-based division of the GCWP, according to a 2005 article, is to promote “enlightenment, good health, and peace through the practice of Transcendental Meditation” and to build palaces of peace in 3000 of the world’s major cities.[2]
Raam currency
Raam is a bearer bond and local currency issued by Global Country of World Peace.[9][10] It was designed for the development of agricultural projects and to combat poverty in third world countries.[9] As of 2003, it had limited acceptance in some European and U.S. cities. The currency has been used in Iowa and has been also given approval in The Netherlands where more than 100 Dutch shops, department store chains, in 30 villages and cities, are using the notes at a fixed rate of 10 euros per raam.[10] The Raam is issued in denominations of 1, 5 and 10 Raams, with one Raam equal to 10 Euros in Europe, and one Raam equal to 10 dollars in the U.S.[11] Raam notes are printed by Joh. Enschedé.[11][12] In 2002, Maharishi Vedic City Mayor Bob Wynne estimated that there was $40,000 worth of Raam in circulation.[12] The Raam differs from other complementary currencies because its focus is on the export of products rather than improving local circulation to benefit the lives of local people.[11] According to the Minister of Finance for the Global Country of World Peace, the Raam “could be used” for agricultural projects in developing nations.[9][13] CATO Institute currency expert James Dorn expressed doubt about the viability of the plan, suggesting that other economic approaches would be a better way to establish a network of collective farms.[13] According to the issuer, the Raam is also a bearer bond that earns a total of 3% interest after five years (0.6% simple interest annually).[14] The Raam was used, as of 2003, alongside Euros in accordance with Dutch law in more than 100 shops in the Netherlands.[9] The Raam was convertible in the Netherlands at the Fortis Bank in Roermond.[11] As of 2003, the Dutch Central Bank estimated that there were approximately 100,000 Raam notes in circulation.[9] It also had limited acceptance in the Iowan cities called Maharishi Vedic City and Fairfield.[15][16] According to Maharishi Global Financing, agreements were made in 2004 with a farmers’ association in South America and with traditional leaders in Africa to start using the Raam for agricultural development projects.[11]
2.8. GLOBAL COUNTRY OF WORLD PEACE
2.8.3
Administrative centers
43 million.[26] The plans divided the community. Nine pastors wrote to the local newspaper with concerns about the souls of area residents while the Chamber of Commerce looked forward to the creation of new jobs.[25] The county planning commission placed a moratorium on any changes in land use in an effort to prevent the use of agricultural land for the capital, but they withdrew it after the movement threatened to sue in federal court.[27] In April 2009, a spokesman announced that two Peace Palaces were nearing completion.[28]
In 2009 the GCWP opened the West Virginia Retreat Center in Three Churches, West Virginia, USA. The men-only facility is used for weekend retreats as well as Headquarters in MERU, Holland residences for those who want to spend years living a simple life involving meditation.[29] As of 2012, the center Maharishi Vedic City is the “Capital of the Global Coun- consisted of 10 buildings with 90 male residents plus vartry for World Peace.”[17] ious staff.[29][30] Larger plans include the development of the 175 acres (0.71 km2 ), purchased at a cost of $750,000 into an “environmentally friendly retreat” that will include 150 to 200 rooms for professional meditators, according to the project director, Raja Bob LoPinto.[31]
2.8.4 Peace Palaces
Headquarters in Maharishi Vedic City, USA
The city’s plan and building code follow principles of Vedic architecture.[18] Architecture professor Keller Easterling says that Maharishi Vedic City reflects the GCWP’s interest in achieving a “benign form of global sovereignty”.[19] From 2004 to 2010 the GCWP owned the American Bank Note Company Building in New York City, USA which it called The Financial Capital of the GCWP. It was intended to be an administrative center for a project to raise funds for 3,000 peace palaces,[20] and hospitals, organic farms, and clinics in developing countries, but over time, its primary use was as a Transcendental Meditation center. When the building became a financial burden it was sold in 2010 and the organization’s $5.5 million profit were earmarked for a new Manhattan teaching center and other programs.[21][22][23]
Peace Palace in Fairfield, IA
Main article: Maharishi Peace Palace In 2008, the Global Country of World Peace undertook the construction of “Peace Palaces” in major US cities, which would teach courses in the Transcendental Meditation technique and offer ayurvedic spa treatments and herbal food supplements. The buildings, being built according to Vedic guidelines, were planned to be twostory, white, buildings of about 10,000 to 12,000 square feet (1,100 m2 ) and are intended to be replacements for rented spaces being used in “more than 200 locations” across the U.S.A. Their appearance has been described as an “Indian temple crossed with a Southern plantation mansion” and is intended to be a “visual brand” for the organization.[32]
The “US Peace Government” has announced plans to build a national capital near Smith Center, Kansas in Washington Township, Smith County. A ceremony was held March 28, 2006.[24] Over 1,000 acres (4.0 km2 ) were eventually purchased.[25] Plans called for the construction of 12 to 15 buildings, including Peace Palaces and a broadcast center, at an estimated cost of up to $15 Peace Palaces have been completed in the U.S. cities
44 of Bethesda, Maryland, Houston and Austin, Texas, Fairfield, Iowa, St. Paul, Minnesota and Lexington, Kentucky.[33][34] Three of the existing Peace Palaces were built by private individuals.[32] Land has been purchased in 52 locations around the US and others are being built around the world.[4][35][36][37][38]
CHAPTER 2. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF MICRONATIONS a sovereign nation after contacting countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America.[44][45] In November 2000, the GCWP made a proposal to the President of Suriname, offering $1.3 billion over three years for a 200-year lease of 3,500 acres (14 km2 ) of rural land plus “1 percent of the money the sovereign state’s central bank puts into circulation” and the creation of 10,000 jobs.[45][46] The UNHCR reported that, in July 2001, the island nation of Tuvalu rejected, after serious consideration, a proposal from the GCWP to create a “Vatican like sovereign city-state” near the international airport in exchange for a payment of $2 million per year.[47]
According to officials of the organization, zoning and related issues have slowed their progress in building in at least 18 other cities where land has been purchased. In 2007 the “Maharishi’s organization” took legal action against the city of Mayfield Heights, Ohio, because the city refused a set back variance for a proposed Peace Palace. Although “admired for its finances” some crit- In 2002, the GCWP asked if they could set up their ics call the project a way for the “Maharishi’s followers” world headquarters on one hundred acres of land[34] on to create funds for more land for the group’s treasury.[32] the 33-square-mile (85 km2 ) island of Rota which is part of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, a protectorate of the United States. The GCWP 2.8.5 Other facilities offered to contribute to economic growth of the country but Rota declined, preferring to remain part of the In 2005, the Global Country bought an 800-plus acres Commonwealth.[48] In Costa Rica, officials of the GCWP farm in Goshen, New York, USA for $4 in cash, with “allegedly offered each family” on the Talamanca reserplans to create an organic farm training site, as well as a vation, $250 per month for the right to appoint a king. Peace Palace. According to broker Steve Perfit, the 818 A ceremony was held on the Talamanca reservation to acres (3.31 km2 ) were put up for sale in April 2009.[39] appoint a local Indian as king of the community.[49] PerAlso in 2005, Global Country of World Peace purchased ceiving the GCWP’s actions as efforts to establish an inthe 27-acre (110,000 m2 ) Prairie Peace Park in Pleasant dependent state the Security Minister ordered the GCWP [50] Dale, Nebraska. GCWP had planned to build a 12,000- representative to leave the country. square-foot (1,100 m2 ) “peace palace” on the site. An article in August 2010 in the Journal Star reported that the property was for sale for $95,000.[40] In 2006, the Global Country purchased Inishraher,[41] a 30-acre (120,000 m2 ) island in Clew Bay off the coast of Ireland with the intention of founding an International 2.8.7 Administration Peace Centre, and of designating it as a Maharishi Capital of the Global Country of World Peace.[37][42] Planning permission for two 18-room hostels on the island was ap- Regional leaders [51] and 'leading Transcendental Mediproved on 22 July 2009.[43] tators “trained as TM teachers and graduates of the TMSidhi program[52] are called “Governors of the Age of Enlightenment”.[53] Tony Nader was appointed by the 2.8.6 Efforts to obtain sovereignty Maharishi as the “First Sovereign Ruler of the Global Country of World Peace” in 2000.[54][55] Some “national leaders” and “top officials” of the Global Country of World Peace are called Rajas.[51][56] In 2005, 22 male Rajas were appointed by the Maharishi as national and regional leaders of his organization. His Raja training course took about two months and the participants were “advised to make a contribution of $1,000,000 to the Maharishi World Peace Fund.”[51][57] Ceremonial attire for the Maharaja and the rajas includes white silk robes, gold medallions, and gold crowns.[58][59] In 2008, Nader attended the Maharishi’s funeral in India[56][60] and adopted the title, “Maharaja Adhiraj Rajaraam”.[61] Since then the organization has also been administrated by the “high-functioning intellectual elite in its upper echRota elons,” such as Bevan Morris, Maureen Wynne, and Willy In 2001, it was reported that the Global Country of World Koppel,[62] while retaining Nader as the central leader.[51] Peace had been unsuccessful in its attempts to establish The hierarchy of the GCWP excludes women entirely.
2.8. GLOBAL COUNTRY OF WORLD PEACE
45
[7] Other members of the board, as of 2009, are John Hagelin, Benjamin Feldman, Larry Chroman, Robert G. Wynne, Steve Rubin, Prakash Shrivastava, and Peter Beach. Bloomberg.com December 28, 2009, “BIENNIAL REPORT”. sos.state.ia.us. January 21, 2009. Retrieved January 23, 2010. [8] Carmiel, Oshrat (December 28, 2009). “Wall Street Meditation Group Cuts Landmark Building Price 33%". Bloomberg.com. Archived from the original on August 4, 2010. [9] Rossingh, Danielle, “Dutch give nod to 'guru' currency”, BBC News (February 5, 2003) [10] Rossingh, Danielle (February 5, 2003). “Dutch give nod to 'guru currency'". BBC. [11] “Raam development currency” Appropriate Economics web site [12] Graham, Chad, “Maharishi’s town puts its own mark on money”, Seattle Times (September 15, 2002) [13] Helman, Christopher, “Queer as a 3-Raam bill”, Forbes (July 8, 2002) [14] SMGFT Prospectus [15] “Fairfield bank stops handling Raam”, Iowa City Gazette(Associated Press) (March 28, 2002) p. 6 [16] “Yogi’s town prints its own money”, Spartanburg HeraldJournal (Associated Press) (April 30, 2002) p.A-5
Tony Nader in ceremonial attire
2.8.8
References
[1] Humes, Cynthia Ann (2005). “Maharishi Mahesh Yogi: Beyond the TM Technique”. In Thomas A. Forsthoefel. Gurus in America. Albany. p. 71. ISBN 9780791465745. [2] O'Brien, Elizabeth (March 14, 2005). “New York: Mission Evaluation?". The Bond Buyer (via HighBeam (subscription required)). Retrieved 2014-01-02. [3] Kelley, Debbie (December 2, 2006). “Bonds will back holistic care centers ; State authority weighs granting funds to build them nationwide”. The Gazette (Colorado Springs, CO) (via HighBeam (subscription required)). Retrieved 2014-01-02.
[17] Hutchinson, Brian (February 22, 2003). “Wasting away in Maharishi-ville”. National Post (Don Mills, Ont.). p. B.1. [18] Kissel, William (2005-07-15). “Home and Peace”. American Way. Retrieved 2009-11-15. [19] Easterling, Keller (2007-10-31). Enduring Innocence: Global Architecture and Its Political Masquerades. The MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-55065-2. [20] Shankar, Jay (2008-02-06). “Maharishi Mahesh Yogi”. Bloomberg. Retrieved 2010-08-15. [21] Wall Street Journal, Josh Barbanel, Dec 21 2010 [22] FiDi’s Craziest Almost Mansion, Sara Polsky, Dec 22 2010 [23] The New York Observer, Would-Be Wall Street Mansion Sold, Matt Chaban, Dec 22 2010 [24] “Landowners give 'Peace' a chance”. The Salina Journal (Salina, Kansas). March 30, 2006. p. A3.
[4] HAMILL, SEAN D. (February 22, 2008). “Sites for ‘Maharishi Effect’ (Welcome to Parma) Spread Across U.S.”. New York Times.
[25] Keen, Judy (May 23, 2006). “Maharishi meets the Bible Belt ; But not everyone in Kansas town blissful over plans to create 'World Capital of Peace'". USA TODAY. p. A.3.
[5] “Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, spiritual empire builder, dies”. Hindustan Times (New Delhi, India) (via HighBeam (subscription required)). February 6, 2008. Retrieved 201401-02.
[26] “Smith County warned about peace group”. The Salina Journal. April 28, 2006. p. A1.
[6] Iowa, Secretary of State, Official Web Site
[27] HOVEY, ART (February 22, 2007). “Peace Palace receives go-ahead”. Lincoln Journal Star (Lincoln, Nebraska). p. 1.
46
CHAPTER 2. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF MICRONATIONS
[28] Hammel, Paul (April 27, 2009). “World-Herald Exclusive; If you lived here, you'd be om now”. Omaha World – Herald. p. B.1. [29] NEWMAN, EMILY (June 22, 2011). “Meditation retreat locating in Hampshire County.” Cumberland TimesNews. [30] Pisciotta, Marla, (Sept 12, 2012) Three buildings added to retreat, Hampshire Review, [31] Pisciotta, Marla (January 1, 2009). “Meditation Retreat Planned for Hampshire County”. State Journal. “By the end of 2009, a private, environmentally friendly retreat costing between $10 million and $15 million will be constructed in the Three Churches area of Hampshire County.Global Country of World Peace has purchased two parcels totaling 170 acres for $750,000, according to Raja Bob LoPinto, regional director of the project.'It’s going to be a very nice retreat. Between 150- to 200-room retreat mainly for professional (transcendental) meditators,' LoPinto said”. [32]
NY Times, Building the Maharishi Effect, Sean D. Hamill, Dec 2 2008
[33] St. Paul Pioneer Press, Eastside Meditation Center, May 2, 2009 [34] Koppel, Lily (October 8, 2006). “Outer Peace”. New York Times. p. 24. [35] Levin, Steve (December 5, 2005). “Maharishi plans four peace palaces for TM activities”. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. [36] MOSIER, JEFF (November 22, 2006). “Guru wants to build Peace Palace”. The Dallas Morning News. [37] Lynch, Donal (May 15, 2005). “Lotus Position on World Peace”. Irish Independent. [38] New York Times, Maharishi’s Minions Come to Wall Street, Maria Aspan, July 2007 [39] Sullivan, John (May 30, 2009). “Global Country of World Peace farm in Goshen up for sale”. Times Herald-Record. [40] LAUKAITIS, ALGIS J (August 23, 2010). “Epilogue: Prairie Peace Park is facing its end”. Lincoln Journal Star. [41] “Aerial photograph”. Mayo Co Co Planning Online. Retrieved August 4, 2010.
[47] “Freedom in the World – Tuvalu (2002)". UNHCR. 18 December 2001. Retrieved January 11, 2010. [48] “Rota islanders make the right decision”. Honolulu Advertiser. April 13, 2002.Note: this article appeared in the opinion section of the newspaper [49] “Costa Rica: Secta divide a indígenas”. La Fogata (in Spanish). July 24, 2002. [50] “Costa Rica expels foreigners for naming king of remote Indian reservation”. AP World Politics. July 18, 2002. [51] Gablinger, Tamar (2010). The Religious Melting Point: On Tolerance, Controversial Religions and The State. Germany: Tectum Verlag. pp. 100–101. [52] Dawson, Lorne L. (August 30, 1998). Cults in context: readings in the study of new religious movements. Transaction Publishers. p. 55. ISBN 978-0-7658-0478-5. Leading Transcendental Meditators, called 'Governors of the Age of Enlightenment', are despatched in large numbers to areas in civil crisis. [53] Williamson, Lola (2010). Transcendent in America: Hindu-Inspired Meditation Movements as New Religion. NYU Press. p. 96. ISBN 978-0-8147-9450-0. [54] MIZROCH, AMIR (July 23, 2006). “Forget the F-16s, Israel needs more Yogic Flyers to beat Hizbullah. 30-strong TM group, sole guests at Nof Ginnosar Hotel, say they need another 235 colleagues to make the country safe”. Jerusalem Post. p. 04. [55] ABLEY, MARK (May 2, 2003). "'Peace palace' project launched by Maharishi’s followers”. The Gazette (Montreal, Que.). p. A.6. [56] “Maharishi’s ashes immersed in Sangam”. The Hindustan Times (New Delhi). February 12, 2008. [57] Peiken, Matt (November 13, 2005). “Meditation centers planned for Twin Cities”. Knight Ridder Tribune Business News. p. 1. [58] “20,000 followers throng Allahabad for Mahesh Yogi’s funeral”. The Hindustan Times. February 11, 2008. [59] “Maharishi’s ashes immersed in Sangam”. The Hindustan Times (New Delhi). February 12, 2008.
[42] Harrison, Marian (June 1, 2005). “Meditation group buys island off Irish coast”. Western People.
[60] “Thousands throng Ashram to pay tributes to Mahesh Yogi”. The Hindustan Times (New Delhi). February 9, 2008.
[43] “Planning Application: 09413”. Mayo County Council. Retrieved September 14, 2010.
[61] CORDER, MIKE (February 7, 2008). “Maharishi Mahesh Yogi”. The Herald (Glasgow (UK)). p. 21.
[44] “Maharishi University seeks sovereign state in South America”. Cedar Rapids Gazette. Associated Press. June 7, 2001.
[62] “Global Country of World Peace”. Vermont Business Directory. Retrieved August 13, 2015.
[45] McGirk, Jan (June 8, 2001). “Yogi’s disciples want to create new utopia”. The Independent (London (UK)). p. 17.
2.8.9 External links
[46] “Mystic’s followers want own country”. CNN. June 6, 2001.
• Official Web Site • US Peace Government
2.10. WESTARCTICA
2.9 Grand Duchy of Avram The Grand Duchy of Avram is a micronation founded in the early 1980s by Tasmanian John Charlton Rudge,[1] who styles himself the “Grand Duke of Avram”. The public manifestation of the Duchy was The Royal Bank of Avram which at one time operated from retail premises owned by The Grand Duke of Avram in George Town, Tasmania, and which still issues its own banknotes and coinage and platinum 1 ounce coins. This enterprise was later relocated to Strahan, on Tasmania’s west coast. Customers were required to exchange Australian currency for the Avram equivalents in order to obtain the currency. The Bank still operates today.[2]
47
2.9.2 References [1] “His Grace the Most Noble the Duke of Avram”. The Parliament of Tasmania. 24 November 2005. Retrieved 2008-04-02. [2] The Grand Duchy of Avram
• “If at first you don't secede...” by Mark Dapin, The Sydney Morning Herald - Good Weekend, 12 February 2005, pp 47–50 • “Unusual World Coins”, by Colin R Bruce, Krause Publications, 2005, ISBN 0-87349-793-7, p21 • Diplomatically Challenged Coins
The unlicensed nature of the Avram Bank roused the ire • Tasmanian Supreme Court case transcript that deof the Australian government, who promptly confiscated scribes a 1999 defamation case brought by the manAvram’s entire currency reserves and initiated proceedager of Sorell Council against “John Avram”, a ings against him in the Australian Federal Court system. member of that council. Eventually, after a total of six court cases, costing the fed• Tasmanian Parliamentary website entry listing the eral government some A$22 million, the courts ruled that Duke’s name as “John Charlton His Grace the Most The Grand Duke of Avram had not engaged in any illeNoble the Duke of Avram”. gal activity, and ordered the return of all the confiscated property, however some disappeared in Federal Custody • Heather Low Choy (9 February 2007). “Seceders and later appeared on the market. He was permitted to set up Sandy Bay rule”. The Mercury. Retrieved resume his banking practices unhindered. He has issued 2007-05-13. several sets of coins and banknotes in the name of the • Australian Coin Review, December-Jan 2000-2001 Royal Bank of Avram since the 1980s (the most recent “The Grand Duke and the Royal Bank of Avram” of which are dated 2008) and has asserted to a number of media representatives that the bank operates from a number of unspecified sites inside and outside of Tasma2.9.3 External links nia. Rudge was elected as a member of the Tasmanian House • Official website of Assembly, representing the Liberal Party in the seat of Lyons. He served a single term and held the position of Shadow Minister for Construction. Rudge later served as 2.10 Westarctica a councillor and Deputy Mayor of the municipal council of Sorell under his legal name as agreed by Justice Pierre “Achaean Territory” redirects here. For the ancient Slicer in one of his decisions. hellenistic confederation, see Achaean League. Rudge claims dozens of “noble” and “religious” titles (among them “Earl of Enoch” and “Cardinal Archbishop of The Royal See”), which he asserts are of ancient ori- The Grand Duchy of Westarctica is a micronation cregin. He also claims to be the grand master of a handful of ated by American Travis McHenry, which claims Marie ancient orders of chivalry, and to travel on an Australian Byrd Land. Westarctica was founded on a supposed looppassport that lists his various titles including an Australian hole in the Antarctic Treaty. The claim of micronation status has been used as a basis to mint and sell coins to “Official” passport. collectors. Westarctica is not recognised by the governThe Duchy of Avram has never claimed territory in the ment of any country, despite its attempts. manner of other Australian micronations such as the Hutt River Province.
2.10.1 Territory 2.9.1
See also
• List of micronations • Micronations portal
The bulk of the micronation’s claimed territory consists of Marie Byrd Land, defined as all land south of 60° S and between 90° W and 150° W.[1] This is between the claim of Chile and the claim of New Zealand. The original capital was named Achilles. Later on, the Balleny Islands claimed by New Zealand and Peter I Island claimed
48
CHAPTER 2. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF MICRONATIONS the Balleny Islands and Peter I Island, which were already claimed by New Zealand and Norway, respectively. Grand Duke Travis abdicated in 2006 in favor of being Baron of Dunluce Castle. He was replaced as Grand Duke by Philip Karns. In early 2008 health issues caused Philip Karns to cease his involvement in Westarctica. Since this time operations have moved from Westarctica.com to Westarctica.org. The current head of state is Jon-Lawrence Langer, the Duke of Moulton-Berlin. Langer has requested Westarcticans and Westarctica’s allies in the micronational community aid in the project’s revitalization.
Peter I Island, claimed capital of Westarctica
by Norway were annexed. Peter I Island was declared the new capital of Westarctica.
2.10.2
History
On November 2, 2001, Travis McHenry decided to claim Marie Byrd Land as a country upon discovering that no country yet claimed it. However, this was because the Antarctic Treaty prevented any new claims on Antarctica by countries. To get around this, McHenry claimed the land as an individual and then founded a country, the Achaean Territory of Antarctica, upon it. He sent letters to the governments of Russia, France, Norway, Australia, New Zealand, Argentina, Chile, the United States, and the United Kingdom to inform them of his claim. All of these countries ignored him.
Official portrait of His Royal Highness, the Grand Duke of Westarctica in his residence in West Hollywood, California in 2015. Photo by Gabriela Alvarez.
On June 3, 2010 the founder of Westarctica, Travis McHenry removed Jon-Lawrence Langer as head of state after several micronational disputes and complaints. McHenry abolished the grand duchy and replaced it by the Protectorate of Westarctica. Together with these reforms Westarctica adopted a new flag, reduced the claim and joined the Antarctic Micronational Union. [2] Westarctica has produced several coins, in the form of both wooden nickels and metal coins. They have also The AMU micronations and their claims to 2014 year made stamps. Recently, Westarctica was featured in Micronations: The Lonely Planet Guide to Home-Made In 2004, McHenry changed the name of his country to the Nations. In 2010, Travis McHenry assumed the position Grand Duchy of Westarctica. The next year, he claimed of Grand Duke of Westarctica. In June 2010 negotiation
2.11. HAJDUČKA REPUBLIKA MIJATA TOMIĆA
49
began with the Antarctic Micronational Union (AMU)[3]
The currency of this republic is called kubura.
2.10.3
The anthem is ganga “Sv. Ante platit ću ti misu, samo kaži koji naši nisu” (this is the whole text of the anthem).
See also
In total, there 73 ministries; besides classic ones, there're also ministries for smile, unsolved cases, entertainment and fun, for protection of men from violent women, wine, pršut and leisure,[2] The ministries in this republic are for 2.10.4 References non-married men, artificial blondes, softer gender, protection from abuse of women, bankrupted private trans[1] http://www.globalarchitectsguide.com/library/ porters (truck and bus drivers), vagueness,[3] provocation, Westarctica.php alcoholism and easy women.[4] Ministers do their job vol[2] Antarctic Micronational Union (AMU) Website. A list of untarily. • List of Antarctic territorial claims
Antarctic Micronational Union members is available on this page. Note that all of these claimed micronations have founding dates much later than that of Westarctica, which is thought to be the first documented claim on Antarctic territory since the 1959 signing of the Antarctic Treaty, although the Kingdom of Talossa has claimed Marie Byrd Land since March of 1982. [3] The Grand Duchy of Westarctica (West-Antarctica) Columbus Magazine. By Mariska van Brederode, June 2010
This republic has its consul and portparolle. Its day of statehood is on June 5.[4] This republic has also its Constitution, flag, passeport, territory and borders. One important thing – formation of political parties is strictly forbidden, as well as any dealing with politics, since it is not good for human health.[2] Citizens do not have need for that, because the ruler decides for them..[5] " /> Legal system is protected by elite hajdučka garda (guard of hajduks). However, guard exists only in paper.
Its state flag has a white background; in the upper left corner is the red the state coat-of-arms - chessboard, and 2.10.5 External links in the middle is with blue color marked the picture of Mijat Tomić.[4] Its State stamp is on the backside of the • Official website cork from the bottle of the home-made šljivovica, kept by • Micronations: Grand Duchy of Westarctica at The the President. Unrecognised States Numismatic Society External relations
2.11 Hajdučka Republika Mijata Tomića
With the decision of mayor of Dubrovnik, the President has become the honorable consul of Dubrovnik on Blidinje. Hajdučka Republika has appointed consuls in Colorado, Slovenia and Switzerland.[5]
Hajdučka Republika Mijata Tomića (The Hajduk Republic of Mijat Tomić) is the self-proclaimed micronation in Bosnia and Herzegovina. 2.11.3
2.11.1
Location
The republic is in the areas between the mountains of Vran and Čvrsnica, in the middle of the Nature Park Blidinje, western Herzegovina, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
2.11.2
Overview
History
Originally, the founders of this republic had no ambitions for this project. Soon after the end of war, local economy began to recuperate (winter tourism). Problems started when the motel owner wanted to solve a problem with connection to main power supply net. As this area was on unclaimed land - three municipalities (Posušje, Tomislavgrad and Jablanica,[6] couldn't agree for years under whose responsibility the area fell, and whenever the motel owner asked any of the municipalities to solve its problem, they rejected him, saying it is not their problem, and referred him to one of other two municipalities. Finally, he solved that with his money. So in that vacuum of “no one’s land” in 2002 they declared Hajdučka Republika.[7] On the very day of the proclamation, SFOR was alarmed by some persons.[5] As SFOR saw the true nature of this project, they left very same day. The republic has no separatist or hegemonic ambitions.
The founder and the sole ruler is the motel owner Vinko Vukoja Lastvić. The republic was founded on the day of Diva Grabovčeva, June 29, 2002, and is named after famous hajduk Mijat Tomić, who had its hiding place in the nearby caves. The seat of this republic is in the motel Hajdučke vrleti, whose owner is the sole ruler of this micronation. It encompasses the area inside the triangle: highest peak of mountain Vran – chapel of sv. Ante – Thanks to this fun protest project, its motel became one crossroad Risovac-Kedžara.
50
CHAPTER 2. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF MICRONATIONS
of most popular places in western Herzegovina.[8] Every year, there is a manifestation Triba slagat i ostat živ (To lie and stay alive); participants can be anybody except politicians, since politicians are professional liars.[2] This project also attracted the attention of Bosniak, Croat and Serb media, from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and Serbia (Slobodna Dalmacija - Split, Nezavisne - Banja Luka, Gracija, Svet, Dnevni avaz...). On October 16, 2009 the President Vinko Vukoja died in a car accident.[9] His daughter Marija inherited the post of the ruler of this microstate.[1]
2.11.4
Currency
Kubura is the currency of Hajdučka Republika Mijata Tomića. Local exchange office change ordinary money for kuburas. Also, as a currency it can be used any currency that’s earned in honest way or stolen from thieves and nouveau riches. If someone doesn't have money, an agreement can be made, so the paying can be done in material goods.[5]
2.11.5
See also
[8] “Država bez kriminala, vojske i policije” [Nation Without Crime, Army or Police] (in Serbo-Croatian). Dnevni Avaz. 29 January 2007. Retrieved 24 November 2014. [9] “U spomen: Vinko Vukoja, vladar Hajdučke Republike Mijata Tomića” [In Memoriam: Vinko Vukoja, the Ruler of Hajdučka Republika Mijata Tomića]. LJportal. 17 October 2009. Retrieved 18 March 2013.
• (Croatian) Hajdučke vrleti - Blidinje Main site, Constitution, retrieved on June 30, 2008
2.12 Hay-on-Wye Coordinates: 52°05′N 3°08′W / 52.08°N 3.13°W Hay-on-Wye (Welsh: Y Gelli Gandryll or Y Gelli), often abbreviated to just “Hay”, is a small market town and community in the traditional county and district of Brecknockshire in Wales, currently administered as part of the unitary authority of Powys.[2] Often described as “the town of books", it is the National Book Town of Wales. The annual Hay Festival is a major literary festival.
• Micronations portal
The settlement’s name is first referred to between 1135 and 1147 as “Haya"; in 1299 the name of “La Haye” is used. By the 16th century it was simply called “Hay”, and 2.11.6 References and sources the use of the river as a suffix is a later addition. In 1215, a Welsh name, “Gelli” was recorded, and “Gelli gan[1] “U parku prirode Blidinje nalazi se Hajdučka republika drell” in 1614; the two names may have been used con21. vijeka” [In The Nature Park of Blidinje, There is currently in 1625. The English language name, “Hay”, a 21st Century Hajduk Republic] (in Serbo-Croatian). is derived from Old English “hæg”, possibly meaning a Klix.ba. 16 March 2013. Retrieved 18 March 2013. “fenced area” and a noun used in late Saxon and Nor[2] “Vladar Hajdučke Republike” [The Ruler of the Hajduk man times for an enclosure in a forest. The Welsh word celli (lenited to Gelli) has a range of meanings including Republic]. Gracija. Retrieved 30 June 2008. wooded areas of various extents.[3] [3] “Franjevački samostan Rama - Šćit”. Doljanska nostalgija. Retrieved 30 June 2008. [4] “Hajdučka Republika Mijata Tomića”. Hajdučke vrleti Blidinje. Retrieved 30 June 2008.
2.12.1 Location
The town lies on the south-east bank of the River Wye and is within the north-easternmost tip of the Brecon Beacons National Park, just north of the Black Mountains. The town is situated just within the Welsh side of the border with Herefordshire, England, here defined [6] "ČIJE JE BLIDINJE: Dok hajduci vladaju, tri općine se by the Dulas Brook. Where the brook joins the River spore”. http://tomislavcity.com/. 13 August 2007. pp. Wye just north of the town, the border continues northWho Owns Blidinje? While Hajduks Rule, Three Munic- wards along the river. The Wye was the boundary beipalities Argue. Retrieved 30 June 2008. tween the former counties and districts of Radnorshire [7] Matica PDF (2.83 MB) Park prirode Blidinje u Herce- and Brecknockshire. [5] “Hajduci na Vranu ljude samo po očima pamte” [Hajduks from Vran only Remember People by their Eyes] (in Serbo-Croatian). Nezavisne novine. 8 December 2007. Retrieved 30 June 2007.
govini, article Između Vran planine i Čvrsnice ponovno buja život, p.33-35 (info about Blidinje nature park and Hajdučka Republika) "...tri općine nisu mogle dogovoriti o granicama na Blidinju, u tom vakuumu mi smo 2002. odlučili proglasiti Hajdučku Republiku.", p. 34
The adjacent village of Cusop lies on the English side of the Dulas Brook. The nearest city is Hereford, county town of Herefordshire, some 22 miles (35 km) to the east. The Royal Mail depot in Hay is a sub-office of Hereford, England and has the HR3 postcode.
2.12. HAY-ON-WYE
2.12.2
51
Governance
Blackburn, Jamie Woon, Lawrence Krauss, Natalie Bennett and the IAI School, aimed at 16- to 18-year-olds, Hay-on-Wye is a Welsh community with a Town Coun- presented by New College of the Humanities. cil. Its boundary follows the English border/Dulas Brook from the River Wye southeastwards for just over a kilometre, turns south-west to a point just south of Oakfield 2.12.5 Other activities house, thence north to Greenpit Farm and north westwards, enclosing the Hay Showground and meeting the Hay Golf Club (now defunct) was founded in 1903. The National Park boundary near the B4350, Brecon Road. club continued on its nine-hole course until the onset of From this point, it follows the National Park boundary to WW2.[8] the River Wye and the river back to the Dulas Brook.[4] The Town Council consists of a Mayor, Deputy Mayor 2.12.6 and eight councillors.[5]
History
Hay also participates in the election of a councillor to Hay-on-Wye, like Builth Wells, has two Norman castles Powys County Council as part of a larger county division. within a short distance of each other. It seems likely that Hay was first fortified by William Fitz Osbern during his penetration of south-east Wales in the summer of 1070, 2.12.3 Communications when he defeated three Welsh kings. The history of the site then continues through the lordships of the de NeufThe B4350 runs through the town and the B4351 links it marchés, which was confirmed at the Battle of Brecon with the main A438 from Brecon to Hereford, on the far in 1093, and also the Gloucester/Hereford families unside of the River Wye. The town was formerly served at til 1165, when the district of Brycheiniog passed into the Hay-on-Wye railway station by the train services known hands of the de Braose dynasty of Marcher Lords. In as the “Canney Creeper”, which closed in 1963 under the 1230 Hay Castle passed to the de Bohuns and the local Beeching Axe. history, including the battle near Hay in 1231, is continued through the Mortimer Wars of the 1260s and the battle near Brecon in 1266 down to the death of Earl 2.12.4 Book town Humphrey de Bohun in 1298. Hay-on-Wye is a destination for bibliophiles in the United Kingdom, still with two dozen bookshops, many selling The first castle specialist and second-hand books,[6] although the number has declined sharply in recent years, many becoming Lying close to St. Mary’s Church on the western edge of general antique shops and similar.[7] Hay-on-Wye is a small but well-preserved motte. The site overlooks a gorge and small stream, locally known as The Loggin Brook, that flows into the River Wye, which was Hay Festival undoubtedly one reason for the construction of a motte and bailey castle there. A recently levelled platform unMain article: Hay Festival der the car park to the north east may have once have housed the castle’s bailey. This little fortress was probSince 1988, Hay-on-Wye has been the venue for a literary ably the work of William Revel, a knight of Bernard de festival, now sponsored by The Daily Telegraph newspa- Neufmarché who is usually referred to as Bernard Newper, which draws a claimed 80,000 visitors over ten days march, and may later have been the seat for the manor or at the beginning of June to see and hear big literary names commote of Melinog. Other than this, the motte has no from all over the world. further recorded history. HowTheLightGetsIn
The stone castle
Main article: HowTheLightGetsIn
The main fortress within Hay-on-Wye was situated on the great site commanding the town and river under the current ruins of the castle and mansion. This was undoubtedly the 'castello de haia' handed to Miles of Gloucester, 1st Earl of Hereford, in 1121 with Sibyl de Neufmarché, the daughter of Bernard de Neufmarché. It is most likely that the keep stood by this time. It is therefore possible that this is the oldest Norman tower in Wales, dating to the onslaught of William Fitz Osbern in 1070. During
First held in 2010, HowTheLightGetsIn is a philosophy and music festival, held yearly in Hay at the same time as the Hay festival. Billed as “The World’s Largest Philosophy and Music Festival”, it attracts over 35,000 visitors to its programme of 450 events of music, comedy and philosophy. In 2015 the festival was held from the 21st to the 31st of May. Acts included Mike Skinner, Simon
52 the anarchy (1136–54) in the reign of King Stephen a series of charters were passed by the Gloucesters concerning the castle. In 1165 the last of Miles of Gloucester’s male descendants was killed at nearby Bronllys Castle and Hay-on-Wye Castle passed into the hands of William de Braose, 3rd Lord of Bramber and of New Radnor and Buellt. The de Braose dynasty were energetic lords and probably built the core of the gatehouse which now stands besides the keep. In the summer of 1198 a major English army formed here before marching off to victory at the Battle of Painscastle some four miles to the north.
CHAPTER 2. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF MICRONATIONS south east corner of the tower has been replaced and it is possible that when first constructed there was a spiral stair here to allow access to the upper floors. This tower is similar to the keep found at Goodrich Castle.
Some time in the 12th century the strong curtain wall with gate was added to the site. This gateway is one of the finest carved castle gateways in Wales and is comparable with the much more ornate work at Newcastle near Bridgend. The two gates hanging within the gateway, although of different ages, would appear to be very old — the gates at Chepstow Castle have been In 1230 the last de Braose of Brecon, William de Braose dendrochronologically dated to the reign of King Henry was hanged by Prince Llywelyn ab Iorwerth and Bre- II (1154–89). con lordship with Hay-on-Wye passed into the hands Probably during the troubles of the Barons’ War a small of the de Bohuns. Taking advantage of this in 1231, tower was added in front of the gateway to make a proper Prince Llywelyn ravaged the lands of his de Bohun in- gatehouse complete with portcullis. The portcullis mechlaws during which Hay-on-Wye town was burnt, although anism mounted on the wall walk was reached via a flight the castle survived the onslaught. The castle saw ser- of steps up over the back of the gate passageway, which vice in the Barons’ War of 1263 to 1266, changing hands also allowed access to the wall walks. three times, once being surrendered to the great Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester. With the conquest of Wales by King Edward I Longshanks life became more peaceful in this Marcher town. Around 1401 both town and castle suffered damage by the forces of Owain Glyndŵr, although the castle was listed as defensible against the Welsh in 1403. The fortress later passed to the earls of Stafford, who were to become the unlucky dukes of Buckingham during the Wars of the Roses. The castle was repaired during the conflicts of the 1460s, although its military use would have been somewhat dubious against cannon. In the 1660s, James Boyle of Hereford built a new mansion on the north side of the castle, and most of the curtain The Clock Tower, Hay wall was demolished to improve the views. The mansion is now used for second-hand bookselling. Remains of castle
2.12.7 Twinning Hay-on-Wye is twinned with Redu, a village in the Belgian municipality of Libin, and with Timbuktu, Mali, West Africa.[9]
2.12.8 King of Hay-on-Wye On 1 April 1977, bibliophile Richard Booth conceived a publicity stunt in which he declared Hay-on-Wye to be an 'independent kingdom' with himself as its monarch. The tongue-in-cheek micronation of Hay-on-Wye has subsequently developed a healthy tourism industry based on literary interests for which some credit Booth.[10] In 2005, Hay Castle and Mansion Booth announced plans to sell his bookshop and move to Germany; on this occasion local MP Roger Williams was The keep is roughly thirty feet (9 m) square, and once had quoted as saying “His legacy will be that Hay changed four storeys. The corners of the tower have been much from a small market town into a mecca for second-hand rebuilt, probably due to insecure foundations. The entire book lovers and this transformed the local economy”.[11]
2.13. INDEPENDENT STATE OF RAINBOW CREEK
53
[4] “Community and Town Council Boundaries”. One Voice Wales. Retrieved 6 April 2014. [5] “List of Hay Town Council”. Hay-on-Wye Town Council. Retrieved 6 April 2014. [6] Hay-on-Wye booksellers. Retrieved on 2008-05-04. [7] Retrieved on 2013-05-23 [8] “Hay Golf Club”, “Golf’s Missing Links”. [9] Hay-on-Wye is twinned with Timbuktu , BBC News, 7 February 2007, 15:53 GMT, accessed 8 February 2007. [10] “Richard Booth”. bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2007-05-11. [11] “Self-styled king of Hay sells up”. bbc.co.uk. 2005-0818. Retrieved 2007-05-11.
• Remfry, P.M., Hay on Wye Castle, 1066 to 1298 (ISBN 1-899376-07-0) • Robin Saikia, Blue Guide Hay-on-Wye (Blue Guides, 2010)
2.12.12 External links
Richard Booth in 1984
2.12.9
• Official website
Notable people
• Herbert Rowse Armstrong, the “Hay Poisoner” – the only UK solicitor to have been hanged for murder
• Hay Festival • Hay Fringe Festival
• Richard Booth, self-proclaimed “King of Hay”
• Anglo-Norman Castles
• Jason “J” Brown, singer, boy band, Five
• Richard Booth’s “Hay Peerage”
• Christopher Dawson, author,
• Local tourism website
• Jasper Fforde, author, the Thursday Next series
• Old photographs and history
• Josie Pearson, Paralympian athlete and Gold Medal winner at the 2012 Paralympic Games.
• Hay on Wye book festival guide
• Jenny Valentine, author, Finding Violet Park
2.12.10
See also
• Sedbergh, the national book town of England. • Wigtown, the national book town of Scotland.
2.12.11
References
• Community Website for development alternatives in Hay
2.13 Independent State of Rainbow Creek The Independent State of Rainbow Creek was an Australian secessionist micronation active during the 1970s and 80s.
It was founded as a result of a long-running compensation dispute between a group of Victorian farmers in the town of Cowwarr, and an agency of the Victorian state govPowys ernment, the State Rivers and Water Supply Commission (SRWSC), and was intended as a way of publicising their cause to the wider community.
[1] “Ward/Town population 2011”. Retrieved 11 November 2015. [2] “Town/Community Council Clerks Details”. County Council. Retrieved 6 April 2014.
[3] “HAY-ON-WYE” (PDF). Historic Settlement Survey – Brecon Beacons National Park. Clwyd Powys Archaeological Trust. Retrieved 6 April 2014.
Cowwarr is located on the Thomson River in the Victorian Alps. It is sited downstream of heavily forested
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country, and during the winter flood season infrastructure in the area is often subject to damage by the large volume of bushland debris washed downstream. A road bridge built over the Thomson River at Cowwarr in the late 1930s proved to be sited too close to the annual flood high-water mark, so when that structure proved an impediment to the flow of debris during a particularly violent flood in 1952, the river simply carved a new course for itself around the edge of the bridge. This “breakaway” - later named Rainbow Creek - passed through a number of privately owned farming properties. Remedial action proved ineffective, and the creek was enlarged by subsequent flooding to the size of several football fields - at the A set of 1979 Rainbow Creek stamps showing Governor Barnes, expense of the affected farmers’ lands. his secession document, and the creek at the centre of his troubles. Deciding to make the best of a bad situation the farmers began using water from the creek to irrigate their properties, however local and state authorities responded by sired compensation - was rejected by the farmer group. serving them with levies for water use. Those affected Barnes meanwhile had become aware of the Hutt River had to pay one set of levies to the local council for land Province, and seeking to emulate “Prince Leonard” took which was now underwater, because their title deeds did legal advice and then declared the unilateral secession not show the existence of the creek, a second levy to the of his property from the State of Victoria on 23 July SRWSC for using creek waters for irrigation purposes, 1979. He appointed himself “Governor” of the newly and a third levy to the Thomson River Improvement Trust created Independent State of Rainbow Creek, and towhich was supposed to prevent further erosion by the gether with “Minister for Information” George Downcreek - which nonetheless continued to grow inexorably ing, swore allegiance to Queen Elizabeth II of the United with each new flood. The SRWSC then constructed a Kingdom as his Head of State. His secession docweir across the river downstream of the bridge in 1954, ument was lodged with the Victorian Governor, the which had the effect of funnelling even higher volumes Governor-General of Australia, Buckingham Palace and of floodwater directly into Rainbow Creek. the International Court of Justice in The Hague. By the late 1970s the creek was 8 metres (26 feet) deep Public attention was again focused on Cowwarr, and the and over 50 metres (164 feet) wide, and farmers had to existence of the State of Rainbow Creek ensured that privately fund the construction of bridges to cross from Barnes remained a thorn in the side of the SRWSC and one part of their properties to the other. These were all the Victorian Government for a number of years, as he iswashed away, along with crops, stock, and equipment sued passports, stamps, banknotes and other printed maby particularly severe flooding in 1978. The farmers terial to promote the cause of his farming community. of Cowwarr had long blamed government incompetence over nearly three decades for their woes, but when they Ill health eventually forced Barnes to retire to Queensland were denied the right to claim compensation for loss of in the mid 1980s, from where he has since published sevland, productivity and private infrastructure in 1978 they eral books of local history and poetry. The issues that led to the Rainbow Creek secession remain unresolved. decided to take further action. One of the worst affected properties was Yammacoona, located directly below the weir, and owned by Thomas Barnes since 1970. Barnes was a retired UK and Vic- 2.13.1 References torian police officer who had settled in the town some • “If at first you don't secede...”, by Mark Dapin, The time before. He was known as a man of feisty temperSydney Morning Herald - Good Weekend, 12 Februament with little patience for the slow-turning wheels of ary 2005, pp 47–50 government bureaucracy, and a flair for publicity. In an attempt to gain public sympathy Barnes and around • Local Stamps of Australia by Bill Hornadge, pub Rethirty other farmers decided to declare war on the state view Publications, Dubbo, NSW, 1st ed. 1982 of Victoria. Signed on 19 December 1978, the Declaration was served with due pomp to a bemused Governor in Melbourne on 16 January 1979, before banks of television cameras. Some legal scuffling between Barnes and 2.13.2 External links the SRWSC followed in the Victorian court system, during which minor points were won and lost on both sides, • Stamps and banknotes of the Independent State of after which a government offer of loans - but not the deRainbow Creek
2.14. KINGDOM OF ENENKIO
2.14 Kingdom of EnenKio
55 returning with this bone, thus saving the life of the potential human sacrifice.[1] Second, EnenKio’s Monarch claims to be a direct descendant of ancient travelers to Wake Island, as described above.[2] Third, and based upon the above two factors,[3] EnenKio bases their claim upon concepts of first-usage lands rights commonly held in Micronesian cultures and legal systems as legitimate for settling indigenous land disputes.[4][5][6]
Separatist flag of EnenKio
The Kingdom of EnenKio, or “EnenKio” for short, is a small separatist group of Marshall Islander heritage who lay claim to the United States' unincorporated territory of Wake Island. EnenKio seeks recognition as a sovereign Micronesian state in the Northern Marshall Islands. The Kingdom of EnenKio derives its name from the native name of the northernmost Marshallese atoll, Eneen-Kio, which was also written as Enen-kio. In the Marshallese language, Enen-kio means “Island of the orange flower.”
However, because there is no evidence of any permanent Marshall Islander settlement on Wake Atoll, the kingdom’s claims have been questioned by many. Becoming a citizen requires membership in Kio Royale, a “private independent service-oriented advocacy group” that requires an initiation fee ranging from $500 to $10,000.[7][8] EnenKio is characterized as a scam by Quatloos.com,[9] whose view is shared by the Marshall Islands Journal.[10]
2.14.2 Status
To date, EnenKio is not recognized in any international forum as a sovereign state nor does any internationally recognized state recognize it. In 1997 the Dominion of Melchizedek a micronation engaged in financial fraud, reported that the two had entered into relations.[11] On Wake Island comprises three proximate coral atolls cur- 23 April 1998 the Marshall Islands government issued rently known as Peale Island, Wake Island, and Wilkes Is- Circular Note 01-98, which vigorously denied EnenKio’s land. In aggregate they make up an area of approximately Wake Island claims. 6.5 km² and are approximately 2,300 statute miles west The Government of the Republic of the of the Hawaiian Islands and 2,000 miles from Japan. The Marshall Islands condemns the claims and nearest island neighbor is Bokak Atoll of the Marshall Isactivities asserted by representatives of the lands group, some 300 miles to the south. Westerners “Kingdom of EnenKio” and the “Dominion have called Wake Island by different names throughout of Melchizedek”. The representatives making history, such as San Francisco, Lamira, Disclerta, Halclaims of separate sovereignty are not citizens cyon, Helsion, and Wilson. of the Republic of the Marshall Islands and The proclaimed king is current iroijlaplap Remios have no right to make claims on behalf of MarHermios. shallese landowners. Furthermore, these representatives are making fraudulent assertions that violate the Republic of the Marshall Is2.14.1 Basis of claim lands’ constitution. The area of land and ocean which the “Kingdom of EnenKio” asserts as The Kingdom of EnenKio bases their claim over Wake a sovereign nation separate from the Marshall Island upon primarily three factors. Islands and the area of land and ocean which the “Dominion of Melchizedek” is asserting First, indigenous Marshallese oral tradition suggests that, control over are areas within the geographical before European exploration, nearby Marshall Islanders and political boundaries of the Republic of the travelled to what is now Wake Island, which the anMarshall Islands. cient travelers called Enen-kio after a small orange shrubflower said to have been found on the island. In ancient Marshallese religion, rituals surrounding the tattooing of tribal chiefs, called Iroijlaplap, were done using certain fresh human bones, which required a human sacrifice. A man could save himself from being sacrificed if he obtained a wing bone from a certain very large seabird said to have existed on Enen-kio. Small groups would therefore brave traveling to the island in hope of obtaining and
The Government of the Republic of the Marshall Islands discourages all independent sovereign nations having diplomatic relations with the Republic from acknowledging any fraudulent claims made by representatives of the “Kingdom of EnenKio” and the “Dominion of Melchizedek”.[12]
56
CHAPTER 2. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF MICRONATIONS
According to a WHOIS websearch at Network Solutions, the domain “enenkio.org”, which had been used for a website promoting the claims of the “Kingdom of EnenKio”, was secured by the Japanese firm GMO Internet, Inc. on 6 June 2011.[13] As of 5 December 2011, the domain links to a Japanese dating website.
2.14.3
See also
• Micronation • Dominion of Melchizedek A view of the small island of Redonda from the southeast in 2012
2.14.4
References
[1] http://www.enenkio.org/adobe/Kio_Island.pdf [2] [3] http://www.enenkio.org/intro.htm#reference1 [4] http://www.forumsec.org.fj/division/DEPD/Economic_ %20Issues/Land%20Issues%20in%20the%20Pacific. pdf#search=%22land%20disputes%20first%20usage% 20micronesia%22 [5] http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/other/alrc/publications/ reform/reform80/07.rtf [6] http://www.forumsec.org.fj/docs/FEMM/2002/femv06. pdf#search=%22land%20disputes%20first%20usage% 20micronesia%22 [7] http://web.archive.org/web/20051230033739/http: //www.enenkio.org/adobe/kr_app.pdf [8] “The Kingdom of EnenKio | Richard’s Ramblings”. Richardsramblings.com. 2006-05-18. [9] “the Kingdom of Enen Kio (enenkio) - FAKE NATION”. Quatloos.com. 1994-12-02. [10] http://web.archive.org/web/20030428123330/http: //www.enenkio.org/adobe/MIJ.War.pdf
2.15 Kingdom of Redonda The Kingdom of Redonda is the name for the micronation associated with the tiny uninhabited Caribbean island of Redonda. The island lies between the islands of Nevis and Montserrat, within the inner arc of the Leeward Islands chain, in the West Indies. Redonda is currently legally a dependency of the country of Antigua and Barbuda. The island is just over one mile long and a third of a mile wide, rising to a 971-foot peak. The island teems with bird life, but is more or less uninhabitable by humans because there is no source of freshwater other than rain, and most of the island is extremely steep and rocky, with only a relatively small, sloping plateau area of grassland at the summit. Landing on the island is a very challenging process, possible only via the leeward coast on days when the seas are calm. Climbing to the top of the island is also very arduous. Despite these difficulties, from 1865 until 1912 Redonda was the centre of a lucrative trade in guano mining, and many thousands of tons of phosphates were shipped from Redonda to Britain. The ruins associated with the mineworkings can still be seen on the island.
Redonda also is a micronation which may, arguably and [11] Robert Tillman (2002). Global Pirates: Fraud in the Off- briefly, have existed as an independent kingdom during shore Insurance Industry. UPNE. p. 116. ISBN 978-1- the 19th century, according to an account told by the fantasy writer M.P. Shiel. The title to the supposed kingdom 55553-505-6. is still contested to this day in a half-serious fashion. The [12] http://www.angelfire.com/nv/micronations/images/ “Kingdom” is also often associated with a number of supmarshall2b.jpg posedly aristocratic members, whose titles are awarded by whomever is currently the “King”. Currently there are [13] www.networksolutions.com/whois-search/enenkio.org a number of individuals in different countries who claim to be the sole legitimate “King” of Redonda.
2.14.5
External links
• Official site (Internet Archive)
2.15.1 History of the “Kingdom”
• Restraining order issued against Robert F. Moore re- The history of the “Kingdom” of Redonda is shrouded in garding “Enenkio Gold War bonds” doubt and legend, and it is difficult to separate fact from
2.15. KINGDOM OF REDONDA
57
fiction.[1]
pher of Arthur Machen, who was the realm’s Archduke. Gawsworth (1912–70) seems to have passed on the title several times when the writer was low in funds.[4] Gawsworth’s realm has been facetiously termed “AlDuring Shiel’s lifetime madonda” (by the Shielian scholar A. Reynolds Morse (1914-2000) after the Alma pub in Westbourne Grove, M.P. Shiel (1865-1947), an author of works of adventure Bayswater, where “King Juan” frequently held court in and fantasy fiction, was the first person to give an account the 1960s.[5] of the “Kingdom of Redonda,” in 1929, in a promotional pamphlet for a reissue of his books.[2] According to tradition, Shiel’s father, Matthew Dowdy Shiell, who was a trader and Methodist lay preacher from the nearby island of Montserrat, claimed the island of Redonda when his son, Matthew Phipps Shiell, was born. Supposedly the father felt he could legitimately do this, because it appeared to be the case that no country had officially claimed the islet as territory. Shiell senior is also said to have requested the title of King of Redonda from Queen Victoria, and as legend has it, it was granted to him, by the British Colonial Office rather than by Victoria herself, provided there was no revolt against colonial power.[3]
After Shiel’s death
Several of Shiel’s works of fiction concerned various aspects of monarchy. One of his detective heroes is called Cummings King Monk. In Shiel’s 1901 end-of-the-world story The Purple Cloud, the protagonist Adam Jeffson, the last man on earth, establishes himself as monarch of the devastated globe, while Shiel’s novel The Lord of the Sea (1901) has Richard Hogarth, another Overman figure, coming to dominate the world. In 1899, Shiel wrote about visiting Redonda in his adventure novel Contraband of War.
novelist Javier Marias of Madrid in 1997, transferring the literary executorship of Gawsworth and Shiel along with the title.[7][8]
Gawsworth had also apparently promised to make the first son of his friends Charles and Jean Leggett, Max John Juan Leggett, his Redondan heir if they gave the child (born in the late 1950s), his royal name of Juan.[4]
Some Redondan scholars accept that Gawsworth bestowed the title on his friend the publican Arthur John Roberts in 1967, by “Irrevocable Covenant”.[4] Prior to this the late writer Dominic Behan (1928–89) also claimed Gawsworth transferred the title to him in 1960. It is also said that Gawsworth handed on the throne to The son (originally named Matthew Phipps Shiell but one Aleph Kamal, whose peers include the novelist Edna later known as the writer M.P. Shiel) claimed he was O'Brien. crowned on Redonda at the age of 15, in 1880, by a Self-appointed monarchs of Redonda include Marvin bishop from Antigua. However, as M.P. Shiel’s recountKitman and William Scott Home. Scott Home’s claim to ing of this story never saw print until 1929, it is possithe title was, he says, based on ESP and reincarnation.[4] ble that some, or most, or possibly all of the story of M.P. Shiel’s granddaughter, Lancashire housewife Mrs his being crowned King of Redonda may in fact be pure Margaret Parry, came to the fore in 1993 and was hailed invention.[4] as “Queen Maggie” of Redonda by various newspapers, In his writings about Redonda, however, Shiel is critical including the Daily Mail.[6] of the egotism that led him to accept the title, suggestPublisher, author and environmentalist Jon Wynneing that there may have been some truth behind the story Tyson, however, claims that Gawsworth, prior to dying of the coronation. Shiel does however cite two different in 1970, bestowed the kingship on him with the literary names for the bishop who performed the coronation: the executorships, although the writer Iain Fletcher was the Reverend Dr. Mitchinson and the Rev. Hugh Semper.[4] joint literary executor for Gawsworth. These men were both genuine clerics in the Caribbean during this period. The contradiction could of course be explained as due to Shiel’s faulty memory rather than the Later developments story being based on total invention. In “About Myself” Shiel writes that his attempt to impose a tribute tax on the Jon Wynne-Tyson subsequently visited Redonda in 1979, American guano miners was a request they refused. This on an expedition organized by the philanthropist and early non-recognition of his kingship is another possible Shielian publisher A. Reynolds Morse. Wynne-Tyson argument that the coronation actually occurred. ruled as King Juan II until abdicating in favour of the
Arthur John Robert’s title was subsequently inherited by William L. Gates, whom Gawsworth had given the title of “Baron L'Angelier de Blythswood de Redonda”. From his home at Thurlton, Norfolk, Gates, as “King Leo”, presides over a group known as “The Redondan Foundation”, not be confused with “The Redondan Cultural Foundation” set up by Paul de Fortis (see below). As in In later life, Shiel gave the title, and the rights to his Gawsworth’s reign, meetings of these rival groups have work, to his chief admirer, London poet and editor John been held at the Fitzroy Tavern in London. King Leo Gawsworth (Terence Ian Fytton Armstrong), the biogra- has reigned as king since 1989.[9] Bob Williamson, who
58
CHAPTER 2. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF MICRONATIONS
lived on Antigua until his death in 2009, set himself up • John Gawsworth, 1947-1967 or 1970 (styled as King as the rival “King Robert the Bald”.[10] King Robert the Juan I) Bald was succeeded in 2009 by yachting writer Michael Howorth.[11] Disputed In 1988, the late London clergyman Paul de Fortis established “The Redondan Cultural Foundation”. Because of • Arthur John Roberts, 1967-1989 (styled as King what he viewed as the inaction of the various rival monarJuan II) chs, de Fortis promoted a new king, Cedric Boston (born on Montserrat in 1960). Boston claimed the Redondan • Jon Wynne-Tyson, 1970-1997 (styled as King Juan throne in 1984, winning the allegiance of a number of II) Gawsworth’s peers.[12] • Javier Marias, 1997-2012 (styled as King Xavier) On the question of the kingdom of Redonda, WynneTyson has written: Others The legend is and should remain a pleasing and eccentric fairy tale; a piece of literary mythology to be taken with salt, romantic sighs, appropriate perplexity, some amusement, but without great seriousness. It is, after all, a fantasy.[13] A stellar legion of Redondan peers, largely writers, date back to the Shiel and Gawsworth eras. They include Arthur Machen, Oliver Stonor, Edgar Jepson, Thomas Burke, Victor Gollancz, Carl Van Vechten, Arthur Ransome, Lawrence Durrell, Gerald Durrell, G.S. Fraser, Michael Harrison, John Heath-Stubbs, Dylan Thomas, Henry Miller, Julian MacLaren-Ross, Philip Lindsay, Rebecca West, John Waller, August Derleth, Stephen Graham, Dorothy L. Sayers, J.B. Priestley, Eden Phillpotts, Stephen Potter, Martin Secker, Frank Swinnerton, John Wain, and Julian Symons and the British beat poet, Royston Ellis, who was ennobled twice. Actors ennobled during Gawsworth’s reign were Michael Denison, Dulcie Gray, Barry Humphries, Diana Dors, Dirk Bogarde, Mai Zetterling, Vincent Price, Joan Greenwood, and Robert Beatty. Also honoured were broadcasters Libby Purves, Roy Plomley and Alan Coren. King Xavier’s peers include Pedro Almodóvar, Francis Ford Coppola, A.S. Byatt, Alice Munro, Umberto Eco, George Steiner, Ray Bradbury, Frank Gehry, J.M. Coetzee, Eric Rohmer, and Philip Pullman. Wynne-Tyson, Javier Marias, Bob Williamson, William Gates and Cedric Boston were all interviewed in the BBC Radio 4 documentary Redonda: The Island with Too Many Kings, broadcast in May 2007.[14]
List of Kings Undisputed • Matthew Dowdy Shiell, 1865–1880 • Matthew Phipps Shiell, 1880-1947 (styled as King Felipe I)
• Bob Williamson, “King Bob the Bald” • Cedric Boston
2.15.2 In popular culture In 2007, the Wellington Arms pub in Southampton, England, attempted to declare itself an embassy of Redonda, in order to gain diplomatic immunity from a nationwide ban on smoking in enclosed workplaces, including pubs. This ultimately failed when the Foreign and Commonwealth Office pointed out that Her Majesty’s Government recognises Redonda only as a dependent territory of Antigua and Barbuda which, accordingly, is not entitled to establish an embassy or high-commission in the United Kingdom.[15][16]
2.15.3 References [1] John D. Squires, “Of Dreams and Shadows: An Outline of the Redonda Legend with Some Notes on Various Claimants to its Uncertain Throne.” [2] John D. Squires, “The Redonda Legend: A Chronological Bibliography” [3] Paul de Fortis, “A History of Redonda,” in The Kingdom of Redonda, 1865-1990 ed. by Rev. Paul de Fortis, Cheshire: The Alyesford Press, 1991. [4] Squires, “Of Dreams and Shadows” [5] A. Reynolds Morse, The Works of M. P. Shiel, Vol III, The Shielography Updated, part 2, Cleveland: The Reynolds Morse Foundation, 1980, pp 531-552. [6] “Hail Queen Maggie, monarch of Redonda,” Daily Mail, (Tuesday, May 18, 1993.) [7] Jon Wynne-Tyson, Finding the Words: A Publishing Life, Wilby, Norwich: Michael Russell, 2004. (Chapter 8, ‘The Cause of Half Our Sorrows,’ covers the author’s perspective on Gawsworth, Redonda and the transfer of his disputed royal claim to Javier Marías, pp 158-195.)
2.16. LADONIA
[8] Javier Marías, “The Art of Fiction No. 190,” an interview by Sarah Fay, The Paris Review, Winter 2006, No. 179. (Includes Marías’ perspective on the legend.)
59
2.16.1 History
In 1980, artist Lars Vilks began construction of two sculptures, Nimis (Latin for “too much”, a structure made [9] Henry Hutchison, Realm of Redonda : A Definitive His- of 75 tonnes of driftwood) and Arx (Latin for “fortress”, tory of the Island-Kingdom of Santa Maria la Redonda a structure made of stone), in the Kullaberg nature rein the West Indies, The Redondan Foundation: Thurlton, serve in north-west Skåne, Sweden. The location of the Norwich, 2005. (The history of the legend from the persculptures is difficult to reach, and as a consequence they spective of William Gates’ claim.) were not discovered for two years, at which point the lo[10] http://www.thekingdomofredonda.com/ (Website of the cal council declared the sculptures to be buildings, the construction of which was forbidden on the nature relate Bob Williamson) serve, and demanded that they should be dismantled and [11] http://kingdomofredonda.com/ (Website of Michael the removed. Grey) [12] Paul de Fortis, “A History of Redonda,” in The Kingdom of Redonda, 1865-1990 ed. by Rev. Paul de Fortis, Cheshire: The Alysford Press, 1991, 19-41. (Argues the case for Cedric Boston.) [13] Jon Wynne-Tyson, “M.P. Shiel: Right Royal Fantasist,” Antiquarian Book Monthly Review, Vol VIII, #11, Issue 91, Nov 1981, p 417. [14] BBC Radio 4. Redonda: The Island with Too Many Kings, 27 May 2007. [15] “Pub 'embassy' dodges smoking ban”, BBC.co.uk. 27 June 2007. Accessed 21 December 2007. [16] Pub landlord fights smoke ban by declaring his boozer an embassy, Luke Salkeld, Daily Mail, URL accessed 26 June 2007.
2.15.4
External links
• John D. Squires, “Of Dreams and Shadows: An Outline of the Redonda Legend with Some Notes on Various Claimants to its Uncertain Throne.” • The Redonda Legend: A Chronological Bibliography Nimis • The Redondan Foundation (Website of William L. Gates, King Leo) • BBC News October 2002 • BBC Radio 4 May 2007
2.16 Ladonia Ladonia (Swedish: Ladonien) is a micronation, proclaimed in 1996 as the result of a years-long court battle between artist Lars Vilks and local authorities over two sculptures. The claimed territory is part of the natural reserve of Kullaberg in southern Sweden.
Vilks appealed the decision of the council, but lost. He appealed repeatedly, and finally the case was settled, in the council’s favour, by the Swedish government. However, in the meantime Nimis had been bought from Vilks by the artists Christo and Jeanne-Claude after the death of Joseph Beuys, who bought it in 1984. On June 2, 1996 Vilks declared the microstate of Ladonia in protest of the local council.[6] In 1999, another sculpture, Omphalos (named after Omphalos, a small sculpture in the temple at Delphi, “marking the centre of the world”), was created. It was made of stone and concrete, 1.61 metres high and weighing a tonne. The Gyllenstiernska Krapperup Foundation, formed to promote art and culture, accused Vilks of building this sculpture and complained to the police,
60
CHAPTER 2. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF MICRONATIONS
Arx
and in August 1999 the district court ordered its removal. The Foundation had also demanded the removal of Nimis and Arx, but the court ruled against it. The Foundation appealed this decision to the Supreme Court, who eventually ruled against it. The police were unable to positively Queen Carolyn of Ladonia immediately after her coronation. 19 identify Vilks as the sculptor, but the district court held September 2011 that he was. The removal of Omphalos was itself controversial. Vilks was ordered to find an acceptable way to remove the sculpture. He proposed blowing it up on 10 December 2001, Nobel Day and the 100th anniversary of the Nobel Prize, and applied to the county council for permission to do so. The county council made a decision on 7 December, but kept it secret until 10 December. By that time, another artist, Ernst Billgren, had bought Omphalos from Vilks, and had requested that it not be damaged. In the early hours of 9 December, a crane boat was sent (by DYKMA, under contract from the Enforcement Administration) to the site and removed the sculpture (at a cost of SEK 92,500, billed to Vilks). Despite the new owner’s request, the sculpture was damaged by handling. In response to this, the Enforcement Administration was satirically declared to be "Performance Artist of the Year” in 2002. Afterwards, Vilks applied to the county council again, this time for permission to erect a memorial in the place that Omphalos had stood. Permission was granted by the council to erect a monument no greater than 8 centimetres high. This was duly done, and the monument was inaugurated on 27 February 2002.
tri-annually, while the Queen, once crowned, reigns for life. The current President is Christopher Matheoss of the Party Monarchical Republic and the current VicePresident is Lieutenant Colonel His Illustrious Highness Osborne Wrigley-Pimley-McKerr III, Count Wrigley of Håle.[9] Vilks, the State Secretary, performs or oversees many of the day-to-day operations of the microstate, including processing new citizenship applications and posting photos and news items to the Ladonian online “newspaper”. The Cabinet Ministers are the legislative body in Ladonia, and they participate in debates and vote on proposals via the Internet. Many Ladonian ministries have artistic connotations and whimsical names.[10]
2.16.3 Nimis Nimis is a series of wooden sculptures situated along the coast in the Kullaberg Nature Reserve, Höganäs Municipality, in the northern part of Skåne County, Sweden. They are a massive, wooden labyrinthine structure connected by several wooden towers, and are said to be mostly constructed from driftwood.
They were begun by the artist Lars Vilks in 1980 and have been the subject of a long-running legal dispute between the Swedish authorities and the artist. As no permission 2.16.2 Population and citizenry was given to build on the site within the nature reserve, the When it was created, Ladonia had no population. As of County Administrative Board in Skåne has sought to have 2011, there are 15,567 Ladonian citizens from more than Nimis demolished, despite the fact that it has become a 50 countries. None of the citizens currently resides within popular tourist attraction. Ladonia’s borders,[7] although there has been at least one As Nimis’s existence is not sanctioned by Sweden, it is resident citizen in the past.[8] difficult to find - there are no official sign posts in Sweden, The government of Ladonia is jointly led by a Queen and nor is it marked on maps. It lies a few kilometres northa President. The President and Vice-President are elected west of the town of Arild and somewhat farther from the
2.17. LLANRWST town of Mölle, and can only be reached on foot following a well-worn path with yellow Ns painted on trees and fences. The path begins as an easy stroll past Himmelstorp, a well-preserved eighteenth-century farmstead, but quickly becomes a steep and rocky climb down to the coast.
61 • “Pakistanis’ 'new life' in imaginary country”. BBC News. 2002-03-11. • TT Spektra (2006-07-03). “Påhittat land fyller tio år” (in Swedish). Svenska Dagbladet. • Truc Olivier (2002-03-14). “Le pays virtuel qui attire 3000 réfugiés.”. Libération (in French).
2.16.6 External links • The official Ladonia website • The Ladonia New Herald Nimis as seen from the bay
2.16.4
Notes
[1] There are two national anthems. One is composed by Greve Jan Lothe von Eriksen and is executed when a stone is thrown into the water. The other is composed by the Minister of Health Toomas Mathiesen and can be described as a tone poem on the development of Ladonian freedom. [2] “The Constitution of Ladonia”. Ladonia.org. [3] http://books.google.com.pk/books?id=5ZRrwrlIPSYC& pg=PT74&lpg=PT74&dq=german+danish+swedish+ %22ladonia%22&source=bl&ots=GqtfoMp3EX&sig= e9h302Gk3W6ZRKexNxY7RVdqeDg&hl=en&sa=X& ei=8VffUaycNoOs4ATF74C4Aw&redir_esc=y
• The Office of Nothingness, which also manages the 1st chamber of the Ladonian Parliament • The Ministry of Hunting and Game preservation • The Ministry of Art and Jump • The Ministry of Undisclosable Purpose • The passports of the Minister of Duct Tape and High Voltage, the Minister of the Dark Side, the Minister of Holidays, and the Minister of Unnumbered Things. Coordinates: 56°17′16″N 12°32′22″E / 56.28778°N 12.53944°E
2.17 Llanrwst
[4] “New Herald” Ladonia 2008 report [5] 1 Örtug is about 10 SEK. [6] http://www.ladonia.org/history/ [7] Ladonia’s population chart on www.ladonia.org [8] Lars Vilks (2009-11-29). “President Election: Candidates - Election 2010 - Ladonia New Herald”. Ladonia New Herald. Retrieved 2015-04-14. [9] “The result of the election - Election 2013”. Ladonia New Herald. 3 June 2013. [10] “The constitution of Ladonia - Ladonia State Affairs”. Ladonia New Herald. 9 July 2009.
2.16.5
References
• “Omphalos”. Moderna Museet. Retrieved July 14, 2005.
Coordinates: 03.795°W
53°08′13″N 3°47′42″W / 53.137°N
Llanrwst (Welsh pronunciation: [ɬanˈruːst]) is a small town and community on the A470 road and the River Conwy in Conwy County Borough, Wales. It takes its name from the 5th- to 6th-century Saint Grwst, “church or parish” llan “of St Grwst”. Llanrwst developed around the wool trade, but also became renowned for harp and clock manufacture.[2] Today, lying as it does on the edge of Snowdonia (Snowdonia starts about 3/4 mile away on the other side of the river Conwy [3] ), its main industry—aside that of being a market town—is tourism. Notable buildings in Llanrwst include the almshouses, two 17th-century chapels and the Parish Church of St Grwst, which holds the stone coffin of Llywelyn the Great. In the 2011 census the population of the town was 3,323.
• “Filippa Kihlborg in Ladonia”. Retrieved July 14, 2005.
2.17.1 History
• “Visa for Ladonia”. The Power of Culture. 200204-03.
The site of the original church dedicated to St Grwst was Cae Llan in Llanrwst (land now occupied by the
62 Seion Methodist Chapel).[4] The current church is on land which was donated in around 1170 by Rhun ap Nefydd Hardd, a member of the royal family of the Kingdom of Gwynedd, specifically to build a new church dedicated to Grwst.[5] Llanrwst developed around the wool trade, and for a long time the price of wool for the whole of Britain was set here.[6] The growth of the town in the 13th century was considerably aided by an edict by Edward I of England (who built Conwy Castle) prohibiting any Welshman from trading within 10 miles (16 km) of that town. Llanrwst, located some 13 miles (21 km) from Conwy, was strategically placed to benefit from this. In 1276, Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, Prince of Wales, seized the town, declaring the Free Borough of Llanrwst independent from the diocese of Llanelwy. Although this was contested by the bishop, the borough retained its status both through the lifetime of Llywelyn and later through the efforts of Aberconwy Abbey who ripped down banners related to the Bishopric or Edward I of England. A century later, after the monastery moved to Maenan Abbey,[8] the town had its own coat of arms and flag, the origin of the local motto “Cymru, Lloegr a Llanrwst” (Wales, England and Llanrwst). This motto, a testament to this apparent independence, has now become synonymous with the song of that title, by local band Y Cyrff. The Llanrwst Almshouses & Museum Trust returned the 12th century Llanrwst flag to the community, an emblem central to the town’s belief in its independence,[9] when it closed in 2011.[10] In 1610 Sir John Wynn of Gwydir constructed the historic Llanrwst Almshouses to house poor people of the parish. The buildings closed in 1976, but were restored in 1996 with the aid of Heritage Lottery funding, reopening as a museum of local history and a community focal point. The museum held a collection of over a hundred items relating largely to the rural Conwy valley, and a number of items are associated with the renowned Llanrwst Bards of the late 19th century; it closed as a museum in 2011, but reopened in 2013 as the new council chamber.[10][11][12]
CHAPTER 2. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF MICRONATIONS
2.17.2 Geography Llanrwst is sited between 10 and 50 metres (33 and 160 ft) above sea level on the eastern bank of the River Conwy. The A470 trunk route between north and south Wales runs through the town, where it is joined by the A548 main road from Rhyl, Prestatyn and Chester. To the southwest of the town is the Gwydir Forest. On the hills above the town is the Moel Maelogan wind farm; the electricity generated by these turbines is sent to the substation in the town. • Church of St Grwst • The River Conwy at Llanrwst • Tu Hwnt i'r Bont • Pont Fawr, Llanrwst • An elevated view of Llanrwst from Gwydir Forest
2.17.3 Demography In the 2011 census the population of the town was 3,323[1] and 61 percent of the population are Welsh speakers.[18] At one time Llanrwst was the eighth-largest town in Wales, its population being greater than that of Cardiff.[19][21] The change in the population of the town in the 19th and 20th centuries is shown in the chart below.
Llanrwst population graph 1801–2001
Pont Fawr, a narrow three-arch stone bridge that is said to have been designed by Inigo Jones, was built in 1636 by Sir John Wynn of Gwydir Castle. The bridge connects the town with Gwydir, a manor house dating from 1492, 2.17.4 Transport the 15th-century courthouse known as Tu Hwnt i'r Bont Llanrwst is served by two railway stations, Llanrwst and and also with the road from nearby Trefriw.[13][14][15] North Llanrwst, on the Conwy Valley Line (which once In 1947, allegedly, Llanrwst town council unsuccessfully terminated here, before being extended to Betws-y-Coed sought a seat on the United Nations Security Council, in 1867 and Blaenau Ffestiniog in 1879). It was originally as an independent state within Wales.[9][16] There is no envisaged that the railway would pass closer to the river proof of this in the United Nations Security Council min(on the site of today’s Central Garage), and the Victoria utes available online,[17] but in the early 21st century the Hotel was built opposite the bridge in anticipation of this. chairman and secretary of the Llanrwst Historical SociHad the railway line been built on the west bank of the ety stated they had obtained proof from the UN in New River Conwy, as originally planned (to serve the inland York.[9] port of Trefriw, located across the river from Llanrwst), Llanrwst hosted the National Eisteddfod in 1951 and it is unlikely that Llanrwst would ever have achieved its 1989. present status.
2.18. LUNDY • Plan of bridge, 1753 • Engraving, 1790 • Early 19th century • Engraving, 1842
63
[6] "...Llanrwst is the principal mart for this article, and is attended by the English buyers: the price obtained for the wool at this fair is usually the standard for the year.”[7] [7] Lewis, Samuel (1840). A Topographical Dictionary of Wales Vol 1. London: S Lewis. [8] BBC - Gogledd Orllewin - hanes
2.17.5
Education
Ysgol Dyffryn Conwy previously Llanrwst Grammar School, is a bilingual, secondary school with approximately 790 pupils. According to the latest inspection report by Estyn, the school has a GCSE pass rate of 71% (based on 5 GCSEs, grades A–C). This means the school is in equal 24th place in Wales, or just outside the top 10% of secondary schools in Wales. It is also the second best performing secondary school in Conwy, behind Eirias High School in Colwyn Bay. There is also a Christianbased youth club in Seion Chapel called Clwb Cyfeillion.
2.17.6
Sport
[9] Talk of the town BBC News, 28 April 2006 [10] “Llanrwst Almshouse Museum rent rise blamed for closure”. BBC Wales. Retrieved 18 April 2015. [11] “Celebrations as town council Almshouses Museum”. Daily Post.
re-open
Llanrwst
[12] “Llanrwst Almshouses re-opens and is taken on by town council”. Daily Post. Retrieved 18 April 2015. [13] “Tu Hwnt I’r Bont”. [14] “Tu Hwnt ir Bont in Wales”. Wales Directory. [15] “Llanrwst” (PDF). Conservation Area Appraisal - Conwy
County Borough Council (Conwy County Borough CounLlanrwst is home to Llanrwst United FC, which has two cil). senior teams. The first team play in the Welsh Alliance League and the Reserve team play in the Clwyd League Division 2. The club also has a Junior section, “Llanrwst [16] Breverton, Terry (2012). Owain Glyndwr: The Story of the Last Prince of Wales. Amberley Publishing Limited. United Juniors”, who have 8 teams and play in the AberISBN 1445608766. conwy and Colwyn League. Llanrwst Cricket Club plays in the North Wales Premier Cricket League. [17] http://www.un.org/en/sc/repertoire/46-51/46-51_02.pdf
2.17.7
Notable people
• Kai Owen, Welsh actor most notable for his role in Torchwood as Rhys Williams • Mark Roberts of Catatonia.
2.17.8
See also
[18] http://www.conwy.gov.uk/upload/public/attachments/ 567/welsh_language_bulletin_201308_.pdf [19] “In 1801 the pop. [of Cardiff] was only 1018; in 1841 is was 10,077...”[20] [20] “Cardiff Glamorgan”. Vision of Britain. [21] “Llanrwst CP/AP”. Vision of Britain.
• Llanrwst Rural District
2.17.10 External links 2.17.9
References
[1] “Area: Llanrwst (Parish), Key Figures for 2011 Census: Key Statistics”. Neighbourhood Statistics. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 15 May 2014. [2] http://snowdoniaantiques.co.uk/www. snowdoniaantiques.co.ukimagegallery.php?view= thumbnailList&category=9
Media related to Llanrwst at Wikimedia Commons • A Vision of Britain Through Time • British Listed Buildings • Clwyd Churches
[3] Snowdonia National Park Authority. “Location Map”.
• Genuki
[4] “History of Llanrwst: Saint Grwst the Confessor”. Retrieved 18 April 2015.
• Geograph
[5] “History of Llanrwst: Foundation of the Modern Church”.
• Office for National Statistics
64
CHAPTER 2. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF MICRONATIONS
2.18.1 History
Lundy’s jetty and harbour
The name Lundy is believed to come from the old Norse word for “puffin island” (Lundey), lundi being the Norse word for a puffin and ey, an island,[9] although an alternative explanation has been suggested with Lund referring to a copse, or wooded area.[10] Lundy has evidence of visitation or occupation from the Neolithic period onward, with Mesolithic flintwork, Bronze Age burial mounds, four inscribed gravestones from the early medieval period,[11][12] and an early medieval monastery (possibly dedicated to St Elen or St Helen).
Map by Henry Mangles Denham (1832)
Beacon Hill Cemetery
This article is about the island of Lundy, England. For other uses, see Lundy (disambiguation). Lundy is the largest island in the Bristol Channel. It lies 12 miles (19 km) off the coast of Devon, England,[3] about a third of the distance across the channel from Devon, England to South Wales. Lundy gives its name to a British sea area and is one of the islands of England.[4] Lundy has been designated by Natural England as national character area 159, one of England’s natural regions.[5] In 2007, Lundy had a resident population of 28 people, including volunteers. These include a warden, ranger, island manager and farmer, as well as bar and housekeeping staff. Most live in and around the village at the south of the island. Most visitors are day-trippers, although there are 23 holiday properties and a camp site for staying visitors, mostly also around the south of the island. In a 2005 opinion poll of Radio Times readers, Lundy was named as Britain’s tenth greatest natural wonder. The entire island has been designated as a Site of Special Scientific Interest[6] and it was England’s first statutory Marine Nature reserve, and the first Marine Conservation Zone,[7] because of its unique flora and fauna.[8] It is managed by the Landmark Trust on behalf of the National Trust.
N
2.18 Lundy
Focal Grave Inscribed Stones (Present Location)
d
Remains of Chapel (St Helen?)
ka
Ban
nd
h Ditc
n Ba
k
an
h
itc
D
Beacon Hill Cemetery, lundy
Sketch of Beacon Hill Cemetery
Beacon Hill Cemetery was excavated by Charles Thomas in 1969.[13] The cemetery contains four inscribed stones, dated to the 5th or 6th century AD. The site was originally enclosed by a curvilinear bank and ditch, which is still visible in the south west corner. However, the other walls were moved when the Old Light was constructed in 1819. Early Christian enclosures of this type are known as lanns in Cornish. There are surviving examples in Luxulyan, in Cornwall; Mathry, Meidrim and Clydau in Wales; and Stowford, Jacobstowe, Lydford and Instow, in Devon. Thomas proposed a five-stage sequence of site usage: (1) An area of round huts and fields. These huts may have fallen into disuse before the construction of the cemetery. (2) The construction of the focal grave, an 11 by 8 ft (3.4
2.18. LUNDY by 2.4 m) rectangular stone enclosure containing a single cist grave. The interior of the enclosure was filled with small granite pieces. Two more cist graves located to the west of the enclosure may also date from this time. (3) Perhaps 100 years later, the focal grave was opened and the infill removed. The body may have been moved to a church at this time. (4) & (5) Two further stages of cist grave construction around the focal grave. 23 cist graves were found during this excavation. Considering that the excavation only uncovered a small area of the cemetery, there may be as many as 100 graves.
65 the island. Ownership was disputed by the Marisco family who may have already been on the island during King Stephen’s reign. The Mariscos were fined, and the island was cut off from necessary supplies.[16] Evidence of the Templars’ weak hold on the island came when King John, on his accession in 1199, confirmed the earlier grant.[17] Marisco family
Marisco Castle
In 1235 William de Marisco was implicated in the murder of Henry Clement, a messenger of Henry III.[18] Three years later, an attempt was made to kill Henry III by a Inscribed stones man who later confessed to being an agent of the Marisco Inscribed stones Four Celtic inscribed stones have family. William de Marisco fled to Lundy where he lived as a virtual king. He built a stronghold in the area now been found in Beacon Hill Cemetery: known as Bulls’ Paradise with 9 feet (3 m) thick walls.[17] In 1242, Henry III sent troops to the island. They scaled • 1400 OPTIMI,[13] or TIMI;[14] the name Optimus the island’s cliff and captured William de Marisco and 16 is Latin and male. Discovered in 1962 by D. B. of his “subjects”. Henry III built the castle (sometimes Hague.[15] referred to as the Marisco Castle) in an attempt to establish the rule of law on the island and its surrounding [13] [14] • 1401 RESTEVTAE, or RESGEVT[A], [19] At some point in the 13th century the monks Latin, female i.e. Resteuta or Resgeuta. Discovered waters. of the Cistercian order at Cleeve Abbey held the rectory [15] in 1962 by D. B. Hague. of the island.[20] • 1402 POTIT[I],[13] or [PO]TIT,[14] Latin, male. Discovered in 1961 by K. S. Gardener and A. Piracy Langham.[15] • 1403 --]IGERNI [FIL]I TIGERNI,[13] or— I]GERNI [FILI] [T]I[G]ERNI,[14] Brittonic, male i.e. Tigernus son of Tigernus. Discovered in 1905.[15] Knights Templar
Over the next few centuries, the island was hard to govern. Trouble followed as both English and foreign pirates and privateers – including other members of the Marisco family – took control of the island for short periods. Ships were forced to navigate close to Lundy because of the dangerous shingle banks in the fast flowing River Severn and Bristol Channel, with its tidal range of 27 feet (8.2 m),[21][22] one of the greatest in the world.[23][24] This made the island a profitable location from which to prey on passing Bristol-bound merchant ships bringing back valuable goods from overseas.[25]
Lundy was granted to the Knights Templar by Henry II in 1160. The Templars were a major international maritime force at this time, with interests in North Devon, and almost certainly an important port at Bideford or on the River Taw in Barnstaple. This was probably because of In 1627 Barbary Pirates from the Republic of Salé occuthe increasing threat posed by the Norse sea raiders; how- pied Lundy for five years. The North African invaders, ever, it is unclear whether they ever took possession of under the command of Dutch renegade Jan Janszoon,
66
CHAPTER 2. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF MICRONATIONS
flew an Ottoman flag over the island. Some captured Europeans were held on Lundy before being sent to Algiers as slaves.[26][27][28][29] From 1628 to 1634 the island was plagued by pirate ships of French, Basque, English and Spanish origin. These incursions were eventually ended by Sir John Penington, but in the 1660s and as late as the 1700s the island still fell prey to French privateers.[30] Civil war In the English Civil War, Thomas Bushell held Lundy for King Charles I, rebuilding Marisco Castle and garrisoning the island at his own expense. He was a friend of Francis Bacon, a strong supporter of the Royalist cause and an expert on mining and coining. It was the last Royalist territory held between the first and second civil wars. After receiving permission from Charles I, Bushell surrendered the island on 24 February 1647 to Richard Fiennes, representing General Fairfax.[31] In 1656, the island was acquired by Lord Saye and Sele.[32]
Interior of St. Helena’s Church
afterwards, when a homeward-bound vessel was sighted, the Nightingale was set on fire and scuttled. The crew were taken off the stricken ship by the other ship, which landed them safely at Clovelly.[33]
Millcombe House
18th and 19th centuries The late 18th and early 19th centuries were years of lawlessness on Lundy, particularly during the ownership of Thomas Benson (1708-1772), a Member of Parliament for Barnstaple in 1747 and Sheriff of Devon, who notoriously used the island for housing convicts whom he was supposed to be deporting. Benson leased Lundy from its owner, John Leveson-Gower, 1st Earl Gower (1694– 1754) (who was an heir of the Grenville family of Bideford and of Stowe, Kilkhampton in Cornwall), at a rent of £60 per annum and contracted with the Government to transport a shipload of convicts to Virginia, but diverted the ship to Lundy to use the convicts as his personal slaves. Later Benson was involved in an insurance swindle. He purchased and insured the ship Nightingale and loaded it with a valuable cargo of pewter and linen. Having cleared the port on the mainland, the ship put into Lundy, where the cargo was removed and stored in a cave built by the convicts, before setting sail again. Some days
Sir Aubrey Vere Hunt of Curraghchase purchased the island from John Cleveland in 1802 for £5,270. Sir Vere Hunt planted in the island a small, self-contained Irish colony with its own constitution and divorce laws, coinage and stamps. He failed in his attempt to sell the island to the British Government as a base for troops, and his son Sir Aubrey Thomas de Vere also had great difficulty in securing any profit from the property. The tenants came from Sir Vere Hunt’s Irish estate and they experienced agricultural difficulties while on the island. This led Sir Vere Hunt to seek someone who would take the island off his hands. In the 1820s John Benison agreed to purchase the island for £4,500 but then refused to complete sale as he felt that Aubrey could not make out a good title in respect of the sale terms, namely that the island was free from tithes and taxes.[34] William Hudson Heaven purchased Lundy in 1834, as a summer retreat and for the shooting, at a cost of 9,400 guineas (£9,870). He claimed it to be a “free island”, and successfully resisted the jurisdiction of the mainland magistrates. Lundy was in consequence sometimes referred to as “the kingdom of Heaven”. It belongs in fact to the county of Devon, and has always been part of the hundred of Braunton.[32] Many of the buildings on the island today, including St. Helena’s Church, designed by the architect John Norton, and Millcombe House (originally known simply as the Villa), date from the Heaven
2.18. LUNDY
67
period. The Georgian-style villa was built in 1836.[35] However, the expense of building the road from the beach (no financial assistance being provided by Trinity House, despite their regular use of the road following the construction of the lighthouses), the villa and the general cost of running the island had a ruinous effect on the family’s finances, which had been damaged by reduced profits from their sugar plantations in Jamaica. In 1957 a message in a bottle from one of the seamen of the HMS Caledonia was washed ashore between Babbacombe and Peppercombe in Devon. The letter, dated 15 August 1843 read: “Dear Brother, Please e God i be with y against Michaelmas. Prepare y search Lundy for y Jenny ivories. Adiue William, Odessa”. The bottle and letter are on display at the Portledge Hotel at Fairy Cross, in Devon, England. The Jenny was a threemasted schooner reputed to be carrying ivory and gold dust that was wrecked on Lundy (at a place thereafter One Puffin coin of 1929, bearing the portrait of Martin Coles called Jenny’s Cove) on 20 February 1797. The ivory was Harman apparently recovered some years later but the leather bags supposed to contain gold dust were never found.[36][37] is a memorial to him at the VC Quarry on Lundy. Martin Coles Harman died in 1954. 20th and 21st centuries Residents did not pay taxes to the United Kingdom and William Heaven was succeeded by his son the Reverend had to pass through customs when they travelled to and Hudson Grosset Heaven who, thanks to a legacy from from Lundy Island. Although the island was ruled as a Sarah Langworthy (née Heaven), was able to fulfill his virtual fiefdom, its owner never claimed to be indepenlife’s ambition of building a stone church on the island. dent of the United Kingdom, in contrast to later territorial St Helen’s was completed in 1896, and stands today as a "micronations". lasting memorial to the Heaven period. It has been designated by English Heritage a Grade II listed building.[38] He is said to have been able to afford either a church or a new harbour. His choice of the church was not however in the best financial interests of the island. The unavailability of the money for re-establishing the family’s financial soundness, coupled with disastrous investment and speculation in the early 20th century, caused severe financial hardship.
Following the death of Harman’s son Albion in 1968,[41] Lundy was put up for sale in 1969. Jack Hayward, a British millionaire, purchased the island for £150,000 and gave it to the National Trust,[40] who leased it to the Landmark Trust. The Landmark Trust has managed the island since then, deriving its income from arranging day trips, letting out holiday cottages and from donations.
The island is visited by over 20,000 day-trippers a year, but during September 2007 had to be closed for several Hudson Heaven died in 1916, and was succeeded by his weeks owing to an outbreak of Norovirus.[42] nephew, Walter Charles Hudson Heaven.[39] With the outbreak of the First World War, matters deteriorated seriously, and in 1918 the family sold Lundy to Augustus Langham Christie. In 1924, the Christie family sold the island along with the mail contract and the MV Lerina to Martin Coles Harman, who proclaimed himself a king. Harman issued two coins of Half Puffin and One Puffin denominations in 1929, nominally equivalent to the British halfpenny and penny, resulting in his prosecution under the United Kingdom's Coinage Act of 1870. The House of Lords found him guilty in 1931, and he was fined £5 with fifteen guineas (£5 + £15.75) expenses. The coins were withdrawn and became collectors’ items. In 1965 a “fantasy” restrike four-coin set, a Battleship HMS Montagu aground on Lundy in 1906 few in gold, was issued to commemorate 40 years since Harman purchased the island.[40] Harman’s son, John Wreck of Battleship Montagu A naval footnote in the Pennington Harman was awarded a posthumous Victoria history of Lundy was the wreck of the Royal Navy batCross during the Battle of Kohima, India in 1944. There tleship HMS Montagu. Steaming in heavy fog, she ran
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CHAPTER 2. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF MICRONATIONS
hard aground near Shutter Rock on the island’s southwest corner at about 2:00 a.m. on 30 May 1906.[43] Thinking they were aground at Hartland Point on the English mainland, a landing party went ashore for help, only finding out where they were after encountering the lighthouse keeper at the island’s north light.
Lundy Granite
2.18.2 Geography The island of Lundy is 3 miles (5 km) long from north to HMS Montagu during the failed salvage attempts of the summer south by a little over 0.6 miles (1 km) wide, with an area of 1,100 acres (450 ha).[1][2] The highest point on Lundy of 1906 is Beacon Hill, 469 feet (143 m) above sea level,.[46] A few yards off the northeastern coast is Seal’s Rock which Strenuous efforts by the Royal Navy to salvage the badly is so called after the seals which rest on and inhabit the damaged battleship during the summer of 1906 failed, islet.[47][48] It is less than 55 yards (50 m) wide.[48] Near and in 1907 it was decided to give up and sell her for the jetty is a small pocket beach. scrap. Montagu was scrapped at the scene over the next fifteen years. Diving clubs still visit the site, where armour plate and live 12-inch (305-millimetre) shells re- Geology main on the seabed. The island is primarily composed of granite of 50±3 to 54±2 million years[49] (from the Eocene epoch), with slate at the southern end; the plateau soil is mainly loam, with some peat.[6][50] Among the igneous dykes cutting the granite are a small number composed of a unique orthophyre. This was given the name Lundyite in 1914, although the term – never precisely defined – has since fallen into disuse.[51][52] Climate Lundy island lies on the borderline where the North Atlantic Ocean and the Bristol Channel meet, so it has quite a mild climate. Lundy has cool, wet winters and mild, wet summers. It is often windy. Remains of one of the Heinkels just south of Halfway Wall
2.18.3 Ecology Remains of a German Heinkel 111H bomber During the Second World War two German Heinkel He 111 bombers crash landed on the island in 1941. The first was on 3 March, when all the crew survived and were taken prisoner. The second was on 1 April when the pilot was killed and the other crew members were taken prisoner.[44] The plane had bombed a British ship and one engine was damaged by anti aircraft fire, forcing it to crash land. A few remains can be found on the crash site. Reportedly to avoid reprisals the crew concocted a story that they were on a reconnaissance mission.[45]
Flora There is one endemic plant species, the Lundy cabbage (Coincya wrightii), a species of primitive brassica.[53] By the 1980s the eastern side of the island had become overgrown by rhododendrons (Rhododendron ponticum) which had spread from a few specimens planted in the garden of Millcombe House in Victorian times, but eradication of this non-native plant has been undertaken by volunteers over the past fifteen years in an operation
2.18. LUNDY
69 Birds The number of puffins (Fratercula arctica), which may have given the island its name, declined in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, with the 2005 breeding population estimated to be only two or three pairs, as a consequence of depredations by brown and black rats (Rattus rattus) (which have now been eliminated) and possibly also as a result of commercial fishing for sand eels, the puffins’ principal prey. Since 2005, the breeding numbers have been slowly increasing. Adults were seen taking fish into four burrows in 2007,[57] and six burrows in 2008.[58]
Lundy cabbage (growing at Bristol Zoo) A group of six puffins on Lundy, June 2008
known on the island as “rhody-bashing”. The vegetation on the plateau is mainly dry heath, with an area of waved Calluna heath towards the northern end of the island, which is also rich in lichens, such as Teloschistes flavicans and several species of Cladonia and Parmelia. Other areas are either a dry heath/acidic grassland mosaic, characterised by heaths and western gorse (Ulex gallii), or semi-improved acidic grassland in which Yorkshire fog (Holcus lanatus) is abundant. Tussocky (Thrift) (Holcus/Armeria) communities occur mainly on the western side, and some patches of bracken (Pteridium aquilinum) on the eastern side.[6]
Fauna Terrestrial invertebrates Two invertebrate taxa are endemic to Lundy, with both feeding on the endemic Lundy cabbage (Coincya wrightii). These are the Lundy cabbage flea beetle (Psylliodes luridipennis), a species of leaf beetle (family Chrysomelidae) and the Lundy cabbage weevil (Ceutorhynchus contractus var. pallipes), a variety of true weevil (family Curculionidae).[54][55] In addition, the Lundy cabbage is the main host of a flightless form of Psylliodes napi (another species of flea beetle) and a wide variety of other invertebrate species which are not endemic to the island.[55] Another resident invertebrate of note is Atypus affinis, the only British species of purseweb spider.[54][56]
As an isolated island on major migration routes, Lundy has a rich bird life and is a popular site for birdwatching. Large numbers of black-legged kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla) nest on the cliffs, as do razorbill (Alca torda), guillemot (Uria aalge), herring gull (Larus argentatus), lesser black-backed gull (Larus fuscus), fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis), shag (Phalacrocorax aristotelis), oystercatcher (Haematopus ostralegus), skylark (Alauda arvensis), meadow pipit (Anthus pratensis), common blackbird (Turdus merula), robin (Erithacus rubecula) and linnet (Carduelis cannabina). There are also smaller populations of peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) and raven (Corvus corax). Lundy has attracted many vagrant birds, in particular species from North America. The island’s bird list totals 317 species.[59] This has included the following species, each of which represents the sole British record: Ancient murrelet, eastern phoebe and eastern towhee. Records of bimaculated lark, American robin and common yellowthroat were also firsts for Britain (American robin has also occurred two further times on Lundy).[59] Veerys in 1987 and 1997 were Britain’s second and fourth records, a Rüppell’s warbler in 1979 was Britain’s second, an eastern Bonelli’s warbler in 2004 was Britain’s fourth, and a black-faced bunting in 2001 Britain’s third.[59] Other British Birds rarities that have been sighted (single records unless otherwise indicated) are: Little bittern, glossy ibis, gyrfalcon (3 records), little and Baillon’s crakes, collared pratincole, semipalmated (5
70 records), least (2 records), white-rumped and Baird’s (2 records) sandpipers, Wilson’s phalarope, laughing gull, bridled tern, Pallas’s sandgrouse, great spotted, blackbilled and yellow-billed (3 records) cuckoos, European roller, olive-backed pipit, citrine wagtail, Alpine accentor, thrush nightingale, red-flanked bluetail, black-eared (2 records) and desert wheatears, White’s, Swainson’s (3 records), and grey-cheeked (2 records) thrushes, Sardinian (2 records), Arctic (3 records), Radde’s and western Bonelli’s warblers, Isabelline and lesser grey shrikes, red-eyed vireo (7 records), two-barred crossbill, yellow-rumped and blackpoll warblers, yellow-breasted (2 records) and black-headed (3 records) buntings, rosebreasted grosbeak (2 records), bobolink and Baltimore oriole (2 records).[59]
CHAPTER 2. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF MICRONATIONS team of students from Bangor University. Provision for the establishment of statutory Marine Nature Reserves was included in the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981, and on 21 November 1986 the Secretary of State for the Environment announced the designation of a statutory reserve at Lundy.[65] There is an outstanding variety of marine habitats and wildlife, and a large number of rare and unusual species in the waters around Lundy, including some species of seaweed, branching sponges, sea fans and cup corals.[65] In 2003 the first statutory No Take Zone (NTZ) for marine nature conservation in the UK was set up in the waters to the east of Lundy island.[66] In 2008 this was declared as having been successful in several ways including the increasing size and number of lobsters within the reserve, and potential benefits for other marine wildlife.[67] However, the no take zone has received a mixed reaction from local fishermen.[68] On 12 January 2010 the island became Britain’s first Marine Conservation Zone designated under the Marine and Coastal Access Act 2009, designed to help to preserve important habitats and species.[8][69][70]
2.18.4 Transport
Sika Deer
Mammals Lundy is home to an unusual range of mammals, almost all introduced, including a distinct breed of wild pony, the Lundy pony. Until recently, Lundy and the Shiant Isles in the Hebrides were the only two places in the UK where the black rat (Rattus rattus) could be found regularly.[60] In the rest of the United Kingdom they have largely been replaced by brown rats except for occasional sightings in port towns and the Thames Estuary.[61][62] It has since been eradicated on the island, in order to protect the nesting seabirds.[63] Other species which have made the island their home include the grey seal (Halichoerus grypus), Sika deer (Cervus nippon), pygmy shrew (Sorex minutus) and feral goats (Capra aegagrus hircus). Unusually, 20% of the rabbits (Leporidae) on the island are melanistic compared with 4% which is typical in the UK. In mid-2006 the rabbit population was devastated by myxomatosis, leaving only 60 pairs from the previous 15–20,000 individuals. Soay sheep (Ovis aries) on the island have been shown to vary their behaviours according to nutritional requirements, the distribution of food and the risk of predation.[64]
The Lundy ferry Oldenburg sails into Ilfracombe Harbour, North Devon, past inflatable ThunderCat powerboats waiting to begin an offshore race.
To the island
There are two ways to get to Lundy, depending on the time of year. In the summer months (April to October) visitors are carried on the Landmark Trust's own vessel, MS Oldenburg, which sails from both Bideford and Ilfracombe. Sailings are usually three days a week, on Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays, with additional sailings on Wednesdays during July and August. The voyage Marine habitat In 1971 a proposal was made by the takes on average two hours, depending on ports, tides and Lundy Field Society to establish a marine reserve, and weather. The Oldenburg was first registered in Bremen, the survey was led by Dr Keith Hiscock, supported by a Germany in 1958 and has been sailing to Lundy since her
2.18. LUNDY engine was replaced in 1985.[71]
71 and built by Joseph Nelson at a cost of £36,000.[75] Because the site, Beacon Hill, is 469 feet (143 m) above sea level,[46] the highest base for a lighthouse in Britain, the light was often obscured by fog. To counter this problem, the Fog Signal Battery[76] was built about 1861.
In the winter months (November to March), the Oldenburg is out of service, and the island is served by a scheduled helicopter service from Hartland Point. The helicopter operates on Mondays and Fridays, with flights between 12 noon and 2 pm. The heliport is a field at the top The lighthouse had two lights; the lower a fixed white of Hartland Point, not far from the Beacon. light and the upper a quick flashing white light, showA grass runway of 435 by 30 yards (398 by 27 m) is ing every 60 seconds. However, this quick revolution available, allowing access to small STOL aircraft skilfully gave the impression it was a fixed light with no flashes detectable. This may have contributed to the groundpiloted.[72] ing, at Cefn Sidan, of the La Jeune Emma, bound from Properly equipped and experienced canoeists can kayak Martinique to Cherbourg in 1828. 13 of the 19 on board to the island from Hartland Point or Lee Bay. This takes drowned, including Adeline Coquelin, the 12-year-old 4 to 6 hours depending on wind and tides. niece of Napoleon Bonaparte’s divorced wife Joséphine [77] Entrance to Lundy is free for anyone arriving by sched- de Beauharnais. uled transport. Visitors arriving by non-scheduled trans- Owing to the ongoing complaints about the difficulty of port are charged an entrance fee, currently (June 2013) sighting the light in fog, the lighthouse was abandoned in £5.00, and there is an additional charge payable by those 1897 when the North[78] and South[79] Lundy lighthouses using light aircraft. Anyone arriving on Lundy by non- were built. The Old Light and the associated keepers’ scheduled transport is also charged an additional fee for houses are kept open by the Landmark Trust.[80] transporting luggage to the top of the island. On the island In 2007, Derek Green, Lundy’s general manager, launched an appeal to raise £250,000 to save the milelong Beach Road, which had been damaged by heavy rain and high seas. The road was built in the first half of the 19th century to provide people and goods with safe access to the top of the island, 120 metres (394 ft) above the only jetty.[73] The fund-raising was completed on 10 March 2009.[74] Lundy South lighthouse
Lighthouses The current North Lundy and South Lundy lighthouses were built in 1897 at the extremities of the island to replace the old lighthouse. Both lighthouses are painted white and are run and maintained by Trinity House.[81]
The Old Light
Foundations for a lighthouse on Lundy were laid in 1787, but the first lighthouse (now known as the Old Light) was not built until Trinity House obtained a 999-year lease in 1819. The 97-foot (30 m) granite tower, on the summit of Chapel Hill, was designed by Daniel Asher Alexander,
The North lighthouse is 56 feet (17 m) tall, slightly taller than the south one, and has a focal plane of 157 ft (48 m). It produces a quick white flash every 15 seconds,[80] and was originally lit by a 75mm petroleum vapour burner. Oil was lifted up from a small quay using a sled and winch, and then transported using a small railway (again winchpowered). The remains of this can be still seen, but it was abandoned in 1971 and the lighthouse now uses a discharge bulb fed from the island’s main supply.[81] The northern light was modernised in 1991 and converted to solar power, since when the light has been mounted on top of the old fog horn building rather than in the tower.[81] The South lighthouse has a focal length of 174 feet (53 m) and a quick white flash every 5 seconds.[80] It can be seen as a small white dot from Hartland Point, 11 miles to the south east. It was automated and converted to solar power in 1994.[77] The old fresnel lens has been in use
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CHAPTER 2. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF MICRONATIONS
since 2001 in Dungeness Lighthouse.[81]
2.18.5
Electricity supply
There is a small power station comprising three Cummins B and C series diesel engines, offering an approx 150 kVa 3 phase supply to most of the island buildings. Waste heat from the engine jackets is used for a district heating pipe. There are also plans to collect the waste heat from the engine exhaust heat gases to feed into the district heat network to improve the efficiency further.
2.18.6
Staying on the island
Lundy has 23 holiday properties, sleeping between one and 14 people. These include a lighthouse, a castle and a Victorian mansion. Many of the buildings are constructed from the island’s granite. The island also has a campsite, at the south of the island in the field next to the shop. It has hot and cold running water, with showers and toilets, in an adjacent building. Also adjacent to the campsite is the island’s diesel generator, which is turned off at 4.30 am to enable campers to sleep.
2.18.7
Administration
The island is an unparished area of Torridge district of the English county of Devon.[82] It belongs to the ward of Clovelly Bay.[83] It is part of the constituency electing the Member of Parliament for Torridge and West Devon and the South West England constituency for the European Parliament. Stamps
The Lundy Post Office gets a bulk rate discount for mailing letters and postcards from Bideford. Lundy stamps are a type of postage stamp known to philatelists as “local carriage labels” or “local stamps”. Issues of increasing value were made over the years, including air mail, featuring a variety of people. Many are now highly sought-after by collectors.[85] The market value of the early issues has risen substantially over the years. For the many thousands of annual visitors Lundy stamps have become part of the collection of the many British Local Posts collectors. The first catalogues of these stamps included Gerald Rosen’s 1970 Catalogue of British Local Stamps. Later specialist catalogues include Stamps of Lundy Island by Stanley Newman, first published in 1984, Phillips Modern British Locals CD Catalogue, published since 2003, and Labbe’s Specialised Guide to Lundy Island Stamps, published since 2005 and now in its 11th Edition. Labbe’s Guide is considered the gold standard of Lundy catalogues owing to its extensive approach to varieties, errors, specialised items and “fantasy” issues. There is a comprehensive collection of these stamps in the Chinchen Collection, donated by Barry Chinchen[86] to the British Library Philatelic Collections in 1977 and now held by the British Library. This is also the home of the Landmark Trust Lundy Island Philatelic Archive which includes artwork, texts and essays as well as postmarking devices and issued stamps.[87]
2.18.8 In popular culture A ship named Lundy Island, 3,095 tons, was captured and sunk on 10 January 1917 by the Seeadler, a windjammer under the German navy, but flying the Norwegian flag. Lundy island is prominently featured in John Bellairs' juvenile gothic mystery, The Secret of the Underground Room. The plot highlights several geographical and historical points of interest, including the (De) Marisco family. The book was first published in 1990.[88]
Lundy features in the 1919 novel Last of the Grenvilles by Frederick Harcourt Kitchin (under his pseudonym, BenOwing to a decline in population and lack of interest in nett Copplestone) the mail contract, the GPO ended its presence on Lundy at the end of 1927.[84] For the next two years Harman handled the mail to and from the island without charge. On 1 2.18.9 See also November 1929, he decided to offset the expense by issuing two postage stamps (1/2 puffin in pink and 1 puffin in • Barbara Whitaker, former warden. blue). One puffin is equivalent to one English penny. The • Chinchen Collection printing of Puffin stamps continues to this day and they are available at face value from the Lundy Post Office. • Coins of Lundy One used to have to stick Lundy stamps on the back of the envelope; but Royal Mail now allows their use on the front • Puffin Island of the envelope, but placed on the left side, with the right side reserved for the Royal Mail postage stamp or stamps. • List of people on stamps of Lundy Lundy stamps are cancelled by a circular Lundy handstamp. The face value of the Lundy Island stamps covers the cost of postage of letters and postcards from the island 2.18.10 References to the Bideford Post Office on the mainland for onward delivery to their final destination anywhere in the world. [1] “Lundy”. Devonbirds. Retrieved 28 May 2014.
2.18. LUNDY
[2] Devon.gov.uk [3] “Marine conservation zone 2013 designation: Lundy”. gov.UK. Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs, Joint Nature Conservation Committee and Natural England. Retrieved 3 March 2015. [4] Collyer, Peter (1998) Rain Later, Good: illustrating the Shipping Forecast. Bradford on Avon: Thomas Reed ISBN 0-901281-33-6 [5] NCA 159:Lundy - Key Facts and Data at www. naturalengland.org. Accessed on 8 September 2013 [6] “Lundy SSSI citation sheet” (PDF). Natural England. Retrieved 5 September 2007. [7] “Lundy Marine Conservation Zone”. Natural England. Retrieved 28 May 2014. [8] “Lundy Marine Conservation Zone”. Lundy Marine Conservation Zone. Retrieved 18 December 2011. [9] “Puffin Island”. BBC Radio 4 - The Living World. Retrieved 5 September 2007. [10] “Meaning of lundey”. Pete Robson’s Lundy Island Site. Retrieved 28 May 2014. [11] See the discussion and bibliography in Elisabeth Okasha, Corpus of early Christian inscribed stones of South-west Britain (Leicester: University Press, 1993), pp. 154-166 [12] Lundy Field Society 40th Annual Report for 1989. Pp. 34 - 47. [13] Charles Thomas, And Shall These Mute Stones Speak? (1994) Cardiff: University of Wales Press [14] Elisabeth Okasha, (1993) Corpus of Early Christian Inscribed Stones of South-west Britain. Leicester: University Press [15] “Celtic Inscribed Stones Project history”. Retrieved 6 January 2008. [16] “Lundy Island Pirates — William de Marisco”. FairyJo. Retrieved 6 September 2007. [17] “Lundy history”. Pete Robsons Lundy site. Retrieved 28 May 2014. [18] Maitland, F.W. (April 1895). “The Murder of Henry Clement”. The English Historical Review 10 (38): 294– 297. doi:10.1093/ehr/X.XXXVIII.294. JSTOR 547790. [19] “Marisco Castle, Keep and Bailey”. Images of England. Retrieved 5 September 2007. [20] Harrison, Stuart A. (2000). Cleeve Abbey. English Heritage. p. 26. ISBN 1-85074-760-1. [21] Admiralty (1891). Sailing Directions for the West Coast of England from the Scilly Islands to the Mull of Galloway, including the Isle of Man. London: Hydrographic Department. p. 54. [22] “Tides and Currents”. Lundy Marine Protection Zone. Retrieved 17 December 2013.
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[23] “Severn Estuary Barrage”. UK Environment Agency. 31 May 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 3 September 2007. [24] “Coast: Bristol Channel”. BBC. Retrieved 27 August 2007. [25] “Pirate Island”. Rodney Broome. Archived from the original on 2008-01-08. Retrieved 6 September 2007. [26] http://www.amazon.co.uk/ White-Gold-Forgotten-Africas-European/dp/ 0340895098 | WWhite Gold: The Forgotten Story of North Africa’s One Million European Slaves” by Giles Milton [27] de Bruxelles, Simon (28 February 2007). “Pirates who got away with it”. Study of sails on pirate ships (London). Retrieved 25 November 2007. [28] Konstam, Angus (2008). Piracy: the complete history. Osprey Publishing. p. 91. ISBN 978-1-84603-240-0. Retrieved 15 April 2011. [29] Davies, Norman (1996). Europe: A History. Oxford University Press. p. 561. ISBN 978-0-19-820171-7. Retrieved 25 November 2007. [30] Chanter, John Roberts (1877). Lundy island: a monograph, descriptive and historical. Cassell, Petter, and Galpin. pp. 78–89. Retrieved 21 August 2011. [31] Boundy, Wyndham Sydney (1961). Bushell and Harman of Lundy. Bideford: Gazette Printing Service. [32] “Lundy Community Page”. Devon County Libraries. Retrieved 6 September 2007. [33] “Lundy, the Mariscos and Benson.”. Retrieved 6 September 2007. [34] “Limerick City Archives, P22, De Vere Papers”. Retrieved 25 June 2010. [35] “Millcombe House”. Images of England. Retrieved 5 September 2007. [36] Page, John Lloyd Warden, The coasts of Devon and Lundy Island: their towns, villages, scenery, antiquities and legends. London: Horace Cox, 1895, p. 227. [37] Langham, A. F. (1994) The island of Lundy. Stroud: Sutton Publishing, p. 142. ISBN 978-0-7509-0661-6 [38] “Church of St Helena”. Images of England. Retrieved 5 September 2007. [39] “Lundy Island”. Flags of the World. Archived from the original on 24 January 2005. Retrieved 6 September 2007. [40] Bruce, Colin R. (1988). Unusual World Coins. 2nd. Edition. KP Books. ISBN 0-87341-116-1. [41] “Island owner dies after air lift” (source unknown). 24 June 1968 [42] de Bruxelles, Simon (21 September 2007). “Island closes down after stomach bug”. Times Online (London). Retrieved 29 September 2007.
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[43] Burt, R. A. (1988). British Battleships 1889-1904. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. pp. 205–206. ISBN 0-87021-061-0.
CHAPTER 2. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF MICRONATIONS
[44] Gade, Mary; Harman, Michael (1995). Lundy’s War. Appledore: Mary Gade. ISBN 978-0-9525602-0-3.
[64] Hopewell, L; R. Rossiter; E. Blower; L. Leaver; K. Goto (September 2005). “Grazing and vigilance by Soay sheep on Lundy island: Influence of group size, terrain and the distribution of vegetation”. Behavioural Processes 70 (2): 186–193. doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2005.04.009. PMID 15963661. Retrieved 5 September 2007.
[45] “Heinkel He-111 3911 - Lundy”. AIRCRAFT WRECKS in the UK & Ireland. Retrieved 3 September 2010.
[65] “Lundy Island Marine Nature Reserve”. Lundy Field Society. Retrieved 28 May 2014.
[46] “Geography Place and People: On the Map”. Channel 4. Retrieved 26 February 2015.
[66] “Protection for Lundy Island’s sea life boosted: The First No Take Zone in UK confirmed by Government”. Press Release. Natural England. Retrieved 16 July 2008.
[47] “LUNDY ISLAND” in A Handbook for Travellers in Devonshire (9th ed.), London, J. Murray, (1879). [48] “Diving”. Lundy Field Society. Retrieved 28 May 2014. [49] E. A. Edmonds, M. C. McKeown & M. Williams (1975). British Regional Geology, South-West England (4th ed.). British Geological Survey. ISBN 0-11-880713-7. [50] “Lundy island, virtual tour — geology”. Natural England. Retrieved 5 September 2007. [51] Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland, Meeting held January 27, 1938 [52] Hall, T. C. F. (1915). Summer Programme of the Geological Survey 53 (56). Missing or empty |title= (help)
[67] “Natural England says it’s time to sink or swim to save our seas”. Press Release. Natural England. Retrieved 28 May 2014. [68] “Fishing ban brings seas to life”. BBC News (BBC). 16 July 2008. Retrieved 16 July 2008. [69] “Lundy sea is England’s first Maritime Conservation Zone”. BBC. 12 January 2010. Retrieved 12 January 2010. [70] “Lundy Island becomes England’s first marine conservation zone”. London: The Guardian. 12 January 2010. Retrieved 12 January 2010. [71] “MS Oldenburg at captainsvoyage”. Retrieved 8 June 2009.
[53] “The Lundy Cabbage”. Lundy Field Society. Retrieved 28 May 2014.
[72] UK VFR flight guide, 2003 edition, ISBN 1-874783-62-4
[54] “Lundy island, virtual tour — wildlife”. Natural England. Archived from the original on 20 November 2008. Retrieved 5 September 2007.
[73] Morris, Steven (5 September 2007). "£250,000 plea to save remote island’s lifeline”. The Guardian (London). Retrieved 5 September 2007.
[55] Compton, S. G.; Key, R. S. (2000). "Coincya wrightii (O.E. Schulz) Stace (Rhynchosinapis wrightii (O.E. Schulz) Dandy ex A.R. Clapham)". Journal of Ecology 88 (3): 535. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2745.2000.00477.x.
[74] “Lundy road appeal completed”. The Landmark Trust. Retrieved 17 March 2009. [75] “Disused lighthouse and keeper’s house.”. Images of England. Retrieved 5 September 2007.
[56] “Lundy: A Wildlife Haven”. BBC. 15 August 2010. Retrieved 19 August 2014.
[76] “Fog Signal Battery”. Images of England. Retrieved 5 September 2007.
[57] Saunders, Nicola (2007 in press): Lundy Warden’s Report for 2007 Annual Report of the Lundy Field Society 58
[77] “The history of Devon’s lighthouses”. Local history. BBC Devon. Retrieved 9 September 2010.
[58] Saunders, Nicola (personal communication)
[78] “Lundy North Lighthouse incl Engine House and Accom block”. Images of England. Retrieved 5 September 2007.
[59] Davis, Tim & Tim Jones (2007), The Birds of Lundy ISBN 0-9540088-7-1 [60] “British Isles Exotic and Introduced Mammals”. World of European Exotic and Introduced Species. Retrieved 15 September 2012. [61] “Black Rat”. People’s trust for endangered species. Retrieved 28 May 2014. [62] “Black Rat”. Twycross Zoo. Retrieved 15 September 2012. [63] “Rattus rattus”. Biological Records Centre. Retrieved 15 September 2012.
[79] “Lundy South Lighthouse incl. Engine House and Accom block”. Images of England. Retrieved 5 September 2007. [80] Rowlett, Russ. “Lundy Island (Old Light)". University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Retrieved 9 September 2010. [81] “Lundy North & South Lighthouses”. Trinity House. Retrieved 2 May 2010. [82] “North Devon District Council & Torridge District Council Core Strategy DPDs: Evidence Base” (PDF). Community Appraisals and Parish Plans in Torridge. North Devon Council. pp. 15–16. Retrieved 27 December 2009.
2.19. NATION OF CELESTIAL SPACE
[83] “The District of Torridge (Electoral Changes) Order 1999” (PDF). UK Statutory Instruments. Retrieved 5 September 2007. [84] “Lundy Puffin Postage Stamps”. Stamp Collecting Blog. Retrieved 20 September 2014. With images of “puffin” stamps.
75 establish a political hegemony there. As “Founder and First Representative”, he registered this acquisition with the Recorder of Deeds and Titles of Cook County on January 1, 1949. At its foundation Celestia claimed to have 19 members, among them Mangan’s daughter Ruth; a decade later a booklet published by the group claimed that membership had grown to 19,057.
[85] “Lundy Island Cinderella”. King George V Silver Jubilee. Retrieved 28 September 2007.
Mangan was active for many years in pursuing his claims on behalf of Celestia; in 1949 he notified the United [86] Chinchen, Barry N D (1969). “A catalogue of Lundy States, Soviet Union, United Kingdom and United Nastamps”. Eastleigh, Hants.: duplicated by Barry N. D. tions that Celestia had banned all further atmospheric Chinchen. OCLC 558737398, British Library shelfmark nuclear tests. Later, as the space race got underway in X.512/621 earnest he sent angry letters of protest to the leaders of [87] Philatelic Research at the British Library by David Beech the Soviet Union and United States on the occasions that their early space flights encroached upon his “territory” [88] “Bellairsia : Celebrating John Bellairs”. bellairsia.com. although he later waived these proscriptions to allow for satellite launches by the latter.
2.18.11
Further reading
• Sack, John (2000). Report from Practically Nowhere. ISBN 0-595-08918-6. • Davis, Tim & Jones, Tim (2007) The Birds of Lundy; illustrated by Mike Langman. Berrynarbor: Devon Bird Watching & Preservation Society and Lundy Field Society, ISBN 0-9540088-7-1
2.18.12
External links
• Official website • Lundy Field Society • Lundy Birds • Pete Robsons Lundy Island Site • LundyCam
While Mangan and Celestia were politely ignored by the superpowers, there is evidence that at least some others were prepared to entertain his claims with a greater degree of seriousness; the first unfurling of the Celestian flag - featuring a blue sharp symbol within a white disc against a blue field - was broadcast in June 1958 to a television audience of millions across the U.S., and the following day the flag was raised at the United Nations building in New York City, to fly alongside those of the member nations of that organisation. Despite these efforts, the Nation of Celestial Space is thought to have become defunct with the death of its founder. Its only surviving legacy is the series of stamps and silver and gold coins and passports issued in its name by Mangan from the late 1950s through to the mid-1960s. Some of the coins minted by Celestia included a silver “1 Joule” of 4.15 grams (.925 silver) and a gold “1 Celeston” of 2.20 grams (.900 gold). Their scarcity ensures that they sell for many hundreds of dollars apiece on the rare occasions they come to market.
• Lundy Marine Reserve at Protect Planet Ocean
James Thomas Mangan’s descendants include his son, James C. Mangan (deceased), his daughter Ruth Mangan • More pictures of Lundy Island Stump, “Princess of the Nation of Celestial Space”, and • A trip to Devon’s 'Puffin Island', Fast Track video three grandsons, Glen Stump, “Duke of Selenia”, Dean Stump, “Duke of Mars”, and Todd Stump, “Duke of the feature story about Lundy, 4:15 (2011-09-23) Milky Way”. • Lundy Isle (1956) courtesy of British Pathe at YouTube Coordinates: 51°10′N 4°40′W / 51.167°N 4.667°W
2.19.1 Declaration
2.19 Nation of Celestial Space The Nation of Celestial Space (also known as Celestia) was a micronation created by Evergreen Park, Illinois, resident James Thomas Mangan. Celestia comprised the entirety of "outer space", which Mangan laid claim to on behalf of humanity to ensure that no one country might
The Declaration by the Nation of Celestial Space was issued by Celestia on December 21, 1948. It proclaims to establish the nation to “secure for sympathetic people, wherever they may live, the beauties and benefits of a vast domain yet unclaimed by any state or nation.” The document goes on to explain the nature of Celestia’s claim.
76
CHAPTER 2. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF MICRONATIONS • “The Numismatist”, December 2001 • “Unusual World Coins”, 4th Edition (2005) p497 • “Unreal Estate: The Men who Sold the Moon” by Virgiliu Pop pp. 25–40 • Strauss, Erwin S. How to Start Your Own Country, 2nd ed. Port Townsend, WA: Breakout Productions, 1984. ISBN 1-893626-15-6
2.20 Nova Roma For the city of Nova Roma, the capital of the eastern Roman empire, see Constantinople. For other uses, see Nova Roma (disambiguation). Nova Roma is an international[1][2] Roman revivalist
The flag of Nova Roma, based on the colours and symbols of the Roman Empire.
The obverse of this 1959 solid gold 1 Celeston coin features the profile of Ruth Mangan as the allegorical figure “Magnanimity”.
2.19.2
and reconstructionist organization[3] created in 1998 (or MMDCCLI AUC, 2751 AUC by the Roman calendar) by Joseph Bloch and William Bradford, later incorporated in Maine as a non-profit organization with an educational and religious mission.[4] Nova Roma claims to promote “the restoration of classical Roman religion, culture, and virtues” and “shared Roman ideals”.[5][6]
See also
Reported to provide online resources about Roman culture, Latin language, ancient Roman costuming • List of micronations and reenactment guidelines,[6][7][8] Nova Roma aims to be more than a community of reenactors or history • Micronations portal study group. Strimska,[3] Davy,[9] Adler,[10] GallagherAshcraft,[11] and recently Chryssides[12] refer to it as a polytheistic reconstructionist community. Because it 2.19.3 References has a structure based on the ancient Roman Repub[13] with a senate, magistrates and laws enacted by • Science Illustrated article on James Mangam and lic, vote of the comitia,[14] and with its own coinage,[15][16] Celestia from the Modern Mechanix website and because the Nova Roma Wiki states that the group • “Report to the Universe: The First Seven Years, a self-identifies as a “sovereign nation”, some outside White Paper”, James T. Mangan, 1956 observers[5][16][17][18] classify it as a micronation. • “State of the Sky; Second Report to the Universe”, James T Mangan, 1958 2.20.1 • “Numismatic Scrapbook”, February 1960, p571 • “Stamps”, April 16, 1966, p129
Roman religion
Main article: Italo-Roman neopaganism
2.20. NOVA ROMA Nova Roma has adopted[10][19] the ancient Roman religion as its state cult, but also maintains the freedom of religion of its citizens. As a polytheistic reconstructionist practice, the religio Romana or cultus deorum Romanorum (Latin designations used by Nova Roma adherents when referring to their religion) reportedly attracts people especially of military background.[3][20][21] Both the domestic religious traditions and the so-called state religion (sacra publica) are represented in the practices of Nova Roma,[9] including the restoration[22] of the ancient priestly collegia, and the honoring of the full cycle of Roman holidays throughout the year.[23] According to the Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance, at the time of Christmas, Nova Romans celebrate the Roman holiday Saturnalia.[24][25][26][27] In 2006 Margot Adler noted the organization’s plan to restore a Magna Mater shrine in Rome.[28]
2.20.2
Live events
77 Dr. T. P. Wiseman, university professor of Roman history and former vice-president of the British Academy.
2.20.4 Historical contexts Main article: New Rome Revival of things Roman and their co-option for symbolic importance have a long history. Nova Roma (in Latin, literally “New Rome”) in its deliberate revival of grandiose remnants of the past thus parallels and echoes other New Romes such as: • the Byzantine or Eastern Roman Empire as a surviving embodiment of Roman ideals based on Constantinople (sometimes chartacterised as “New Rome” or the “Second Rome”) after the decline of the Roman imperium in the West.[38] • the doctrine of the Third Rome as justification for imperial Muscovite and Russian ambitions from the 15th century onwards[39] • Mussolini’s attempted construction of a Mediterranean-based New Roman Empire (compare Imperial Italy) in the early 20th century[40]
2.20.5 Notes [1] Palacios, Juan José: “Corporate citizenship and social responsibility in a globalized world”. Citizenship Studies 8(4):383-402. Routledge, 2004
Nova Romans performing a Roman religious ceremony in Aquincum (Budapest), 2008.
Nova Roman citizens participate in such events as the Festival of Ancient Heritage[29] in Svishtov, Bulgaria, the as of 2011 defunct Roman Market Day[30][31][32] in Wells Harbor Park, Maine and Forum Fulvii in Italy, Ludi Savarienses Historical Carnival or the Aquincum Floralia Spring Festival[33][34][35] in Hungary.
2.20.3
Cultural competitions and games
Among the cultural activities of Nova Roma, competitions and games associated with various Roman festivals have an important place. They can include a wide range of various programs from humorous online games up to serious art-competitions like the Certamen Petronianum,[36][37] a literary contest of historical novel writing, where the jury was composed of notables including world-famous novelist Dr. Colleen McCullough, author of many Roman-themed best-selling novels, and Prof.
[2] Danese, Roberto/Bacianini, Andrea/Torino, Alessio: Weni, widi, wici: tra 'volumen” e byte. p. 133. Guaraldi, 2003” [3] Strmiska, Michael: Modern Paganism in World Cultures: Comparative Perspectives, pp. 335-36. ABC-CLIO, 2005 [4] “Interactive Corporative Services Information on Nova Roma”. Maine Department of the Secretary of State, Bureau of Corporations, Elections, and Commissions. Retrieved 2007-11-27. [5] Dixon, Suzanne: Cornelia, Mother of the Gracchi, page 64. Routledge, 2007 [6] Trinkle, D. A./Merriman, S. A: The history highway: a 21st century guide to Internet resources, p. 464. M.E. Sharpe, 2006 [7] Burgan, Michael: Empire of Ancient Rome, p. 122. Infobase Publishing, 2004 [8] “Nova Roma: Organization Dedicated to Ancient Roman Culture”. Center for Applied Second Language Studies (CASLS), University of Oregon. Retrieved 2011-12-05. [9] Davy, Barbara Jane: Introduction to Pagan Studies, pp. 156, 163, 233. Rowman Altamira, 2007
78
[10] Adler, Margot: Drawing down the moon: witches, Druids, goddess-worshippers, and other pagans in America, p. 549. Penguin Books, 2006 [11] Eugene V. Gallagher, W. Michael Ashcraft: Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America: Metaphysical, New Age, and neopagan movements. p. 220. Greenwood Press, 2006 [12] George D. Chryssides, Historical Dictionary of New Religious Movements (2011, 2nd ed.) [13] Auffarth, Chr./Bernard, J./Mohr, H.: Metzler Lexikon Religion: Gegenwart - Alltag - Medien, pp. 211-12. Metzler, 2002 [14] Danese, Roberto/Bacianini, Andrea/Torino, Alessio: Weni, widi, wici: tra 'volumen” e byte. p. 134. Guaraldi, 2003”
CHAPTER 2. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF MICRONATIONS
[29] “The second Festival of Ancient Heritage in Svishtov”. Council of Tourism - Svishtov. Retrieved 2009-09-08. [30] “GLADIATORS TO BATTLE ON ROMAN MARKET DAY”. Portland Press Herald. Retrieved 2002-08-12. [31] “Great Caesar’s ghost ... ; A celebration of ancient Roman culture takes place this weekend in Hollis.”. Portland Press Herald. Retrieved 2003-09-11. [32] “Roman days, Roman nights ; Gladiators, armor and other displays are a few highlights of Wells’ annual Roman Market Days”. Portland Press Herald. Retrieved 2004-09-16. [33] “Budapesti Történeti Múzeum - Aquincumi Múzeum FLORALIA”. Kultúra az Interneten Alapítvány. Retrieved 2009-05-01.
[15] Sestertius signum
[34] “Programajánló: Floralia – Római tavaszünnep Aquincumban”. National Geographic (Hungary). Retrieved 2011-12-05.
[16] American Numismatic Association: The Numismatist, page 19. American Numismatic Association, 2003
[35] “AQUINCUMI JÁTÉKOK 2010” (PDF). Museum of Aquincum. Retrieved 2011-12-05.
[17] Caporaso, Giovanni: Cambiare Identitá.: É possibile, ecco le Prove, Offshore World Inc., 2006 [18] Vobruba, Georg: Grenzsoziologie: die politische Strukturierung des Raumes, p. 210. VS Verlag, 2006 [19] McColman, Carl: The Complete Idiot’s Guide to Paganism, pages 71 and 347. Alpha Books, 2002 [20] “Pagan Soldier Killed Due to Shoddy Equipment?". The Wild Hunt (Patheos, Inc.). Retrieved 2011-12-13. [21] “Mom searching for answers in soldier’s death”. The Indianapolis Star. Retrieved 2011-12-13. [22] Strmiska, Michael: Modern Paganism in World Cultures: Comparative Perspectives, p. 335. ABC-CLIO, 2005 [23] Joyce Higginbotham, River Higginbotham: ChristoPaganism: An Inclusive Path, p. 230. Llewellyn Worldwide, 2009 [24] “The Christmas wars / December dilemma”. Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance. Retrieved 2011-1213. [25] “Celebrations by various faiths near year end”. Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance. Retrieved 2011-1213. [26] “Conflicts at Christmas time: What is the original “reason for the season"". Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance. Retrieved 2011-12-13. [27] “Annual secular and religious celebrations near Christmas time”. Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance. Retrieved 2011-12-13. [28] Adler, Margot (2006) [1979]. Drawing down the moon: witches, Druids, goddess-worshippers, and other pagans in America. Penguin Books. p. 549. ISBN 978-014-303819-1. Retrieved 2011-12-18. [...] Nova Roma is currently raising money to restore a shrine of Magna Mater in Rome.
[36] “Certamen Petronianum”. Nova Roma, Inc. Retrieved 2011-11-17. [37] “Il CERTAMEN PETRONIANUM, un nuovo concorso per i latinisti”. SuperEva. Retrieved 2011-11-17. [38] For example: Mommsen, Theodor (1999). A History of Rome Under the Emperors. Routledge Key Guides. Barbara Demandt, Alexander Demandt, Thomas E. J. Wiedemann. Routledge. p. 381. ISBN 978-0-415-206471. Retrieved 2011-12-16. The result of Constantinople’s founding was the end of a national basis for the Empire [...] Milan and Ravenna had been unable to compete with Rome, though they were court residences, but Nova Roma could. [39] Note for example Kantorowicz, Ernst Hartwig (1957). The King’s two bodies: a study in mediaeval political theology (7 ed.). Princeton University Press. p. 83. ISBN 9780-691-01704-4. Retrieved 2011-12-16. Thus it happened that 'Rome' migrated from incarnation to incarnation, wandering first to Constantinople and later to Moscow, the third Rome, but also to Aachen where Charlemagne built a 'Lateran' and apparently planned to establish the Roma futura. [...] Constantinople and Aachen and others claimed to be each a nova Roma[...] [40] Neville, Peter (2004). Mussolini. Historical Biographies Series. Routledge. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-415-24989-8. Retrieved 2011-12-16. Mussolini made immense efforts to portray an image of Italian greatness, and the memory of Ancient Rome was constantly traded on in the régime’s propaganda. Thus the normal handshake [...] was replaced by the 'Roman Salute' and the Mediterranean became 'our sea'. [...] Some streams in Fascism demanded spiritual revival based on the concept of a 'New Rome'.
2.20.6 See also • Italo-Roman neopaganism
2.21. OTHER WORLD KINGDOM
2.20.7
79
References
The land and buildings were offered for sale in 2008 with an asking price of eight million euros.[5] The sale particu• American Religious Identification Survey,” by The lars suggested the property was suitable for use as a hotel, Graduate Center of the City University of New York restaurant, residence, or old people’s home.[6] (pdf) • McColman, Carl. 2002. The Complete Idiot’s 2.21.2 Government Guide (R) to Paganism, Alpha Books. ISBN 0-02864266-X The OWK is a matriarchy, where women rule. The state also has strong BDSM and Female dominance themes. • Dennis A. Trinkle, Scott A. Merriman. M.E. The state’s goal “is to get as many male creatures under Sharpe, 2002. US history highway, Volume 1. the unlimited rule of Superior Women on as much terISBN 0-7656-0907-X ritory as possible.”[1] The OWK has always billed itself • Danese, Roberto/Bacianini, Andrea/Torino, as a state; it is, however, a private for profit enterprise Alessio. 2003. Weni, widi, wici: tra 'volumen” e with no connection to, nor sanctioning by, any recognized sovereign state. byte, Guaraldi. ISBN 88-8049-209-8 The OWK is ruled by Queen Patricia I, an absolute • Strmiska, Michael. 2005. Modern Paganism in monarch whose coronation took place on May 30-31 World Cultures: Comparative Perspectives, ABC1997.[4][7] She is able to amend laws and other legal isCLIO. ISBN sues. Her other roles include “Sublime Supreme Admin• Davy, Barbara Jane. 2006. Introduction to Pagan istrator” (“supervision over all activities within the Area Studies, Rowman Altamira. ISBN 0-7591-0819-6 and the Office of the Supreme Administrator”), “Sublime Administrator of the Treasury” (Financial issues) and of • Dennis A. Trinkle, Scott A. Merriman. M.E. the Queen’s court and the Queen’s guard.[1][8] Sharpe, 2006. The history highway: a 21st-century Below the Queen is a series of different classes. The first guide to Internet resources. ISBN 0-7656-1631-9 is the “Sublime Ladies” or “Ladies citizens,” who form • Dixon, Suzanne. 2007. Cornelia, Mother of the the Kingdom’s nobility. To become a citizen, a woman must fulfill certain criteria. These are: Gracchi, Routledge. ISBN 0-415-33148-X
2.20.8
External links
• Official website
2.21 Other World Kingdom For the mandal in Andhra Pradesh, India, see Owk. The Other World Kingdom (frequently abbreviated OWK) was a large, commercial BDSM and femdom facility, resort, and micronation, which opened in 1996 using the buildings and grounds of a 16th-century chateau located in Černá, Žďár nad Sázavou District, Czech Republic.[3] Although not recognized by any other country, it maintained its own currency, passports, police force, courts, state flag and state hymn.[1]
2.21.1
History
• The woman must have reached the age of consent. • The ownership of at least one male slave. • Obeying the principles and laws of the OWK. • Sending an application for citizenship. • Spending at least five nights in the Area of Queen’s Palace.[1][9] The next class are the Queen’s subjects. These are men who follow OWK law, obey the Queen and pay her taxes, but have some rights such as “freedom to travel, own property and deal with such property, have children, change employment, enterprise and state his opinion.” The lowest class is the “Slave” class. This is a male class who have forfeited all rights, are property of the Queen or Sublime Ladies and are considered to be “on the level of a normal farm animal”.[1]
2.21.3 Facilities
OWK was officially founded on June 1, 1996[1] and was The site was 3 hectares (7.4 acres) in area, with sevopen to visitors by the spring of 1997, after two years of eral buildings, and a 250m oval track, small lake and construction costing £2 million.[3] grassed lawns. The main building was the Queen’s The Other World Kingdom provided a D/s environment Palace, which was the residence of the monarch, and of a size and consistency not available at any other facility contained a banqueting hall, library, throne room, torin the world.[4] ture chamber, schoolroom, gym, and extensive basement
80
CHAPTER 2. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF MICRONATIONS
prison, the cells of which could be hired. Additional visitor accommodation was provided in the Long House, including the Countess Elizabeth Báthory Chambers complete with two torture chambers. This building also contained a swimming pool, pub, restaurant, and the Wanda Nightclub. The outdoor facilities were supplemented by a sawdust-covered indoor riding hall and stables.[4]
2.21.4
See also
• Femdom
2.22.1 Village The village is surrounded by the Dainava Forest. Perloja is situated on both banks of the Merkys River, with the larger settlement on the right bank. In the forest close to Perloja there is the small but very deep lake Paperlojis. A monument of Vytautas the Great was built in 1930 and was one of the few preserved during the times of the Soviet Lithuania.[3] In the centre of Perloja stands a church built in Neo-Gothic style (built in 1928–1930) and a monument to the Lithuanian partisans, who fought against the Russian occupation (built in 1995).[4]
• Exit to Eden - Anne Rice’s novel describing a fictional BDSM resort • Story of O - featuring the chateau of Roissy
2.22.2 History
• Micronation
2.21.5
References
[1] “Who We Are”. Other World Kingdom. Retrieved 200803-08. [2] Queen Patricia I (2001-09-25). “Founding Charter of the OWK”. Other World Kingdom. Retrieved 2008-03-08. [3] “Kingdom Come”. Skin Two 23. 1997. pp. 18–19. [4] “Back in the OWK”. Skin Two 43. 2003. pp. 76–78. [5] “Another World for sale for two million”. Hospodářské noviny. Retrieved 2008-11-15. [6] “Castle complex nearby Prague”. Glo-Con Castles. Retrieved 2008-11-15. [7] Hay, Mark (2015-03-25). “Welcome to the Other World”. Good Worldwide. Retrieved 2015-04-17. [8] “Queen’s Court”. 2008-03-08.
Other World Kingdom.
Retrieved
[9] “Sublime Lady Citizens of the OWK”. Other World Kingdom. Retrieved 2008-03-08. Coat of arms of Perloja on postage stamp of Lithuania, 1994
2.21.6
External links
• Official web site • Other World Kingdom on Wipipedia • Official web site of the Black city Černá
2.22 Perloja Perloja is a village in Varėna district, Lithuania. It is situated 19 km (12 mi) to the west from Varėna on the banks of Merkys River and on the Vilnius–Druskininkai road. The village is known for the so-called Republic of Perloja, an independent micronation that was established in the aftermath of World War I and existed until 1923.[1] According to the 2001 census, it had 774 inhabitants.[2]
While archaeological research dates human presence in the area to the Neolithic era,[5] Perloja village was first mentioned in writing in 1378.[4] Situated on the important Vilnius–Hrodna road, the village had a royal estate for accommodation of traveling Grand Dukes and other Lithuanian nobles.[5] After Christianization of Lithuania, the village was one of the first places to construct a Catholic church funded by Vytautas the Great.[6] In 1710, during the Great Northern War, the plague wiped out almost all inhabitants of Perloja. However the settlement recovered and was granted the Magdeburg rights and coat of arms in 1792. The arms depicted a bull with Latin cross on its head. Possibly the image was borrowed from Kaunas.[7] The arms and the rights were soon abolished as the village was absorbed into the Russian Empire following the partitions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. The historic coat of arms was restored in 1993.[7]
2.23. PRINCIPALITY OF HUTT RIVER Republic of Perloja 1918–1923 In the chaos after World War I, Lithuania scrambled to establish functioning state structures and defend itself in the Lithuanian Wars of Independence against German, Soviet and Polish soldiers. In November 1918, responding to such situation the locals established a selfgoverning parish committee, often called the Republic of Perloja (Perlojos respublika), chaired by Jonas Česnulevičius, veteran of the Imperial Russian Army.[4] The Republic of Perloja had its own court, police, prison, currency (Perloja litas), and an army of 300 men.[3] This army engaged in fights with various military units. The self-government was preserved even during the Lithuanian–Soviet War in 1919; the Parish Committee was simply renamed to a revolutionary committee. After the Polish–Lithuanian War for Vilnius Region, Perloja was in the neutral zone established by the League of Nations.[6] In 1923, the zone was divided along the Merkys River, leaving one bank to Lithuania and another to the Second Polish Republic.[6] The Republic of Perloja existed with interruptions until 1923.[3]
81 on 21 April 1970, although it remains unrecognised by Australia and other nations. The principality is located 517 km (354 mi) north of Perth, near the town of Northampton in the state of Western Australia. If considered independent, it is an enclave of Australia. It is a regional tourist attraction.[1] The principality was founded on 21 April 1970 by Leonard George Casley, who styles himself as “Prince Leonard”, when he and his associates proclaimed their secession from Western Australia. His wife Shirley, styled as “Princess Shirley”, died on 7 July 2013.[2][3]
2.23.1 History
The Principality of Hutt River was declared an independent province in 1970 by Leonard Casley, in response to a dispute with the government of Western Australia over what the Casley family considered draconian wheat production quotas. The Casley farm had around 4,000 hectares (9,900 acres) of wheat ready to harvest when the quotas were issued, which allowed Casley to sell only 1,647 bushels or approximately 40 hectares (99 acres). Initially, the five families who owned farms at Hutt River 2.22.3 References banded together to fight the quota, and Casley lodged a protest with the Governor of Western Australia, Sir Dou[1] Bojtár, Endre (1999). Foreword to the Past: A Cultural glas Kendrew. The Governor replied “no rectification of History of the Baltic People. CEU Press. p. 142. ISBN our Quota would be allowed”. Casley reasoned that as the 963-9116-42-4. Governor acts as the Queen’s representative, this made [2] Alytaus apskrities kaimo gyvenamosios vietovės ir jų gyven- Her Majesty liable, in tort, for applying an unlawful imtojai (PDF) (in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Department of position as the quota had not yet been passed into law. Statistics to the Government of the Republic of Lithua- Casley lodged a claim under the Law of Tort for A$52 nia. 2002. p. 59. ISBN 9986-589-83-5. million in the belief the claim would force a revision of [3] McLachlan, Gordon (2008). Bradt Lithuania (5th ed.). the quota. Casley also resorted to the law of unjust enrichBradt Travel Guides. pp. 123–124. ISBN 978-1-84162- ment and successfully seized government land surrounding his farm which he hoped would increase his quota. 228-6. Two weeks later, the government introduced a bill into [4] Semaška, Algimantas (2006). Kelionių vadovas po Li- Parliament to “resume” their lands under compulsory acetuvą: 1000 lankytinų vietovių norintiems geriau pažinti quisition. After approaches to the government to recongimtąjį kraštą (in Lithuanian) (4th ed.). Vilnius: Algimansider the acquisition bill failed, Casley and his associates tas. p. 420. ISBN 9986-509-90-4. resorted to International Law, which they felt allowed [5] Simas Sužiedėlis, ed. (1970–1978). “Perloja”. them to secede and declare their independence from the Encyclopedia Lituanica IV. Boston, Massachusetts: Commonwealth of Australia. Casley has said that he Juozas Kapočius. pp. 227–228. LCC 74-114275. nonetheless remains loyal to Queen Elizabeth II.[1][4][5] [6] Kviklys, Bronius (1964). Mūsų Lietuva (in Lithuanian) I. Boston: Lietuvių enciklopedijos leidykla. pp. 425–426. OCLC 3303503. [7] “Perlojos herbas” (in Lithuanian). Varėna district municipality. Retrieved 2010-04-20.
2.23 Principality of Hutt River The Principality of Hutt River, previously known as the Hutt River Province, is the oldest micronation in Australia. The principality claims to be an independent sovereign state and to have achieved legal status
The Government of Western Australia determined it could do nothing without the intervention of the Commonwealth. The Governor-General of Australia, Sir Paul Hasluck, later stated that it was unconstitutional for the Commonwealth to intervene in the secession.[4] In correspondence with the Governor-General’s office, Casley was inadvertently addressed as the “Administrator of the Hutt River Province” which was claimed (via Royal Prerogative as the Queen’s representative) to be a legally binding recognition.[4][6] After Prime Minister William McMahon threatened him with prosecution for “infringement of territory,” Casley styled himself “His Majesty Prince Leonard I of Hutt” to take advantage of the British Treason Act 1495 in which a self-proclaimed monarch
82 could not be guilty of any offence against the rightful ruler and that anyone who interfered with that monarch’s duties could be charged with treason.[1] The government’s recognition of Casley as “Administrator of Hutt River” had inadvertently made the Treason Act applicable and Casley continued to sell his wheat in open defiance of the quota.[7] Although the law in this matter has since changed, the Australian Constitution prevented its retrospectivity and the Australian government has not taken any action against Hutt River since the declaration.[8] Under Australian law, the federal government had two years to respond to Casley’s declaration; Casley says that the failure to respond gave the province de facto autonomy on 21 April 1972. The Western Australian state government can still dispute the secession.[9]
CHAPTER 2. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF MICRONATIONS pality. In 2013, Casley stated that the ATO sent a new tax demand in 2012 to which he responded with a legal document supporting status as a “foreign national and nonresident of Australia.”[7] Hutt River residents are still required to lodge income tax forms but are classed by the ATO as non-residents of Australia for income tax purposes; thus income earned within the province is exempt from Australian taxation.[10][7][11] The province displays ATO documents supporting that no tax is paid but the ATO cannot verify the province’s tax status as it cannot by law comment on the affairs of individuals. However, Casley admits to making annual “gifts” to the Shire of Northampton.[12] The province levies its own income tax of 0.5% on financial transactions by foreign companies registered in the province and personal accounts. While the principality maintains it does not pay taxes, the Australian government’s current official position is that it is nothing more than a private enterprise operating under a business name.[13] In the early 1980s, the Hutt River Province declared itself to be a kingdom, but soon after reverted to its original status of a principality. The principality proceeded to release a number of its own stamps and coins. In September 2006, Leonard Casley decided to change the name to “Principality of Hutt River” and dropped the word “Province”.[14]
2.23.2 Statistics The Principality of Hutt River is situated 517 km (354 mi) north of Perth, along the Hutt River. It is about 75 square kilometres (29 sq mi; 19,000 acres) in size. Exports include wildflowers, stamps and coins and agricultural produce which is also exported overseas. Tourism is also important to the economy with 40,000 tourists, predominantly from overseas countries, visiting the principality every year.[7][15][16] Map of the Principality of Hutt River
In 1976, Australia Post refused to handle Hutt River mail, forcing mail to be redirected via Canada. Following repeated demands by the Australian Taxation Office (ATO) for the payment of taxes, on 2 December 1977 the province officially declared war on Australia. Leonard Casley notified authorities of the cessation of hostilities several days later.[9] The declaration was simply legal maneuvering, Casley wrote to the GovernorGeneral: “Sovereignty is automatic to a country undefeated in a state of war...and if the state of war is not recognized by the other party, once the notice is given then these conventions apply to their relations.” Casley believes that he had effectively set a persuasive precedent for international recognition of Hutt River under the Geneva Convention.[7] In 1980, the mail service was restored after a Perth court ruled that Hutt River currency and postage stamps were valid and legal within the princi-
While the principality has only 23 actual residents, it claims a worldwide citizenry of 14,000.[17] The principality has no standing army, but a number of its citizens have been awarded military commissions. Honorary guardsmen attend Casley on formal occasions and, despite being completely landlocked, naval commissions have been conferred on supporters of the principality. Since 2 September 2004, Hutt River Province/Principality has accepted company registrations. At least one company experienced in the registration of entities in traditional offshore jurisdictions (British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands etc.) as tax havens has been authorised to act as a registered agent for PHR incorporations.[13] On 29 March 2005 the Hutt River Province International Business Company announced that it would accept registrations of company trusts which have since been promoted worldwide by registered financial agents.[18] Concerned that Hutt River registrations “may be sold as part of a tax avoidance
2.23. PRINCIPALITY OF HUTT RIVER
83
or evasion arrangement”, in April 2012 the Australian Taxation Office warned potential purchasers that the registrations have no legal basis and “could be illegal”.[19] A variety of licenses are also available. Hutt River also allows car registrations, including issuing license plates to overseas vehicles. The principality’s capital, Nain, is named after Nain in Galilee.
Ian Casley is involved heavily in wildflower production, with the product not only being exported to Perth but to many cities internationally. Shirley Casley played host to dignitaries and diplomatic representatives visiting the principality each year[12] as well as receiving television crews and magazine journalists. She was the patron and chair of the board of directors of the Red Cross of Hutt, [21] When the Principality of Hutt River seceded, a bill of a parallel organisation to the International Red Cross. rights, a brief document outlining the rights of “Hutt Leonard Casley pursued a number of occupations beRiver” citizens, was drafted. It also provided for an fore purchasing a large wheat farm near the towns of administration board to govern the principality until a Northampton and Geraldton in the 1960s. He worked for permanent form of government could be established. a shipping company based in Perth and, although he left When Casley declared himself “Prince”, the administra- school at 14, describes himself as a mathematician and tion board clause lost effect and the Hutt River Principal- physicist and claims to have written articles for NASA.[15] ity became a benevolent absolute monarchy, with a legis- He is an adherent of hermeticism, a subject on which he lation committee to draft new legislation. has privately published a number of research papers and [16] at the In 1997, the legislation committee presented a proposal books. He is the subject of a permanent exhibit [22] National Museum of Australia in Canberra. for a constitution to Casley and his cabinet. Although he and the cabinet are yet to officially adopt and promulgate the proposal, there is a decree stating that any constitution 2.23.4 Currency will be in effect while under consideration, except for any clauses that conflict with the bill of rights, so the proposal A set of low denomination banknotes was introduced has essentially become a provisional constitution.[13] in 1974. The first Hutt River coins were not issued until 1976. The currency of the Hutt River Province/Principality is the Hutt River Dollar, which is 2.23.3 Casley family divided into 100 cents. The Hutt River Dollar is tied at a one-to-one ratio with the Australian dollar.[23] All authorized Hutt River Principality coins are minted by Canada’s Lombardo Mint. First series: 1976–78 There were four denominations: 5c, 10c, 20c and 50c. These were issued from 1976 to 1978, but the 1978 issue was a proof only issue. There was also a silver $30 coin and a gold $100 coin, struck only in proof.[23] Silver Jubilee $1 coin
Obverse of a 50 cent coin depicting Casley
“His Royal Highness Prince Leonard I of Hutt” is the style which has been used by Leonard George Casley since his creation of the Hutt River Principality. Casley was married to Shirley Casley (née Butler) until her death on 7 July 2013.[20] Hutt River went into a period of mourning, closing some of its services.[2][3] She was styled as “Her Royal Highness Princess Shirley of Hutt, Dame of the Rose of Sharon". They have seven adult children, among them Ian Casley (“Crown Prince Ian”, born 1947) who is styled as the prime minister of the principality and has been designated as his father’s eventual successor as "heir presumptive". Leonard Casley states that the use of titles is purely practical as they are required for legal purposes.
In 1977, $1 coins were struck to commemorate the Silver Jubilee of Elizabeth II. These coins are known as "holey dollars", a nickname which is applied to the extremely rare New South Wales 5/– coin and the Prince Edward Island 5/– coin, which were cut and counterstamped from Spanish-American Pieces of Eight (8 Reales). Coins of the same design were struck again in 1978, without the inscription “Queens’s Jubilee”.[23] Later series Most of the coins of later series have specific commemorative topics and are usually made of precious metal. The issuance of coins went on until 1995, and resumed in 2000 with the issue of 25 $100 gold coins to commemorate the 30th anniversary of secession. The minting
84
CHAPTER 2. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF MICRONATIONS
1991 20 dollar coin was part of a series commemorating Operation Desert Storm
1986 100 dollar Hutt River Province coin commemorating the centennial of the Statue of Liberty (front and back) manufactured by Johnson Matthey Refining, Rochester, New York
sold on the US market. Although the total number of coins minted is unknown, it is known that 10,000 $20 coins were minted in 1991 to mark the 50th anniversary of the attack on Pearl Harbor. Up to 200 different commemorative coins in three denominations each ($5, $10 and $20) are believed to have been minted to commemorate Desert Storm, World War II, The Fathers of Baseball, etc. Leonard Casley authorised all of these coins and received samples as well as royalties. All of these Hutt River Province coins are contained in the standard catalogue of Unusual World Coins by Colin Bruce II, edited by Tom Michael and George Cuhaj. A $100 denomination proof commemorative coin issue that contained 1 troy ounce of pure palladium sold for $299 in 1989, the 2012 value of the palladium content was $630.[24][25]
of coins recommenced in 2007 with 1,000 $30 coins in .999 fine gold plated brass to celebrate the 60th wedding anniversary of Leonard and Shirley Casley, a $5 nickelplated zinc alloy “Lest We Forget” coin and a set depicting the Armorial Bearings of Casley and his four sons, a $10 coin for Casley and $5 coins for his sons all minted in nickel plated, zinc alloy. The “Lest We Forget” coin was reissued in 2009. In 2010, the Principality issued a $30 gold and silver plated brass coin to mark the 40th 2.23.5 Status anniversary of independence. Following the death of his wife in 2013, Casley authorised a special commemorative The Principality of Hutt River argues that it is an independent entity within the Australian legal system and that coin to celebrate her life.[23] the Commonwealth has no right to dispute the claimed de facto legality that it was given in error by the GovernorGeneral’s office,[4] and its own failure to respond to the Hutt River Province Commemorative Coins claim.[9] To overturn this de facto recognition, Casley In the 1970s, Kevin Gale was hired to manage the mar- says that the West Australian Governor’s office would keting of HRP’s coins and stamps. In 1995 Gale died have to submit the secession to arbitration, something and it was found that in addition to promoting Hutt River which the Hutt River Province claims is not done due to coins and stamps, he had registered “Hutt River Province” legal uncertainty over the result, related to the fact that as the name of a Queensland company of which he was he claims Western Australia in its entirety was never ofsole owner and from which no profits were forwarded to ficially proclaimed as British Territory. Passports issued are not recognised by the the HRP. From 1984 to 1989, Johnson Matthey Refining, by the “Hutt River Province” [26] Casley claims they have been Australian Government. Rochester, New York, a manufacturer of precious metal accepted on a case-by-case basis for overseas travel.[15] products, manufactured limited numbers of commemorative coins for Mel Wacks, who had been appointed exclusive American distributor by Leonard Casley. In 1989, production was transferred to the New Queensland Mint Division of Continental Coin Company (in California). From 1989 to 1995, the mint produced various themed commemorative Hutt River Province coins which were
All social security benefits were withdrawn from Hutt River’s residents at the time of secession by the Australian Government. Residents do not receive pensions, medical benefits, educational allowances, child endowments or benefits normally paid to war veterans. Despite voting being compulsory by law in Australia, Leonard Casley has
2.23. PRINCIPALITY OF HUTT RIVER
85
successfully removed the names of Hutt River residents ing currently on my agenda as Minister ...that relates to from the Australian electoral roll.[7] that.”[16] The National Museum of Australia contains an exhibition on the theme of 'Separation' within Australia which includes a Hutt River Province display which states that Casley had “successfully seceded from Australia”.[27] According to Judy Lattas, a sociologist at Macquarie University; “many officials in Western Australia, some quite high up, and even nationally in Australia are happy to play out the myth of Hutt River’s sovereignty [by] attending [Hutt River] functions, returning correspondence [and] abandoning the claim for tax.”[12]
Treatment by European government departments In 2008, the Council of the European Union issued a memorandum identifying Hutt River passports among known “fantasy passports ... issued by private organisations and individuals” to which a visa should not be affixed. The memorandum makes no separate recommendation for handling of a diplomatic passport issued by the Principality of Hutt River.[38]
In 2005, the Heritage Council of Western Australia listed the Hutt River Province as having “high historic and so- Treatment by Asian countries cial significance as the site of Australia’s only independent principality.”[28] Hong Kong, while not recognising Hutt River as a counThe Australian Government on its official website has try, recognises it as a place in which a company can be stated that it does not recognise the secession of Hutt incorporated, though no companies were incorporated in Hutt River on the Hong Kong registry. The Hong River Province.[29] Kong Registry, however, were looking at reviewing their The Australian Ambassador to the United Arab Emirates, list of accredited places for company incorporation after Jeremy Bruer, upon hearing that an office purporting the issue was raised in an adverse manner by Australian to represent the “Hutt River Province” was operating in media.[39][40] Dubai, allegedly selling travel documents, stated that the Australian Government did not recognise the “Hutt River Province”, legally or in any other way.[26] An Iranian with 2.23.6 See also French nationality, identified only as “K”, who claimed to be an ambassador representing Hutt River Province, • Proposals for new Australian states his French companion and a Pakistani man, were sub• Secessionism in Western Australia sequently charged over the issuing of travel documents and with selling land in the Hutt River Province to UAE residents under false pretences.[30] Casley stated that the 2.23.7 References man had no diplomatic standing in the principality and had only made a single visit to the province.[31] [1] “A man’s Hutt is his castle”, The Age, 24 April 2010. The principality registers universities in its territory, which is illegal within Australia. However, the government authorities have not acted against PHR[32] and several online universities operate and are registered in the principality. While some of these online universities have been exposed as "accreditation mills",[33] St. Linus University, a government accredited online university based in the Philippines, is also registered in the PHR.[34] Similarly, the PHR does not pay taxes to the ATO.[35] The ATO has also stated that Leonard Casley is “a nonresident of Australia for income tax purposes”.[36] The Principality of Hutt River is one of only a small number of micronations to be recognized by Google Maps.[37] On the whole, Australian Government departments do not interfere with the Principality of Hutt River. While the Australian Taxation Office has issued a warning on its website for overseas investors not to purchase companies from the PHR, it has not otherwise acted against the principality. In 2010, Brendon Grylls, the Western Australian Minister for Regional Development and Lands, was asked if his state had a position on the province. He replied “Only that Prince Leonard is an enigma ... There is noth-
[2] Yolanda Zaw (2013-07-10). “Tributes for Hutt River matriarch”. The West Australian (Au.news.yahoo.com). Retrieved 2014-04-30. [3] “Hutt River principality princess dies peacefully”. ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation). 2013-0709. Retrieved 2014-04-30. [4] “Secession Success”. The Advertiser. 8 June 2008. [5] Hutt River Province ninemsn Getaway 14 October 2004 [6] It is a Royal Prerogative to recognise a new foreign Government. Under the Principle of Law, when it is under consideration to give such recognition it is specified that the validity of the claim is not relevant; it is the right of the Government to speak for the people it represents that is to be considered. Laws on Royal Prerogative state that no court may inquire into the whys and wherefores of any Royal Prerogative exercised. Precedent cases have ruled that if any recognition is given by a person authorised to do the business of the day who should otherwise have obtained some other authority for the recognition, having failed to do so does not invalidate the recognition so given. The Limitations Act also states that once any recognition is given to a person entitled, then the Statute runs from that fact.
86
[7] Heaton, Andrew (14 May 2013). “Prince of the Outback”. Reason magazine. Retrieved 10 February 2014.
CHAPTER 2. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF MICRONATIONS
[27] Eternity: Separation National Museum of Australia
[8] Flying the flag for the Waterfront Northern Territory News 18 March 2012
[28] Shire of Northampton. “Hutt River Province”. Municipal Heritage Inventory. Heritage Council of Western Australia. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
[9] Ryan, John (2006). Micronations. Lonely Planet. ISBN 1-74104-730-7.
[29] “What is the Hutt River Province?". australia.gov.au. 1999-02-22. Retrieved 2014-04-30.
[10] Micronation Master: Prince Leonard of Hutt River Bloomberg Businessweek 17 May 2012
[30] Za'za', Bassam (26 March 2008). “Hutt River 'ambassador' accused of conning people”. Gulf News. Retrieved 23 January 2014.
[11] The Royal Showman ABC News 5 May 2010 [12] Rewards for Rebellion: Tiny Nation and Crown for Life The New York Times 1 February 2011 [13] “Offshore Financial And Legal Consultant”. The Offshore Yellow Pages. A directory of Tax Havens. Retrieved 9 June 2008. [14] Micronation renaming Archived 7 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine [15] Brendan Hutchens (16 April 2003). “Prince Leonard”. George Negus Tonight: people. Australian Broadcasting Commission. Retrieved 28 July 2007. took the title 'Prince', his wife became Princess Shirley, and together they turned their principality into a tourist destination. [16] “The Mouse that Roared”, ABC News, 18 April 2010 [17] “The unknown country within Australia”, Off the Path, 17 June 2011. [18] Development of Asset Protection Structures “Mondaq Business Briefing” Mondaq Ltd. 29 March 2005 HighBeam Research accessed 14 June 2012 [19] Aggressive Tax Planning: 'Hutt River Province' and international business companies Australian Taxation Office [20] “Hutt River’s 'princess’ Shirley Casley dies aged 85”. theaustralian.com.au. 10 July 2013. Retrieved 10 July 2013. [21] HRH Princess Shirley Principality of Hutt River.com [22] “Exhibitions: Eternity – Separation”. NMA Homepage. National Museum of Australia. Retrieved 13 May 2007. In a further application of bush law he changed the province to a principality and declared himself Prince Leonard and his wife Princess Shirley. He had successfully seceded from Australia. [23] Rogers, Kerry. “The Coins of HRH Prince Leonard I” (PDF). Australian Coin and Banknote Magazine. Retrieved 10 February 2014. [24] Ed Rochette One-man nation strikes again Chicago SunTimes 19 November 1989 HighBeam Research accessed 14 June 2012
[31] AAP/AFP (27 March 2008). “Defendant claims to be Hutt ambassador”. The Age. Retrieved 23 January 2014. [32] “Would you want a degree from this man?" by Andrea Mayes, 25 May 2008, Sunday Times, p. 19. [33] New Trends in Credential Abuse (fake universities) Accredibase 2011 Report, p. 32 [34] St. Linus University University website. [35] “Now Leonard wants a uni.”, by Karen Valenti, 17 February 2003, Gold Coast Bulletin, p. 15 [36] Matt Siegel (2012-05-17). “Micronation Master: Prince Leonard of Hutt River”. Bloomberg Businessweek. Retrieved 2014-04-30. [37] http://www.cnn.com/2014/08/27/travel/micronations/ index.html?hpt=hp_c3 [38] Information concerning known fantasy and camouflage passports Archived 21 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine [39] Mercer, Daniel “Hong Kong gives nod to Hutt River”, The West Australian, 28 January 2012, p. 23. [40] Wood, Leonie (26 January 2012). “Some like it hutt but others beg to differ”. The Age.
2.23.8 Sources • “Mini-states Down Under are sure they can secede” by Nick Squires, The Daily Telegraph, 24 February 2005 • “If at first you don't secede…" by Mark Dapin, The Sydney Morning Herald, 12 February 2005, pp. 47– 50 • “Unusual World Coins”, by Colin R. Bruce, Krause Publications, 2005, ISBN 0-87349-793-7, p. 240
2.23.9 External links • Principality of Hutt River official website
[25] Palladium prices Live Palladium prices in AUD per ounce.
• Australian Taxation Office webpage about Hutt River Province
[26] “Australian Government Does Not Recognise The Hutt River Province”. Australian Embassy, United Arab Emirates. Retrieved 22 May 2009.
• “Eternity” exhibition, National Museum of Australia
2.24. PRINCIPALITY OF SEALAND
87
• “Prince Leonard”, ABC TV transcript, 2003
low towers joined by a deck upon which other structures could be added. The fort was towed to a position above • Cabinet Magazine article on Hutt River Principality the Rough Sands sandbar, where its base was deliberately flooded to sink it on its final resting place. This is approximately 7 nautical miles (13 km) from the coast of Suffolk, outside the then 3 nmi (6 km) claim of the United 2.24 Principality of Sealand Kingdom and therefore in international waters.[12] The facility was occupied by 150–300 Royal Navy personnel For more information about the structure claimed by throughout World War II; the last full-time personnel left Sealand see HM Fort Roughs in 1956.[12] The Principality of Sealand is an unrecognised micronation that claims Roughs Tower, an offshore plat- Occupation and establishment form located in the North Sea approximately 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) off the coast of Suffolk, England, as its territory. Roughs Tower is a disused Maunsell Sea Fort, originally called HM Fort Roughs, built as an anti-aircraft defensive gun platform by the British during World War II.[3][4] Since 1967, the decommissioned HM Fort Roughs has been occupied by family and associates of Paddy Roy Bates, who claim that it is an independent sovereign state.[3] Bates seized it from a group of pirate radio broadcasters in 1967 with the intention of setting up his own station at the site.[5] He attempted to establish Sealand as a nation-state in 1975 with the writing of a national constitution and establishment of other national symbols.[3] While it has been described as the world’s smallest country[6] or nation,[7] Sealand is not officially recognised by any established sovereign state in spite of Sealand’s government’s claim that it has been de facto recognised by the United Kingdom[3] and Germany.[8] The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea in force since 1994 states “Artificial islands, installations and structures do not possess the status of islands. They have no territorial sea of their own, and their presence does not affect the delimitation of the territorial sea, the exclusive economic zone or the continental shelf.”[9] Sealand was not grandfathered, and sits in British waters.
Passport stamp from Sealand
Roughs Tower was occupied in February and August 1965 by Jack Moore and his daughter Jane, squatting on behalf of the pirate station Wonderful Radio London.
On 2 September 1967, the fort was occupied by Major Paddy Roy Bates, a British subject and pirate radio broadcaster, who ejected a competing group of pirate broadcasters.[5] Bates intended to broadcast his pirate radio station – called Radio Essex – from the platform.[13] Despite having the necessary equipment, he never beBates moved to the mainland when he became elderly, gan broadcasting.[14] Bates declared the independence naming his son Michael regent. Bates died in October of Roughs Tower and deemed it the Principality of 2012 at the age of 91.[10] Michael lives in England.[11] Sealand.[5]
2.24.1
History
HM Fort Roughs Main article: HM Fort Roughs
In 1968, British workmen entered what Bates claimed to be his territorial waters in order to service a navigational buoy near the platform. Michael Bates (son of Paddy Roy Bates) tried to scare the workmen off by firing warning shots from the former fort. As Bates was a British subject at the time, he was summoned to court in England on firearms charges following the incident.[15] But as the court ruled that the platform (which Bates was now calling “Sealand”) was outside British territorial limits, being beyond the then 3-nautical-mile (6 km) limit of the country’s waters, the case could not proceed.[16]
In 1943, during the Second World War, HM Fort Roughs (sometimes called Roughs Tower) was constructed by the United Kingdom as one of the Maunsell Forts,[12] primarily to defend the vital shipping lanes in nearby estuaries against German mine-laying aircraft. It consisted of a In 1975, Bates introduced a constitution for Sealand, folfloating pontoon base with a superstructure of two hol- lowed by a national flag, a national anthem, a currency
88 and passports.[17] Attack in 1978 and the Sealand Rebel Government In August 1978, Alexander Achenbach, who describes himself as the Prime Minister of Sealand, hired several German and Dutch mercenaries to spearhead an attack on Sealand while Bates and his wife were in England.[8] They stormed the platform with speedboats, jet skis and helicopters, and took Bates’ son Michael hostage. Michael was able to retake Sealand and capture Achenbach and the mercenaries using weapons stashed on the platform. Achenbach, a German lawyer who held a Sealand passport, was charged with treason against Sealand[8] and was held unless he paid DM 75,000 (more than US$35,000 or £23,000).[18] The governments of the Netherlands, Austria and Germany petitioned the British government for his release, but the United Kingdom disavowed his imprisonment, citing the 1968 court decision.[3] Germany then sent a diplomat from its London embassy to Sealand to negotiate for Achenbach’s release. Roy Bates relented after several weeks of negotiations and subsequently claimed that the diplomat’s visit constituted de facto recognition of Sealand by Germany.[8] Following the former’s repatriation, Achenbach and Gernot Pütz established a government in exile, sometimes known as the Sealand Rebel Government or Sealandic Rebel Government, in Germany.[8] Achenbach’s appointed successor, Johannes Seiger, continues to claim via his website that he is Sealand’s legitimate ruling authority.[19]
CHAPTER 2. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF MICRONATIONS an electrical fault. A Royal Air Force rescue helicopter transferred one person to Ipswich hospital, directly from the tower. The Harwich lifeboat stood by the Roughs Tower until a local fire tug extinguished the fire.[20] All damage was repaired by November 2006.[21] • In January 2007, The Pirate Bay attempted to purchase Sealand after harsher copyright measures in Sweden forced them to look for a base of operations elsewhere.[22] • 2007–2010: Sealand was offered for sale through the Spanish estate company InmoNaranja.[23][24] The asking price is €750 million (£600 million, US$906 million).[23][25][26] • 2009: A German man who styles himself as King Marduk I declared that he had claimed Sealand as part of his own nation, the Kingdom of Marduk.[27] • 9 October 2012: Roy Bates, self-declared Prince of Sealand, died after suffering Alzheimer’s disease for several years. He was succeeded by his son Michael.[10][28][29][30][31][32]
2.24.2 Legal status The claim that Sealand is an independent sovereign state is based on an interpretation of a 1968 decision of an English court, in which it was held that Roughs Tower was in international waters and thus outside the jurisdiction of the domestic courts.[33] Woodbridge
After 1990 Ipswich
Felixstowe Harwich
Sealand
it 12
0 km
lim
United Kingdom
12 nm
Sealand several months after the fire
3n
m
(a
fte
lim it
(b
r1
ef
Clacton-On-Sea
98 7
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)
19
87
)
3nm
nm
10
20
30
20 • 1997: Because of the massive number of passports that had been issued by Sealand in circulation (estimated at 150,000),[3] the Bates family revoked all Map of Sealand and the United Kingdom, with territorial water Sealand passports, including those that they them- claims of 3 and 12 nmi (6 and 22 km) shown. selves had issued over the previous 22 years.[8] In international law, the most common schools of thought • 2006: On the afternoon of 23 June 2006, the top for the creation of statehood are the constitutive and platform of the Roughs Tower caught fire due to declaratory theories of state creation. The constitutive 0 miles
5
10
15
2.24. PRINCIPALITY OF SEALAND theory is the standard nineteenth-century model of statehood, and the declaratory theory was developed in the twentieth century to address shortcomings of the constitutive theory. In the constitutive theory, a state exists exclusively via recognition by other states. The theory splits on whether this recognition requires 'diplomatic recognition' or merely 'recognition of existence'. No other state grants Sealand official recognition, but it has been argued by Bates that negotiations carried out by Germany following a brief hostage incident constituted 'recognition of existence' (and, since the German government reportedly sent an ambassador to the tower, diplomatic recognition). In the declaratory theory of statehood, an entity becomes a state as soon as it meets the minimal criteria for statehood. Therefore, recognition by other states is purely 'declaratory'.[34]
89 and statutes take the form of decrees enacted by the sovereign.[39] Sealand has issued “fantasy passports” (as termed by the Council of the European Union), which are not valid for international travel,[40] and holds the Guinness World Record for 'the smallest area to lay claim to nation status’.[41] Sealand’s motto is E Mare Libertas (From the Sea, Freedom). It appears on Sealandic items – such as stamps, passports and coins – and is the title of the Sealandic anthem. The anthem was composed by Londoner Basil Simonenko;[42] being an instrumental anthem, it does not have lyrics. In 2005, the anthem was recorded by the Slovak Radio Symphony Orchestra and released on their CD National Anthems of the World, Vol. 7: Qatar – Syria.
In 1987, the UK extended its territorial waters from 3 to 12 nautical miles (6 to 22 km). Sealand now sits inside British waters.[35] The United Kingdom is one of 165 parties to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (in force since 1994), which states in part V, article 60, that: 'Artificial islands, installations and structures do not possess the status of islands. They have no territorial sea of their own, and their presence does not affect the delimitation of the territorial sea, the exclusive economic zone or the continental shelf.'[9] In the opinion of law academic John Gibson, 'because Sealand was manmade there was little chance that it would be recognised as a nation.'[35]
2.24.3
Administration
Irrespective of its legal status, Sealand is managed by the Bates family as if it were a recognised sovereign entity and they are its hereditary royal rulers. Roy Bates styled himself as 'Prince Roy' and his widow 'Princess Joan'. Their son is known as 'His Royal Highness Prince Michael' and has been referred to as the 'Prince Regent' by the Bates family since 1999.[36] In this role, he apparently serves as Sealand’s acting 'Head of State' and also its 'Head of Government'.[37] At a micronations conference hosted by the University of Sunderland in 2004, Sealand was represented by Michael Bates’ son James. The facility is now occupied by one or more caretakers representing Michael Bates, who himself resides in Essex, England.[36]
Michael Bates
2.24.4 Business operations
Sealand has been involved in several commercial operations, including the issuing of coins and postage stamps and the establishment of an offshore Internet hosting facility, or 'data haven'. Sealand also has an official website and publishes an online newspaper, Sealand News.[43] In addition, a number of amateur athletes 'represent' Sealand in sporting events, including unconventional events like the egg throwing world championship, Sealand’s constitution was instituted in 1974. It consists which the Sealand team won in 2008.[44] of a preamble and seven articles. The preamble asserts Sealand’s independence, while the articles variously deal with Sealand’s status as a constitutional monarchy, the Coins and stamps empowerment of government bureaux, the role of an appointed, advisory senate, the functions of an appointed, Main article: Coins and postage stamps of Sealand advisory legal tribunal, a proscription against the bearing Several dozen different Sealand coins have been minted of arms except by members of a designated 'Sealand since 1972. In the early 1990s, Achenbach’s German Guard', the exclusive right of the sovereign to formulate group also produced a coin, featuring a likeness of 'Prime foreign policy and alter the constitution, and the heredi- Minister Seiger'.[45] Sealand’s coins and postage stamps tary patrilinear succession of the monarchy.[38] Sealand’s are denominated in 'Sealand dollars’, which it deems to legal system is claimed to follow British common law, be at parity with the U.S. dollar.[46] Sealand first issued
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CHAPTER 2. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF MICRONATIONS
2.24.5 Sports
Sealandic coins, from left to right: half dollar, silver one dollar and quarter dollar
Sealand is not recognized by any major international sporting body, and its population is insufficient to maintain a team composed entirely of Sealanders in any team sport. However, Sealand claims to have official national athletes, including non-Sealanders. These athletes take part in various sports, such as curling, mini-golf, football, fencing, ultimate frisbee, table football and athletics, although all its teams compete out of the country.[53] The Sealand National Football Association is an associate member of the Nouvelle Fédération-Board, a football sanctioning body for non-recognised states and states not members of FIFA. It administers the Sealand national football team. In 2004 the national team played its first international game against Åland Islands national football team, drawing 2–2.[54]
postage stamps in 1969, and issues through 1977. No further stamps were produced until 2010. Sealand is not a member of the Universal Postal Union, therefore its inward address is a PO Box in the United Kingdom.[47] Once it is mailed to Sealand’s tourist and government office, it will then be brought to Sealand. Sealand only has one street address, The Row.[48] A Sealand mailing address looks like this:[48] Bureau of Internal Affairs 5, The Row SEALAND 1001 (c/o Sealand Post Bag, IP11 9SZ, UK)
Sealand football team with the Bates family
Sealand claims that its first official athlete was Darren Blackburn of Oakville, Ontario, Canada, who was appointed in 2003. Blackburn has represented Sealand at Titles of nobility a number of local sporting events, including marathons and off-trail races.[55] In 2004, mountaineer Slader Oviatt Sealand also sells titles of individual nobility including carried the Sealandic flag to the top of Muztagh Ata.[56] Lord, Baron, Count and those titles’ distaff equivalents. Also in 2007, Michael Martelle represented the PrinciFollowing Roy Bates’ 2012 death, Sealand also began pality of Sealand in the World Cup of Kung Fu, held in [49][50] publicly offering knighthoods. Quebec City, Canada; bearing the designation of Athleta Principalitas Bellatorius (Principal Martial Arts Athlete and Champion), Martelle won two silver medals, becoming the first-ever Sealand athlete to appear on a world championship podium.[57] HavenCo In 2008, Sealand hosted a skateboarding event with Church and East Ltd sponsored by Red Bull.[58][59][60] Sealand’s fencing team is located in the United States, afIn 2000, worldwide publicity was created about Sealand filiated with the University of California, Irvine. following the establishment of a new entity called In 2009, Sealand announced the revival of the FootHavenCo, a data haven, which effectively took control of ball Association and their intention to compete in a fuRoughs Tower itself; however, Ryan Lackey, HavenCo’s ture Viva World Cup. Scottish author Neil Forsyth founder, later quit and claimed that Bates had lied to him was appointed as President of the Sealand Football by keeping the 1990–1991 court case from him and that, Association.[61] Sealand played the second game in their as a result, he had lost the money he had invested in the history against Chagos Islands on 5 May 2012, losing 3– venture.[51] In November 2008, operations of HavenCo 1. The team included actor Ralf Little and former Bolton ceased without explanation.[52] Wanderers defender Simon Charlton.[62] Main article: HavenCo
2.24. PRINCIPALITY OF SEALAND
91
In 2009 and 2010, Sealand sent teams to play in various [13] Luino, Mark (24 March 1966). “Radio: British Commercial Broadcasters Are at Sea; Illegal Programs Are ultimate frisbee club tournaments in the United Kingdom, Beamed From Ships”. New York Times. Ireland and the Netherlands. They placed 11th at UK [63] nationals in 2010. [14] Edwards, Chris; Parkes, James (19 October 2000). “Radio Essex” and “Britains Better Music Station”. Off From early summer of 2012 Sealand has been repreShore Echoes. Retrieved 11 May 2011 sented in the flat track variant of roller derby, by a team principally composed of skaters from the South Wales [15] “Welcome to Sealand. Now Bugger Off”. Wired News. area.[64] July 2000. Retrieved 11 November 2007. Sealand played a friendly match in aid of charity against [16] Regina v. Paddy Roy Bates and Michael Roy Bates, The an “All Stars” team from Fulham F.C. on 18 May 2013, Shire Hall, Chelmsford, 25 October 1968. “Regina v. losing 5–7 .[65][66] Paddy Roy Bates and Michael Roy Bates”. The Shire Hall,
On 22 May 2013, the mountaineer Kenton Cool placed a Sealand flag at the summit of Mount Everest.[67]
2.24.6
See also
• Private island • Ocean colonisation
2.24.7
References
[1] “Information on the Principality of Sealand including Bates Family, GDP, Constitution” (PDF). Artists’ Association MUU. Amorph Summit of Micronations. Retrieved 13 November 2007. [2] “Information on the Principality of Sealand including Bates Family, GDP, Constitution” (PDF). Artists’ Association MUU. Amorph Summit of Micronations. Retrieved 22 June 2010. [3] History Of Sealand The Principality of Sealand [4] Frank Jacobs (20 March 2012). “All Hail Sealand”. The New York Times.
Chelmsford. Archived from the original on 2 March 2007. Retrieved 29 May 2015. [17] “The Principality of Sealand”. Sealandgov.org. Retrieved 21 November 2011. [18] “Attempt to free captive from private 'island' fails”. The Times. 5 September 1978. p. 3. [19] “Homepage of Sealandic Government in Exile”. Sealandic Government in Exile. Retrieved 13 November 2007. [20] Staff (23 June 2006). “Blaze at offshore military fort”. BBC. Retrieved 15 June 2012. [21] “Church and East renovation completion”. Church and East. Retrieved 2006. [22] Graham, Flora (16 February 2009). “Technology | How The Pirate Bay sailed into infamy”. BBC News. Retrieved 9 April 2009. [23] "'Smallest state' seeks new owners”. BBC. 8 January 2007. Retrieved 8 January 2007. [24] “Tiny North Sea tax haven for sale”. ABC News. 8 January 2007. Retrieved 8 January 2007.
[5] John Ryan, George Dunford & Simon Sellars (2006). Micronations. Lonely Planet. p. 9. ISBN 1-74104-730-7.
[25] "£65m price tag for Sealand tenancy”. Evening Star. 6 January 2007. Archived from the original on 11 January 2007. Retrieved 6 January 2007.
[6] “Skateboarding the World’s Smallest Country: Red Bull All Access”. Retrieved 17 November 2013.
[26] “For sale, World’s smallest country”. The Sydney Morning Herald. 8 January 2007. Retrieved 8 January 2007.
[7] “JOURNEYS – THE SPIRIT OF DISCOVERY: Simon Sellars braves wind and waves to visit the unlikely North Sea nation of Sealand”. The Australian. 10 November 2007. Retrieved 10 November 2007.
[27] “Row as ‘King Marduk’ claims Sealand”. Echo. 23 January 2009.
[8] John Ryan, George Dunford & Simon Sellars (2006). Micronations. Lonely Planet. p. 11. ISBN 1-74104-730-7.
[28] “Prince Roy of Sealand aka Roy Bates (passed away 9th October 2012) Obituary”. sealandgov.org.
[9] 5.htm United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
[29] Yardley, William (13 October 2012). “Roy Bates, BiggerThan-Life Founder of a Micronation, Dies at 91”. The New York Times. Retrieved 13 October 2012.
[10] “Self-declared prince of sovereign principality of Sealand dies aged 91”. the Guardian.
[30] "'Prince Roy of Sealand' dies, aged 91”. The Australian. 11 October 2012. Retrieved 11 October 2012.
[11] Ryan, John; Dunford, George; Sellars, Simon. Micronations: The Lonely Planet Guide to Home-Made Nations, Lonely Planet Publications, 2006, p. 9-12
[31] Van Gilder Cooke, Sonia (12 October 2012). “RIP Paddy Roy Bates, the Prince of Sealand”. TIME magazine. Retrieved 12 October 2012.
[12] Zumerchik, John (2008). Seas and Waterways of the World: An Encyclopedia of History, Uses, and Issues. ABC-CLIO Ltd. p. 563. ISBN 978-1-85109-711-1.
[32] Woo, Elaine (14 October 2012). “Prince Roy Bates dies at 91; adventuring monarch of Sealand”. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 14 October 2012.
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[33] “Official History of Sealand”. Government of Principality of Sealand. Retrieved 12 January 2007. [34] Ryan, John; George Dunford; Simon Sellars (2006). Micronations, The Lonely Planet Guide to Home-Made Nations. Lonely Planet. pp. 5–6. ISBN 1-74104-730-7. [35] Ward, Mark (5 June 2000). “Offshore and offline?". BBC News. Retrieved 9 April 2009. [36] “Information on Sealand’s royal family”. Sealand News. Retrieved 13 November 2007. [37] John Ryan, George Dunford & Simon Sellars (2006). Micronations. Lonely Planet. p. 8. ISBN 1-74104-730-7. [38] “Information on the Principality of Sealand including Bates Family, GDP, Constitution” (PDF). Artists’ Association MUU. Amorph Summit of Micronations. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 May 2005. Retrieved 9 November 2007.
[53] “Homepage of the Sealand National Football Team” (in Danish). Sealand National Football Team. Retrieved 9 November 2007. [54] “IBWM Fantasy football micronation style”. IBWM. Retrieved 29 February 2012. [55] “Principality Notice PN 025/04: International Sporting Activities update.”. Government of the Principality of Sealand. Retrieved 15 November 2007. [56] “Legislative Assembly of Alberta”. Official Hansard transcripts 24 November 2009, Tuesday evening. [57] “Program Souvenir Legal” (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 June 2008. Retrieved 17 July 2008. [58] “Skate Sports”. Red Bull. Redbullskateboarding.com. 15 October 2008. Retrieved 9 April 2009. [59] “Skateboarder erobern Seefestung vor der englischen Küste”. Retrieved 29 September 2008.
[39] “The Principality of Sealand statutory notices”. Government of the Principality of Sealand. Retrieved 27 July 2006.
[60] “Welcome to Church and East”. Retrieved 29 September 2008.
[40] Council of the European Union – Schengen Visa Working Party – Table of travel documents, p. 36
[61] “Principality of Sealand to have National Football Team”. PR Log. 23 December 2009. Retrieved 6 December 2010.
[41] Guinness World Records 2008. Guinness World Records. 2007. p. 131. ISBN 978-1-904994-18-3. [42] “Sealandic National Anthem”. Retrieved 15 November 2007.
Nationalanthems.info.
[43] “Sealand News”. Sealand News. Archived from the original on 10 November 2007. Retrieved 11 November 2007. [44] “Sealand wins sporting accolade”. Sealand News. 30 October 2008. Archived from the original on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 30 October 2008. [45] “The Imperial Collection — Principality of Sealand”. Empire of Atlantium. Retrieved 11 November 2007. [46] “Principality of Sealand”. Government of the Principality of Sealand. Retrieved 17 July 2008. [47] “Royal Mail address for Sealand”. Royal Mail. Retrieved 10 November 2007. [48] “Principality Notice PN 037/10: Update of visit and immigration regulations”. Sealandgov.org. 28 September 2010. Retrieved 15 June 2012. [49] “Become a Lord, Lady, Baron or Baroness of Sealand”. Government of Principality of Sealand. [50] “Count/Countess Title Pack for sale”. Government of Principality of Sealand. [51] Grimmelmann, James (2012). Sealand, Havenco, and the Rule of Law. University of Illinois Law Review. Retrieved 14 June 2012. [52] HavenCo “data center” offline?, Security and the Net, 18 November 2008
[62] “Ralf Little gets an international cap for Sealand”. Retrieved 7 May 2012. [63] WebFox (10 February 2011). “Principality of Sealand 2010 Review”. Glasgow Ultimate. Retrieved 14 January 2014. [64] “Sealand to form roller derby team Sealand official website”. Retrieved 10 September 2012. [65] “Sealand will play Fulham F.C. in a friendly match on May 18th, 2013.”. Archived from the original on 5 September 2013. Retrieved 17 May 2013. [66] “Fulham All Stars 7-5 Sealand All Stars”. 18 May 2013. Retrieved 18 September 2013. [67] “Lord Fogle of Sealand thanks @kentoncool for taking the @sealandgov flag to Everest”. Retrieved 31 May 2013.
2.24.8 Further reading • Cogliati-Bantz,Vincent. “My Platform, My State: the Principality of Sealand in International Law” (2012) 18 (3) Journal of International Maritime Law 227–250 • Connelly, Charlie. Attention All Shipping: A Journey Round The Shipping Forecast, Abacus, 2005. ISBN 0-349-11603-2. • Conroy, Matthew. “Note: Sealand – The Next New Haven?" Suffolk Transnational Law Review, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 127–152. Winter 2003. ISSN 10728546. Issue table of contents page.
2.25. PRINCIPALITY OF SEBORGA
93
• "Stop signs on the web; The battle between freedom Coordinates: 51°53′42.6″N 1°28′49.8″E / 51.895167°N and regulation on the Internet". The Economist. 13 1.480500°E January 2001. p. 1. • Fogle, Ben. Offshore: In Search of an Island of My Own, Penguin Books, 2007. ISBN 978-0-14102434-9.
2.25 Principality of Seborga
The Principality of Seborga is an unrecognized • Garfinkel, Simson. "Welcome to Sealand. Now micronation, that claims a 14 km2 stretch of area located Bugger Off". Wired. July 2000. Vol. 8.07. in the northwestern Italian Province of Imperia in Liguria, • Gilmour, Kim. "Sealand: Wish You Were Here?" near the French border; and about 35 km (23 mi) from Monaco.[3] The principality is in coexistence with, and Internet Magazine. August 2002. claims the territory of, the town of Seborga. • Goldsmith, Jack, & Wu, Tim. Who Controls the Internet?: Illusions of a Borderless World, 2006, ISBN 2.25.1 History 0-19-515266-2. • Grimmelmann, James. “Death of a data haven: In arguing for the founding of Seborga in 1963, a Secypherpunks, WikiLeaks, and the world’s smallest borgan named Giorgio Carbone claimed, based on docnation”, March 2012, Ars Technica uments from the Vatican archives, that during the Mid• Grimmelmann, James. “Sealand, HavenCo, and the dle Ages the town had become part of the feudal holdRule of Law”, March 2012, University of Illinois ings of the Counts of Ventimiglia. He insisted that in the year 954 Seborga became the property of the Benedictine Law Review, Volume 2012, Number 2 Monks of Santo Onorato of Lerins and in 1079 the Abbot • “License Plates of Sealand (Great Britain)". License of this monastery was made a Prince of the Holy Roman plates of the world. Web. 28 December 2009. Empire, with temporal authority over the Principality of Seborga.[4] • McCullagh, Declan (4 August 2003). “Has 'haven' for questionable sites sunk?". CNET News.com. On 20 January 1729, this independent principality was Archived from the original on 8 December 2012. sold to the Savoy dynasty and became a protectorate of theirs. In 1815 the Congress of Vienna overlooked SeRetrieved 16 July 2003. borga in its redistribution of European territories after • Menefee, Samuel Pyeatt. “Republics of the Reefs": the Napoleonic Wars, and there is no mention of Seborga Nation-Building on the Continental Shelf and in the in the Act of Unification for the Kingdom of Italy in 1861. World’s Oceans”. California Western International The Unification of Italy in 1861 and the Italian Republic Law Journal, vol. 25, no. 1. Fall 1994. in 1946 would therefore illegitimate and unilateral acts, • Miller, Marjorie, & Boudreaux, Richard. “A Nation because they violate the legitimate sovereignty of the peoSavoy, in 1946, involved for Friend and Faux”. Los Angeles Times. 7 June ple of Seborga. The exile of the [5] also the end of ius patronatus. 2000. p. A-1. The argument for Seborga’s present-day status as an in• Slapper, Gary. “How a law-less 'data haven' is using dependent state is based on the claim that the 1729 sale law to protect itself”. The Times. 8 August 2000. p. was never registered by its new owners, resulting in the 3. principality falling into what has been described as a le• Strauss, Erwin S. How to Start Your Own Country, gal twilight zone. 2nd ed. Port Townsend, WA: Breakout Productions, 1984. ISBN 1-893626-15-6.
2.25.2 Government
2.24.9
External links
Monarch
• Official website
In the early 1960s, Giorgio Carbone, began promoting the idea that Seborga restore its historic independence as • Sealand National Anthem – MIDI file on nationalana principality.[6] By 1963 the people of Seborga were sufthems.info ficiently convinced of these arguments to elect Carbone as their Head of State. He then assumed the style and title • Blueprint of the platform His Serene Highness Giorgio I, Prince of Seborga, which • First International Football Match he held until his death in 2009. • In Living Memory Series 16 Episode 1 (Radio 4 pro- Carbone’s status as Prince was confirmed on 23 April gramme) 1995, when Seborgans voted 304 in favour, 4 against,
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CHAPTER 2. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF MICRONATIONS
for the Principality’s constitution and in favour of inde- 2.25.3 pendence from Italy.[7] Prince Giorgio I reigned until his death on 25 November 2009.[4]
Economy
His successor Marcello Menegatto was elected on April 25, 2010 and crowned on May 22, 2010.[8]
15c Seborgan coin A local currency, the luigino, was issued from 1994 to 1996.[13] The luigino is accepted inside the city as a sort of voucher (along with the legal currency, the euro, and before that the Italian lira); it has no legal value. The total value of luigini issued is not known.
2.25.4 Gallery • • • The former Government Palace, used until 2009.
• •
Privy Councile According to the constitution of Seborga the reigning monarch has to rule accompain with his Privy Councile. Four members of the Councile are 2.25.5 See also elected by the citizens of Seborga while other members • Micronations can be named by the Prince himself.[10] The Privy Councile is the executive in the principality.[10] • List of rulers of Seborga Claimant In June 2006 a minor controversy arose 2.25.6 Sources when a woman calling herself "Princess Yasmine von Hohenstaufen Anjou Plantagenet”, who claimed to be [1] Bandiera, stemma, inno Principality of Seborga (www. principatodiseborga.com). Retrieved on 2015-06-01. the rightful heir to the throne of Seborga, wrote to Italy’s president offering to return the principality to the [2] Squires, Nick (27 April 2010). “Tiny Italian principalstate.[11] Her claim was contested by the then-prince, ity announces new monarch called 'His Tremendousness’". Giorgio I (Giorgio Carbone), who asserted that there were The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 18 June 2010. no credible sources supporting her,[12] and said: [3] “Self-Proclaimed Micronations”, WorldStatesmen.org
“Pah! No one’s ever even seen her as far as I know. I call her the ‘internet princess’.”
[4] “His Tremendousness Giorgio Carbone” (Obituary) The Telegraph, November 27, 2009
2.26. REPUBLIC OF MINERVA
95
[5] http://www.principatodiseborga.com/pds/storia [6] “Prince of Seborga fights on for 362 subjects”, Italy Magazine, 15 June 2006 [7] Caitlin Moran,“Noel Gallagher is my choice for monarch”, The Times, January 30, 2006 [8] Seborga Times, Article “Seborga will crown his new elected Prince: Menegatto I” [9] “The King of Nylon: 'kingdom' of Seborga ruled by hosiery heir”. The Metro (London). 28 April 2010. Retrieved 18 June 2010.
A yacht anchored at South Minerva. The surf that indicates the reef can just be seen in the background
[10] http://www.principatodiseborga.com/pds/ consiglio-della-corona
2.26.1 Overview [11] Malcolm Moore,“Battle rages for His Tremendousness’s throne”, Daily Telegraph, 13 June 2006
Both North and South Minerva Reefs are used as anchorages by yachts traveling between New Zealand and Tonga [12] “Prince of Seborga fights on for 362 subjects”, Italy Mag- or Fiji. While waiting for favourable weather for the apazine, 15 June 2006 proximately 800-mile passage to New Zealand, excellent scuba diving, snorkelling, fishing and clamming can be [13] “Seborga (Principality of) - Coins of Seborga”, The Im- enjoyed. North Minerva (Tongan: Teleki Tokelau) offers perial Collection the more protected anchorage, with a single, easily negotiated, west-facing pass that offers access to the large, calm lagoon with extensive sandy areas. South Minerva 2.25.7 External links (Tongan: Teleki Tonga) is in shape similar to an infinity symbol, with its eastern lobe partially open to the ocean on the northern side. Due to the lower reef and large en• Official website (in Italian) trance, the anchorage at South Minerva can be rough at • Historical and cultural website on Seborga (in En- high tide if a swell is running. The lagoon also contains numerous coral heads that must be avoided. While preglish) senting an attractive area to wait out harsh weather occurring farther south, the Minerva reefs are not a good place • Official English-language blog to be when the weather is bad locally. This does not occur often, but it is important to maintain awareness of the • La Gazzetta di Seborga (Italian) situation and put to sea if necessary. Coordinates: 7.6944°E
43°49′33″N 7°41′40″E / 43.8259°N
2.26 Republic of Minerva
Scuba diving the outside wall drop-offs at the Minerva Reefs is spectacular due to the superb water clarity and extensive coral, fish and other marine life. There are few suspended particles and the visibility is normally in excess of 100 feet due to there being no dry land at high tide. Of particular note are the numerous fan coral formations near the pass at North Minerva and the “shark bowl” area located by the narrow dinghy pass on the western lobe of South Minerva. The inside of the lagoon at South Minerva is also home to numerous giant clams. Divers at Minerva must be entirely self-sufficient, with their own compressor, and should also be aware that the nearest assistance is a multiple-day boat ride away in Tonga. Due to the vertical drop off and water clarity, divers must watch their depth carefully.
The Minerva Reefs (Tongan: Ongo Teleki), briefly de facto independent in 1972 as the Republic of Minerva, are a group of two submerged atolls located in the Pacific Ocean south of Fiji and Tonga. The reefs were named after the whaleship Minerva, wrecked on what became known as South Minerva after setting out from Sydney in 1829. Many other ships would follow, for example the Strathcona, which was sailing north soon after completion in Auckland in 1914. In both cases most of the crew saved themselves in whaleboats or rafts and reached the Lau Islands in Fiji. Of some other ships, however, no 2.26.2 survivors are known.
History
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CHAPTER 2. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF MICRONATIONS
Early history
Landing on Minerva, years after the confrontation.
The reverse of the 1973 35 Minerva Dollar coin
was Las Vegas real estate millionaire and political activist Michael Oliver, who went on to other similar attempts in the following decade. Lithuanian-born Oliver formed a syndicate, the Ocean Life Research Foundation, which allegedly had some $100,000,000 for the project and had offices in New York and London. They anticipated a libertarian society with “no taxation, welfare, subsidies, or any form of economic interventionism.” In addition to tourism and fishing, the economy of the new nation would include light industry and other commerce. According to More people walking on Minerva. Glen Raphael, “The chief reason that the Minerva project failed was that the libertarians who were involved did not It is not known when the reefs were first discovered but want to fight for their territory.”[2] According to Reason, had been marked on charts as “Nicholson’s Shoal” since Minerva has been “more or less reclaimed by the sea”.[3] the late 1820s. Capt H. M. Denham of the HMS Herald surveyed the reefs in 1854 and renamed them after In 1971, barges loaded with sand arrived from Australia, the Australian whaler Minerva which collided with South bringing the reef level above the water and allowing construction of a small tower and flag. The Republic of MinMinerva Reef on 9 September 1829.[1] erva issued a declaration of independence on 19 January 1972, in letters to neighboring countries and even created Republic of Minerva their own currency. In February 1972, Morris C. Davis was elected as Provisional President of the Republic of Minerva. The declaration of independence, however, was greeted with great suspicion by other countries in the area. A conference of the neighboring states (Australia, New Zealand, Tonga, Fiji, Nauru, Samoa, and territory of Cook Islands) met on 24 February 1972 at which Tonga made a claim over the Minerva Reefs and the rest of the states recognized its claim. On 15 June 1972, the following proclamation was published in a Tongan government gazette: PROCLAMATION The obverse of the 35 Minerva Dollar coin
The Republic of Minerva was a micronation consisting of the Minerva Reefs. It was one of the few modern attempts at creating a sovereign micronation on the reclaimed land of an artificial island in 1972. The architect
His Majesty King Taufaʻahau Tupou IV in Council DOES HEREBY PROCLAIM: WHEREAS the Reefs known as North Minerva Reef and South Minerva Reef have long served as fishing grounds for the Tongan peo-
2.26. REPUBLIC OF MINERVA ple and have long been regarded as belonging to the Kingdom of Tonga has now created on these Reefs islands known as Teleki Tokelau and Teleki Tonga; AND WHEREAS it is expedient that we should now confirm the rights of the Kingdom of Tonga to these islands; THEREFORE we do hereby AFFIRM and PROCLAIM that the islands, rocks, reefs, foreshores and waters lying within a radius of twelve miles [19.31 km] thereof are part of our Kingdom of Tonga.
97 ships in the vicinity reportedly withdrew as the Tongans approached.[5][6] In an effort to settle the dispute, the government of Tonga revealed a proposal in early July 2014 to give the Minerva Reefs to Fiji in exchange for the Lau Group of islands.[7] In a statement to the Tonga Daily News, Lands Minister Lord Maʻafu Tukuiʻaulahi announced that he would make the proposal to Fiji’s Minister for Foreign Affairs, Ratu Inoke Kubuabola. Some Tongans have Lauan ancestors and many Lauans have Tongan ancestors; Tonga’s Lands Minister is named after Enele Ma'afu, the Tongan Prince who originally claimed parts of Lau for Tonga.[8]
A Tongan expedition was sent to enforce the claim the following day. It reached North Minerva on 18 June 2.26.3 1972. The Flag of the Tonga was raised on 19 June 1972 on North Minerva and on South Minerva on 21 June 1972.[4]
Geography
Tongan Occupation Tonga’s claim was recognized by the South Pacific Forum in September 1972. Meanwhile, Provisional President Davis was fired by founder Michael Oliver and the project collapsed in confusion. Nevertheless, Minerva was referred to in O. T. Nelson's post-apocalyptic children’s novel The Girl Who Owned a City, published in 1975, as an example of an invented utopia that the book’s protagonists could try to emulate. In 1982, a group of Americans led again by Morris C. “Bud” Davis tried to occupy the reefs, but were forced off by Tongan troops after three weeks. In recent years several groups have allegedly sought to re-establish Minerva. No known claimant group since 1982 has made any attempt to take possession of the Minerva Reefs. Territorial dispute See also: Fiji–Tonga relations § Minerva Reefs and Mara conflicts In 2005, Fiji made it clear that they did not recognize any maritime water claims by Tonga to the Minerva Reefs under the UNCLOS agreements. In November 2005, Fiji lodged a complaint with the International Seabed Authority concerning Tonga’s maritime waters claims surrounding Minerva. Tonga lodged a counter claim, and the Principality of Minerva micronation claimed to have lodged a counter claim. In 2010 the Fijian Navy destroyed navigation lights at the entrance to the lagoon. In late May 2011, they again destroyed navigational equipment installed by Tongans. In early June 2011, two Royal Tongan Navy ships were sent to the reef to replace the equipment, and to reassert Tonga’s claim to the territory. Fijian Navy
Minerva Reefs
Area: North Reef diameter about 5.6 km (3.5 mi), South Reef diameter of about 4.8 km (3.0 mi). Terrain: two (atolls) on dormant volcanic seamounts. Both Minerva Reefs are about 435 km (270 mi) southwest of the Tongatapu Group. The atolls are on a common submarine platform from 549 to 1097 meters (1800 to 3600 feet) below the surface of the sea. North Minerva is circular in shape and has a diameter of about 5.6 km (3.5 mi). There is a small sand bar around the atoll, awash at high tide, with a small entrance into the flat lagoon with a somewhat deep harbor. South Minerva is parted into The East Reef and the West Reef, both circular with a diameter of about 4.8 km (3.0 mi). Around both reefs are two small sandy cays, vegetated by low scrub and some trees . Several iron towers and platforms are reported to have stood on the atolls, along with an unused light tower on South Minerva, erected by the Americans during World War II.. Geologically, Minervan Reef is of a limestone base formed from uplifted coral formations elevated by now-dormant volcanic activity. The climate is basically subtropical with a distinct warm period (December–April), during which the temperatures rise above 32 °C (90 °F), and a cooler period (May– November), with temperatures rarely rising above 27 °C (80 °F). The temperature increases from 23 °C to 27 °C (74 °F to 80 °F), and the annual rainfall is from 170 to 297 centimeters (67-117 in.) as one moves from Cardea in the south to the more northerly islands closer to the Equator. The mean daily humidity is 80%.
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2.26.6 External links • Cruising Yachties Experience at Minerva (2003) • Photo Album of Minerva (2007) • Photo Album and underwater images of North Minerva Reef (2009) • Fiji, Tonga War over Minerva Reef by Michael Field (16/05/2011) • Website of the “Principality of Minerva” micronation, which claims the Minerva Reefs Sailboat wreck on North Minerva reef
2.26.4
Shipwrecks
• “The Danger and Bounty of the Minerva Reefs” • “On passage from Minerva Reef, November 2, 2003”
• Olovaha & the Republic of Minerva The Tuaikaepau ('Slow But Sure'), a Tongan vessel on its way to New Zealand, became famous when it struck the • Interview with Oliver at Stay Free Magazine reefs on 7 July 1962. (This 15 m wooden vessel was built • “Phoenix: ashes to ashes” – the Phoenix Foundation in 1902 at the same yard as the Strathcona.) The crew and (“New Internationalist” July 1981) passengers survived by living in the remains of a Japanese freighter. There they remained for 3 months in miserable • Obituary for Tongan King – also comments the Recircumstances and several of them died. Finally Captain public of Minerva (12 September 2006) Tēvita Fifita decided to get help. Without tools, he built a small boat from the wood left over from his ship. With this raft, named Malolelei ('Good Day'), he and a few of Coordinates: 23°38′S 178°54′W / 23.633°S 178.900°W the stronger crew members sailed to Fiji in one week.
2.27 Republic of Molossia 2.26.5
References For the ancient Epirote tribe of Molossia, see Molossians.
[1] Ruhen, Olaf. Minerva Reef, Minerva Bookshop Limited, 1963, p. 7 [2] Raphael, Glen. “A Non-Non-Libertarian FAQ: Responses to Mike Huben”. impel.com. Retrieved 6 June 2011. [3] Mangu-Ward, Katherine (August–September 2008). “Artifact: Hope Floats”. Reason Magazine. Retrieved 6 June 2011. [4] Jenkins, Doug. “A true record of the Minerva Reef saga of 1972 and the part played by the Tongan Shipping Company Vessel Olovaha”. Retrieved 17 November 2014. [5] “Fiji and Tonga govts continue talks on reef dispute”. Radio New Zealand International. 8 February 2011. Retrieved 25 October 2011. [6] “Showdown between Tonga and Fiji looms”. One News. 11 June 2011. Retrieved 25 October 2011. [7] Gopal, Avinesh (3 July 2014). "'Give up Lau'". Fiji Times. Retrieved 3 July 2014. [8] Staff (3 July 2014). “Lord Ma'afu wants Lau for Minerva Reef”. Nuku’alofa: Tonga Daily News. Retrieved 3 July 2014.
Molossia, also known as the self-proclaimed Republic of Molossia, is a micronation, founded by Kevin Baugh and headquartered solely from his home near Dayton, Nevada. The Republic of Molossia has claimed itself a nation but it is not officially recognized as a country by the United Nations or any country. It consists of Baugh’s house (known as the Government House), about 0.01 acres (40 m2 ) in size, as well as 1.3 acres (5,000 m2 ) of surrounding property, enclaved by Nevada. It formerly claimed a property in Pennsylvania as well. Originally established as a childhood project in 1977, Molossia subsequently evolved into a territorial entity in the late 1990s. The name Molossia is derived from the Spanish word morro which means “small rocky hill”. Baugh has stated the ancient Illyrian tribe of Molossians is unrelated.[3]
2.27.1 History On September 3, 1999, Baugh created the Republic of Molossia as a latter day successor to a childhood makebelieve kingdom called “The Grand Republic of Vuldstein”, and declared himself to be its president.
2.27. REPUBLIC OF MOLOSSIA
99
On November 13, 2012, Kevin Baugh created a petition on the Whitehouse.gov We the People website requesting formal recognition of the micronation. However, his petition did not gain enough signatures for recognition.
Baugh’s grandfather, and the property has since been declared a “national monument” dedicated to him. Finally, in early 2015, it was shared, that Farfalla Colony is Molossians territory again.[3]
On April 11, 2015, Kevin Baugh hosted Micro-Con 2015 in Anaheim Central Library in California. Micro-Con was created to attract media attention to the micronational world.[4]
Vesperia is the name of Molossia’s claim of 49,881 square miles (130,000 km2 ) on the planet of Venus.
2.27.2
Additionally, Molossia claims a spot named Neptune Deep in the North Pacific Ocean, about 750 kilometres (470 mi) southwest of Mexico.[6]
Territory 2.27.3 Operations
Border sign, Harmony Province
Molossia consists of two properties (previously three), located within the continental United States and comprising a total area of 6.3 acres (2.5 ha). They are owned by Baugh. Harmony Province is located near Dayton, Nevada and is the smallest of Molossia’s territories at little more than one acre (4,000 m2 ) in size. It is the Baugh family’s primary place of residence, and the site of Molossia’s designated capital, Baughston. Baughston was renamed from Espera on 30 July 2013 to commemorate President Baugh’s 51st birthday.[5]
His Excellency President Kevin Baugh (born July 30, 1962)
Proclamations The Republic of Molossia claims to be a sovereign, independent nation-state, completely surrounded by the United States. As a result, it has adopted a system of government recognizably similar in structure to that of a sovereign state.
The Protectorate of New Antrim was located at an undisclosed location in Pennsylvania and was the largest of Molossia’s territories at a little over 8 acres (3.2 ha) in Same-sex marriage has been legal in Molossia since 2002. extent. It was named after County Antrim in Northern Ireland and had its own governor, Grand Admiral Hess. Military It is no longer claimed by Molossia. In August 2003, Baugh purchased a small piece of rural land in Northern California. This was referred to the Colony of Farfalla. The property was sold late in 2005, after Baugh inherited more land which he subsequently named Desert Homestead Province, in Southern California.[3] Desert Homestead was previously owned by
The Republic of Molossia has no Army or Air Force. It maintains a standing Navy with a fleet of four vessels and a land infantry division; the Molossian Naval Infantry. The M.S. Spindrift, the Navy’s flagship is a 13-by-3-foot (3.96 by 0.91 m) Allen Class inflatable boat. The M.S. Manatee and twin boats M.S. Bandicoot and the M.S.
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Platypus form the remainder of the fleet. The M.S. Wom- made from gambling chips and printed “banknotes” are bat, the first vessel of the Navy, built in 2005, was de- sold. [12][13] commissioned on the 7th of April, 2013. The Navy has 1 commissioned officer and 49 honorary commissioned 2.27.5 Tourism officers. Space program The Republic of Molossia Ministry for Air and Space Exploration is charged with all matters related to air and spacecraft in the Republic (the latter was originally under the command of the now disbanded Molossian Air Force.). It has many running projects in existence including the Skylofter Project. Structure Molossia is a republic governed by a constitution creating a National Assembly and other institutions of state. However, “due to unrest and the ever-present foreign menace from over the border”, a state of martial law exists, enabling the President, Kevin Baugh, to exercise all powers of governance, including foreign affairs, while making the National Assembly an advisory body with no legislative powers.[3] Foreign relations Molossia recognizes several other micronations, with numerous treaties enacted to this end.[3] In May 2008, a summit was held with Grand Duke Paul, leader of the Grand Duchy of Greifenberg, another micronation. Plans were made for the revitalization of the League of Small Nations, a nearly defunct organization devoted to the prosperity of all micronations claiming land. This was Molossia’s first ever formal state visit.[7] Molossia asserts it was one of the first countries to recognize the Republic of Kosovo, one day after the Albanian majority country was declared on February 18, 2008, with Baugh sending an official letter to the newly formed government.[8] However Molossia now only opens informal relations with other states.
2.27.4
Economy
Molossia sells a variety of products in person and online, including homemade soap and signed photographs of the Baughs.[9][10] Cinderella stamps are also produced by Molossia through its self-created Postal and Telegraph Service.[11] Molossia’s purported currency is the Valora, which is subdivided into 100 Futtrus and pegged to Pillsbury cookie dough, with one tube of dough claimed to equal three Valora in value. Cookie dough is stored in an outbuilding called the Bank of Molossia, from which Valora coins
Molossian customs station
In recent years the various micronation-themed art installations and landscaping projects that Baugh has constructed around his home have begun to attract some outside interest, with Baugh taking visitors on guided tours of the property by prior arrangement.[7] As of 2008, he claims to have hosted around 15 visitors in a year. Visitors are required to produce a passport and their pocket change in order to be admitted.[14] Baugh has stated that these requirements are waived for citizens of Andorra, Liechtenstein, San Marino, Monaco, Seborga and “any other country recognized by Molossia”.[3] Visitors are not allowed to bring certain items onto the property, including tobacco and incandescent light bulbs.[15]
2.27.6 War with East Germany The Republic of Molossia has claimed to be fighting a war with East Germany[16] and it has issued war bonds to stop the war.[17] It claims to have been fighting it since November 2, 1983.[16] Although East Germany is now defunct, President Baugh asserts that Ernst Thälmann Island, allegedly given to East Germany by Cuba in 1972, is sovereign territory of East Germany, and thus allows the war to continue. In reality, the island has always been
2.27. REPUBLIC OF MOLOSSIA
101
under Cuban sovereignty and was never given to East Ger- [9] “Autographed Photos”. Republic of Molossia. Retrieved 2014-09-16. many. The Cuban government merely renamed the island after a German communist leader during the Weimar Republic during a state visit by East German leader Erich [10] “Supremo Soap!". Republic of Molossia. Retrieved 201409-16. Honecker in June 1972.
2.27.7
In popular culture
Molossia was the main focus and site of the two-year anniversary of the That Guy with the Glasses website. Doug Walker produced a six-part mini-series starring Channel Awesome members titled Kickassia, primarily set and filmed on-location in Molossia and a nearby hotel. In the film, the Nostalgia Critic conquers Molossia and becomes its new leader, with the help of various other members of the That Guy With the Glasses site. The critics succeed and rename the nation “Kickassia” with plans to hopelessly conquer the United States, but the Critic becomes corrupt with his own power, leading the members of Channel Awesome to revolt against him and pass the power back to Baugh. Baugh stars as a comical version of himself. [18]
[11] “Molossian Postal, Telegraph & Telephone Service”. Republic of Molossia. Retrieved 2014-09-16. [12] “Bank of Molossia”. Republic of Molossia. Retrieved 25 January 2014. [13] "'Lonely Planet' Explores Micronations”. Day to Day (National Public Radio). 2006-11-01. Retrieved 200804-19. [14] “Tech TV Interview”. Republic of Molossia. Retrieved 2014-01-14. [15] “Republic of Molossia announces new customs station”. Wikinews. 2008-05-12. Retrieved 2008-08-13. [16] “The War With East Germany”. Republic of Molossia. Retrieved 2014-01-14. [17] “Buy War Bonds”. Republic of Molossia. Retrieved 2014-
Molossia has also made an appearance as one of several 01-14. micronations in the Japanese online webcomic Hetalia: Axis Powers. He is mostly seen interacting with other mi- [18] “The Invasion Movie!" Republic of Molossia. Retrieved cronations such as Sealand, Seborga, and Wy.[19][20] 2010-12-04.
2.27.8
See also
• List of micronations • Micronations: The Lonely Planet Guide to HomeMade Nations
2.27.9
References
[19] “Molossia - Hetalia Archives”. Hetalia Archives. Retrieved 2014-12-31. [20] Micronations: Lonely Planet Guide to Home-Made Nations. Oakland, CA: Lonely Planet Publications. 2006. pp. 64–68.
2.27.10 Further reading
[1] Our New National Anthem Republic of Molossia (www. molossia.org). January 28, 2014. Retrieved on 2014-0904.
• In The Spirit Of Independence Day - One nation, under me, The Chicago Tribune, Colleen Mastoni, July 3, 2008.
[2] “Newsbites”. Republic of Molossia. 18 March 2012. Retrieved 2014-01-14.
• Ryan, John. Micronations: The Lonely Planet Guide to Self-Proclaimed Nations, ISBN 1-74104-730-7.
[3] “Republic of Molossia - Official Website”. Republic of Molossia. Retrieved 2014-01-14.
• iBerkshires Bite-sized sovereignties offer worlds of fun, February 2, 2005.
[4] MicroCon 2015
• Micronations: Republic of Molossia, Unrecognised States Numismatic Society, 2006.
[5] “The President’s 51st Birthday”. Republic of Molossia. Retrieved 2013-09-27. [6] “Neptune Deep”. Republic of Molossia. Retrieved 24 March 2010. [7] “Follow-up interview with Kevin Baugh, president of the Republic of Molossia”. Wikinews. 2008-05-01. Retrieved 2008-08-12. [8] “Kosovo” (Press release). Molossia. 2008-02-18.
• Micronations: Little Countries that Could, G4TV, Dave Roos, June 8, 2001. • Born to rule, The Australian, Peter Needham, September 16, 2006. • State of the nation, San Francisco Bay Guardian, Lynn Rapoport, February 28, 2007.
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External links
2.28.1 Presidents • Željko Malnar (1944 - 2013) (3 October 1992 - 9 July 2013)
• The Republic of Molossia official website Coordinates: 39°19′21.9″N 39.322750°N 119.539111°W
119°32′20.8″W
/
• Sead Hasanović - Braco (1953 - ) (9 July 2013 - )
2.28.2 Facts
2.28 Republic of Peščenica
• Area: 1.30 km2 • Population: 6,400
2.28.3 Personalities
Satellite picture of Zagreb. Peščenica is on the northern side of River Sava, northwards from the big white object and to NW from big dark green object on the right side of the picture.
Republika Peščenica was a satirical-parodical project of dictator-ruled republic by famous Croatian maverick traveller Željko Malnar. It was named after the Zagreb neighbourhood of Peščenica. Events were aired on anti-TV-show Nightmare Stage or Noćna mora, Saturdays from 22:00-04:00 on Z1, and transmitted via satellite (a pause during the summer). Events were described in short version in Malnar’s column in the Globus magazine from Zagreb. For a short period of time, shortened (and censored) Željko Malnar, the self-styled President of the Republic of versions of previous shows were aired on Croatian na- Peščenica tional TV in May 2007 (as “Privremeni tjednik"; only five episodes). • Željko Malnar, the President It was located in Peščenica working-class neighbourhood in Zagreb. The neighbourhood is on the northern part • Zvonimir Levačić - Ševa, Minister of Defense of the city (northwards from Sava river), southeastwards from very city center. • Braco Cigan, “Cro-Rom”, fighter for the rights of Romani people in Peščenica. “Cro-Rom” is a parThe project ended with the end of the TV-Show in 2010 ody of the name of worldwide known Croatian after the “minister of defense”, Zvonimir Levačić, died. MMA superstar Mirko Filipović Anthem is Danijela. Željko Malnar & Soma Dollara: Dobro jutro, Peščenico (Anthem 2?). • Cezar Legenda, singing legend
2.29. ROCKALL • Jajan, newspaperman and TV-news speaker (pronounce: “yayan”). He has a speech problem when pronouncing “r”, instead, he says “y”, so “Jajan” is the way he pronounces his nickname, Jaran (pron: “yaran"; meaning friend or buddy in Bosnian slang), but may also designate a person with large testicles (Croatian “jaja” = eggs, balls). • Stankec • Tarzan • Laki, dancer • Anđa, singer • Slađa
2.28.4
• (Croatian) Index.hr Junaci Malnarove ulice na HTV-u - Showbiz - XMag • (Croatian) Index.hr Dora Noćna mora: Ševina pobjeda u sjeni skandala sa Jaranom - Zanimljivosti XMag • (Croatian) Online TV-edition • (Croatian) Index.hr Kurcolovcem i generalom Prkačinom na njemačke pljačkaše i goste u studiju (Braco, Jajan and Malnar are in the top picture) • (Croatian) Index.hr Jajan osniva Flašističku stranku i vodi Hrvatsku u Vrapče • (Croatian) Javno Snalažljivi predsjednik: Malnar nažicao Mercedese od ruskog tajkuna
Cultural manifestations
• Dora Noćna mora, song contest (parody on Croatian Eurovision qualification contest Dora; name is rhyming, made of Dora and Noćna mora, title of the TV-show)
2.28.5
103
Famous actions
• (Croatian) Vjesnik Opet zakazala organizacija Mesićeva stožera (Mesić, Malnar and gas supply) • (Croatian) Vjesnik Malnar grdi Hrvatsku i Hrvate, jer želi da im bude bolje i ljepše, želi ih popraviti, nema mržnje
2.29 Rockall
• Voluntary surrender and extradition of Malnar’s generals and ministers to the Hague and ICTY ("You This article is about the islet. For other uses, see Rockall go there, so I don't have to go."), a parody on the same (disambiguation). events from reality. • R. Peščenica’s (military) returning of Savudrijska vala and giving it back to Croatia ("Because our friendly neighbor Croatia doesn't have balls to do it herself."). Parody on Croatian-Slovenian border dispute about Savudrijska vala (Bay of Savudrija).
Rockall (/ˈrɒkɔːl/) is an uninhabited remote granite islet of the United Kingdom in the North Atlantic Ocean situated at the following rough distances from the closest large islands: 430 km (270 miles) north-west of Ireland, 460 km (290 miles) west of Great Britain and 700 km (440 miles) south of Iceland. It is within the United Kingdom’s exclusive economic zone,[1][2] and in 1973 became part of the Na h-Eileanan Siar council area (which comprises the Outer Hebrides), however is designated as belonging to no specific electoral ward. The nearest permanently inhabited place is North Uist, an island in the Outer Hebrides of Scotland, 370 km (230 miles) to the east.
• Involving Peščenican personalities into Croatian political life (elections). Includes Jajan’s political plan: forming of Flašistička stranka (parody to Fascist (Croatian: Fašist) -> Flašist, originating from German: Flasche, bottle: “bottleist”, “drinkers’ party”) and leading of Croatia into Vrapče (a parody on paroles “leading of Croatia into EU"; Vrapče is a neighborhood in northwest Zagreb known for its Since the late 16th century, the 17.15-metre-high (56.27 psychiatric hospital) ft) rock has been noted in written records,[3][4][5] although it is likely that some northern Atlantic fishermen knew of the rock before these historical accounts were made. In 2.28.6 Literature the 20th century, the location of the islet became a major • Željko Malnar: Filozofija Republike Peščenice, Biro- interest due to the potential oil and fishing rights, spurring tisak, Zagreb, 2004., ISBN 953-6156-31-8 continued debate amongst several European nations.
2.28.7
References
2.28.8
External links
• (Croatian) Noćna mora
Lord Kennet said of it in 1971, “There can be no place more desolate, despairing and awful.”[6] It gives its name to one of the sea areas named in the shipping forecast provided by the British Meteorological Office. Rockall has been a point of interest for adventurers and amateur radio operators who have variously landed on
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or briefly occupied the islet. Fewer than 20 individuals have ever been confirmed to have landed on Rockall, and the longest continuous stay by an individual is currently 45 days.[7] In a House of Commons debate in 1971, William Ross, MP for Kilmarnock, said: “More people have landed on the moon than have landed on Rockall.”[6]
*rok, meaning “foaming sea”, and kollr, meaning “bald head”—a word which appears in other placenames in Scandinavian-speaking areas.[13] Another idea is that it derives from the Gaelic Sgeir Rocail, meaning "skerry of roaring” or “sea rock of roaring”[14] (although rocail can also be translated as “tearing” or “ripping”).[15][16]
In 1956 the British scientist James Fisher referred to the island as “the most isolated small rock in the oceans of the world”.[8] The neighbouring Hasselwood Rock and several other pinnacles of the surrounding Helen’s Reef are smaller, at half the size of Rockall or less, and equally remote, but those formations are legally not islands or points on land, as they are often submerged completely, only revealed momentarily above certain types of ocean surface waves.
Dutch mapmakers P. Plancius and C. Claesz show an island called “Rookol” northwest of Ireland on their Map of New France and the Northern Atlantic Ocean (Amsterdam, c. 1594). The first literary reference to the island, where it is called “Rokol”, is found in Martin Martin's A Description of the Western Isles of Scotland published in 1703. This book gives an account of a voyage to the archipelago of St. Kilda, and Martin states: "... and from it lies Rokol, a small rock sixty leagues to the St. Kilda; the inhabitants of this place call it The United Kingdom claimed Rockall in 1955 and had westward of [17] Rokabarra.” previously claimed an extended exclusive economic zone based on it. This claim to an extended zone was dropped The name Rocabarraigh is also used in Scottish Gaelic upon ratifying UNCLOS in 1997, since rocks or islets folklore for a mythical rock which is supposed to appear such as Rockall that cannot sustain human habitation or three times, its last appearance being at the end of the economic life are not entitled to an exclusive economic world: "Nuair a thig Rocabarra ris, is dual gun tèid an zone under the Convention.[1] However, such features are Saoghal a sgrios.” (When Rocabarra returns, the world entitled to a territorial sea extending 12 nautical miles. will likely come to be destroyed.)[12] The UK’s claim to territorial waters around Rockall was previously disputed by Ireland on the basis of uncertain ownership of the rock.[9] With effect from 31 March 2.29.2 Geography 2014, the UK and Ireland published EEZ limits which resolved any disputes over the ownership of the islet.[10][11] In response to a Freedom of Information Act request, the British Government has said, “The islet of Rockall is part of the UK: specifically it forms part of Scotland under the Island of Rockall Act 1972. No other state has disputed our claim to the islet.”[1]
2.29.1
Etymology
View of Rockall from the south Winter waves breaking over the islet, 11 March 1943
The origin and meaning of the name “Rockall” are uncertain. The Old Norse name for the islet, Ròcal, may The islet of Rockall is one of the few pinnacles of the surcontain the element fjall, meaning “mountain”.[12] It has rounding Helen’s Reef. It is located 301.3 km, or 162.7 also been suggested that the name is from the Norse nmi west of the island of Soay, St Kilda, Scotland,[18]
2.29. ROCKALL and 423.2 kilometres (263.0 miles; 228.5 nautical miles) northwest of Tory Island, County Donegal, Ireland.[19] Rockall’s location was precisely determined by Nick Hancock during his 2014 expedition.[20] The surrounding elevated seabed is called the Rockall Bank, lying directly south from an area known as the Rockall Plateau. It is separated from the Western Isles by the Rockall Trough, itself located within the Rockall Basin (also known as the “Hatton Rockall Basin”). The Anton Dohrn Seamount is a submarine elevation on Rockall Trough about halfway between Rockall and the Outer Hebrides.
105 A.T.E. Vidal, a Royal Navy surveyor. The first scientific expedition to Rockall was led by Miller Christie in 1896 when the Royal Irish Academy sponsored a study of the flora and fauna.[30] They chartered the Granuaile.[8][31] A detailed underwater mapping of the area around Rockall undertaken in the summer of 2011 by FRV Scotia showed that Rockall itself is a minor pinnacle, whilst Helen’s Reef extends in a sweeping arc of fissures and ridges to the northwest of the islet. Between the islet and Helen’s Reef is a deeper trench much used by squid fishermen.[32]
2.29.3 Geology
The Rockall Trough separating Ireland and Scotland from the Rockall Plateau on which Rockall is situated
Cold-water coral mounds have been identified in the region,[21] and are currently being researched.[22] Rockall lies near the Darwin Mounds, deep water coral mounds about 185 km (100 nmi or 115 mi) northwest of Cape Wrath. These corals are long-lived and slow-growing, a 1889 illustration of Rockall[33] justification for designating Rockall and the Rockall waters as a Marine Protected Area.[23] Rockall is made of a type of peralkaline granite that is relRockall is about 25 metres (80 ft) wide and 31 metres atively rich in sodium and potassium. Within this gran(100 ft) long at its base[24] and rises sheer to a height of ite are darker bands richer in the alkali pyroxene min17.15 m (56.27 ft).[3][4][5] It is often washed over by large eral aegirine and the alkali amphibole mineral riebeckite. storm waves, particularly in winter. There is a small ledge The dark bands are a type of granite that geologists have of 3.5 by 1.3 metres (11.5 by 4.3 ft), known as Hall’s named “rockallite”, although use of this term is now disLedge, 4 metres (13 ft) from the summit on the rock’s couraged. In 1975, a mineral new to science was discovwestern face.[25] It is the only named geographical loca- ered on Rockall. The mineral is called bazirite, (chemical composition BaZrSi3 O9 ), named after the elements tion on the rock. [34] The nearest point on land from Rockall is 301.3 km, barium and zirconium. or 162.7 nmi, east at the uninhabited Scottish island of Soay in the St Kilda archipelago. The nearest inhabited area lies 303.2 km, or 163.7 nmi, east[26] at Hirta, the largest island in the St. Kilda group, which is populated intermittently at a single military base.[27][28] The nearest permanently inhabited settlement is 366.8 km, or 198.1 nmi, west of the headland of Aird an Runair,[29] near the crofting township of Hogha Gearraidh on the island of North Uist at NF705711 (57°36′33″N 7°31′7″W / 57.60917°N 7.51861°W). North Uist is part of the Na h-Eileanan Siar council area of Scotland.
Rockall forms part of the deeply eroded Rockall Igneous Centre that was formed as part of the North Atlantic Igneous Province,[35] approximately 55 million years ago, when the ancient continent of Laurasia was split apart by plate tectonics. Greenland and Europe separated and the northeast Atlantic Ocean was formed between them.[36]
The RV Celtic Explorer surveyed the Rockall Bank and North West of Donegal in 2003.[37] The ILV Granuaile was chartered by the Geological Survey of Ireland (GSI), on behalf of the Department of Communications, Marine and Natural Resources (DCMNR), to conduct a seismic The exact position of Rockall and the size and shape of survey at the Rockall and Hatton Banks in July 2004,[38] the Rockall Bank was first charted in 1831 by Captain as part of the National Seabed Survey.[38]
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2.29.4
CHAPTER 2. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF MICRONATIONS
Ecology
the frigate HMS Endymion to the summit. However, research by James Fisher of the 1955 landing (see below) in The island’s only permanent macro-organism inhabitants the log of the Endymion and elsewhere indicates that the are common periwinkles and other marine molluscs. true date for this first landing was Sunday 8 September Small numbers of seabirds, mainly fulmars, northern gan- 1811.[40] nets, black-legged kittiwakes, and common guillemots, The landing party left the Endymion for the rock by boat. use the rock for resting in summer, and gannets and While they were on the rock, the Endymion, which was guillemots occasionally breed successfully if the summer taking depth measurements around Rockall, lost visual is calm with no storm waves washing over the rock. In tocontact with the rock as a haze descended. The ship tal there have been just over twenty species of seabird and drifted away, leaving the landing party stranded. The exsix other animal species observed (including the aforepedition made a brief attempt to return to the ship, but mentioned molluscs) on or near the islet. could not find the frigate in the haze, and soon gave up and returned to Rockall. After the haze became a fog, the lookout sent to the top of Rockall spotted the ship Discovery of new species again, but it turned away from Rockall before the expediIn December 2013 surveys by Marine Scotland discov- tion in their boats reached it. Finally, just before sunset, ered four new species of animals in the sea around Rock- the frigate was again spotted from the top of Rockall, and all. These are believed to live in an area where hydrocar- the expedition was able to get back on board. The crew bons are released from the sea bed, known as a cold seep. of the Endymion reported that they had been searching The discovery has raised the issue of restricting some for five or six hours, firing their cannon every ten minforms of fishery to protect the sea bed.[39] The species utes. Hall related this experience and other adventures in a book entitled Fragment of Voyages and Travels Includare: ing Anecdotes of a Naval Life. • Volutopsius scotiae Frussen, McKay & Drewery, The next landing was accomplished by a Mr Johns of 2013 – a sea snail about 10 cm long HMS Porcupine whilst the ship was on a mission, from June and August 1862, to make a survey of the sea bed • Thyasira scotiana Zelaya, 2009 – a clam prior to the laying of a transatlantic telegraph cable. Johns managed to gain foothold on the island, but failed to reach • Isorropodon mackayi – a clam the summit. • Antonbruunia sp. – a marine worm On 18 September 1955, Rockall was annexed by the British Crown when Lieutenant-Commander Desmond Scott RN, Sergeant Brian Peel RM, Corporal AA Fraser 2.29.5 Visits to Rockall RM, and James Fisher (a civilian naturalist and former Royal Marine), were winched by a helicopter onto the For more details on HMS Endymion’s landing on Rockisland by a Royal Navy helicopter from HMS Vidal (coall, see HMS Endymion (1797). incidentally named after the man who first charted the isThe earliest recorded date for landing on the island land). The annexation of Rockall was announced by the Admiralty on 21 September 1955. The expedition team cemented in a brass plaque on Hall’s Ledge and hoisted the Union Flag to stake the UK’s claim. The inscription on the plaque read:
An illustration depicting HMS Endymion's landing party in their boat at Rockall, with the Endymion in the background.
is often given as 8 July 1810, when a Royal Navy officer named Basil Hall led a small landing party from
By authority of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II, by the Grace of God of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and of her other realms and territories Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith, and in accordance with Her Majesty’s instructions dated the 14th day of September, 1955, a landing was effected this day upon this island of Rockall from HMS Vidal. The Union flag was hoisted and possession of the island was taken in the name of Her Majesty. [Signed] R H Connell, Captain, HMS Vidal, 18 September 1955.
2.29. ROCKALL On 7 November 1955, one J. Abrach Mackay, a member of the Clan Mackay, made an official protest about the annexation; the 84-year-old local councillor declared: “My old father, God rest his soul, claimed that island for the Clan of Mackay in 1846 and I now demand that the Admiralty hand it back. It’s no' theirs’.” The British Government ignored the protests, which were soon forgotten.[41][42] The initial incentive was the test-firing of the UK’s first guided nuclear weapon, the American-made Corporal missile. The missile was to be launched from South Uist and over the North Atlantic. The Ministry of Defence was concerned that the unclaimed island would provide an opportunity for the Soviet Union to spy on the test. Consequently, in April 1955 a request was sent to the Admiralty to seize the island and declare UK sovereignty lest it become an outpost for foreign observers. In 1971, Captain T R Kirkpatrick RE led the landing party on a government expedition mounted from RFA Engadine to establish that the rock was part of the United Kingdom and to prepare the islet for the installation of a light beacon. The landing party included Royal Engineers, Royal Marines and civilian members from the Institute of Geological Sciences in London. The party was landed by winch line from the Wessex 5 helicopters of the Royal Naval Air Services Commando Headquarters Squadron, commanded by Lt Cmdr Neil Foster RN. As well as collecting samples of the aegerine granite, Rockallite, for later analysis in London, the top of the rock was blown off using a newly developed blasting technique, Precision Pre-Splitting. This created a level area that was drilled to take the anchorages for the light beacon that was installed the following year. There was no evidence of the brass plate thought to have been installed in 1955 and two phosphor bronze plates were chased into the wall above Hall’s Ledge, each secured by four 80-tonne rock-anchor bolts.
107 that since Rockall was part of the United Kingdom, and since the United Kingdom was a free country, Greenpeace were perfectly entitled to be at Rockall. During his one night on Rockall, Greenpeace protester and Guardian journalist John Vidal unscrewed the 1955 plaque and refixed it back-to-front.[45] In 2010, it was revealed that the plaque had gone missing. An Englishman, Andy Strangeway, announced his intention to land on the island and affix a replacement plaque in June 2010.[46] The Western Isles Council have approved planning permission for the plaque.[47] The 2010 expedition was cancelled, but Strangeway still intends to replace the plaque.[48] In 2013 an occupation of the island by explorer Nick Hancock to raise money for the charity Help for Heroes was planned. The challenge was to land on Rockall and survive solo for 60 days.[49][50][51] On 31 May 2013, Hancock, and a TV crew from The One Show, sailed to the islet aboard the Orca III, and he made his first unsuccessful attempt to land on the islet.[52] The weather conditions at the time “were not favourable” according to a Maritime and Coastguard Agency official. Subsequently, Hancock postponed his challenge until 2014.[53] On 5 June 2014 Hancock successfully landed on Rockall to begin his 60day survival.[54] While he was forced to cut his 60-day goal short after losing supplies in a storm, Hancock did remain on the island for 45 days (beating McClean’s occupancy record by five days).[55] The “Round Rockall” sailing race, sponsored by Galway Bay Sailing Club, runs from Galway, Ireland, around Rockall and back. It was held in 2012 to coincide with the finish of the 2011–12 Volvo Ocean Race around the world.[56]
2.29.6 Ownership
Establishing that the rock is part of the United Kingdom For details of the competing sea-bed claims, see Rockall and its development as a light beacon facilitated the in- Bank dispute. corporation of the island into the District of Harris in the County of Inverness in the Island of Rockall Act 1972 and reinforced the UK Government’s position with regard to United Kingdom seabed rights in the area. Former SAS member and survival expert Tom McClean lived on the island from 26 May 1985 to 4 July 1985 to affirm the UK’s claim to the island[43] (although he was born in Ireland).
The UK formally annexed Rockall on 21 September 1957 when “Two Royal Marines and a civilian naturalist, led by Royal Navy officer Lieutenant Commander Desmond Scott, raised a Union flag on the island and cemented a [57] In 1997, the environmentalist organisation Greenpeace plaque into the rock”. occupied the islet for a short time as a publicity stunt,[44] The UK claims Rockall along with a 12-nautical-mile calling it Waveland, to protest against oil exploration. (22 km; 14 mi) territorial sea around the islet inside the Greenpeace declared the island to be a “new Global State” UK’s exclusive economic zone (EEZ).[58] The UK also (in this case qualifying it as a micronation) and offered claims “a circle of UK sovereign airspace over the islet of citizenship to anyone willing to take their pledge of al- Rockall”.[58] legiance. The British Government’s response was simply In 1972, the British Island of Rockall Act annexed Rockto give them permission to be there and otherwise ignore all to the United Kingdom. The UK considers the isthem. Indeed, when asked, the Home Office responded land administratively part of the Isle of Harris and, un-
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The Irish Naval Service vessel Róisín at Rockall conducting routine maritime security patrols 230 nautical miles off the northwest coast of Ireland
Lieutenant Commander Desmond Scott hoists the Union Flag in 1955
der the Scottish Adjacent Waters Boundaries Order 1999 a large sea area around it was declared to be under the jurisdiction of Scots law. A navigational beacon was installed on the island in 1982 and the UK declared that no ship would be allowed within a 50-mile (80 km) radius of the rock.[59] Historically, the UK claimed Rockall as the basis for an extended EEZ. However, in 1997, the United Kingdom ratified the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. In doing so it relinquished this claim as the agreement states that “Rocks which cannot sustain human habitation or economic life of their own shall have no exclusive economic zone or continental shelf”. Prior to this, in 1988, the United Kingdom and Ireland signed an EEZ boundary agreement for which “the location of Rockall was irrelevant to the determination of the boundary”.[2] As the rock lies within the United Kingdom’s EEZ, the The position of Rockall (centre of grey disc) with respect to the UK has exclusive rights and obligations in relation to the claimed Irish EEZ.[11] exploitation, conservation and management of the rock itself.[10] claimed sovereignty over Rockall, but formally rejected the British territorial claim, “which would be the basis for Ireland a claim to a 12-mile territorial sea”.[61] Additionally, Ireland regards Rockall as irrelevant when determining the Irish claims to the rock have been based on its proxim- boundaries of the Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ) as ity to the Irish mainland.[60] Ireland has never formally the rock is uninhabitable.[2][62][63]
2.29. ROCKALL
109
In 1988, Ireland and the United Kingdom signed an EEZ 2.29.8 In popular culture boundary agreement, ignoring the rock, that includes • The 1955 British landing, complete with the trapRockall within the United Kingdom’s EEZ.[2] pings such as the hoisting the flag, caused a certain In October 2012, the Irish Independent published a picamount of popular amusement, with some seeing it ture of the Irish Navy ship Róisín sailing past Rockall conas a sort of farcical end to imperial expansion. The ducting routine maritime security patrols, and claimed satirists Flanders and Swann sang a successful piece that it was exercising Ireland’s sovereign rights over the entitled “Rockall”, playing on the similarity of the [64] rock. word to the vulgar expression “fuck all”, meaning With effect from 31 March 2014, the UK and Ireland “nothing": The fleet set sail for Rockall, Rockall, published EEZ limits which resolved any disputes over Rockall, To free the isle of Rockall, From fear of the ownership of the islet.[10][11] foreign foe. We sped across the planet, To find this lump of granite, One rather startled gannet; In fact, we found Rockall.[66]
2.29.7
Shipping disasters
ROCKALL – Nautical chart – Atlantic Sea Pilot, 1884
There have been various disasters on the neighbouring Hasselwood Rock and Helen’s Reef (the latter was not named until 1830). • 1686 – a Spanish, French, or Spanish-French ship ran aground on Rockall. Several men of the crew, Spanish and French, were able to reach St. Kilda in a pinnace and save their lives. Some details of this event were recounted by Martin Martin in his A late voyage to St. Kilda, published in 1698.[17] The ship was perhaps a fishing vessel based in the Bay of Biscay and bound for North Atlantic cod fisheries. • 1812 – a survey vessel Leonidas foundered on Helen’s Reef. • 1904 The Danish ship SS Norge foundered off Rockall with the loss of nearly all its 750 passengers. This led to a proposal by D. & C. Stevenson for an unattended lightship to be moored close to the rock.[65]
• In The Goon Show episode “Napoleon’s Piano”, Seagoon made a less-than-triumphant landfall on Rockall with the titular piano. Rockall was the launching site for the prototype “Jet propelled guided NAAFI" in the Goon Show episode of the same name. Musty Mind, the parody of Mastermind on the lunchtime radio programme of Noel Edmonds featured a sendup subject, The Cultural and Social History of Rockall. And the cast of I'm Sorry, I'll Read That Again claimed to have spent the break between two series of the programme making a “triumphant tour of Rockall”. • In literature, it has been suggested that Rockall is the rock which forms the setting for William Golding's novel Pincher Martin. The Master, a 1957 novel by T. H. White, is set inside Rockall.[67] Rockall is also the setting for the novel Rockall by Ben EmlynJones, although the island in the story is far bigger than the real one.[68] • In the 1951 novel The Cruel Sea by Nicholas Monsarrat, the island features as the place of the final act of HMS Saltash 's war. It is here the ship takes the surrender of two German U-boats on the last day of World War Two in Europe. • Ben Fogle made a claim to Rockall by sticking a post-it note onto the rock bearing the words “Property of Ben Fogle” in his book Offshore. • In Steve Bell's Guardian cartoon strip, one of the characters – a penguin – annexes and claims Rockall as the “People’s Republic of Rockall”. • In music, Irish rebel music band the Wolfe Tones released a track called “Rock on Rockall” that argues against the supposed British ownership of the rock and supports an Irish claim.[69] English post-punk band Gang of Four reference the rock in the 1979 song “Ether” (from the album Entertainment!), in the line “There may be oil ... under Rockall,” possibly a reference to the disputed exploitation rights. Icelandic jazz-funk band Mezzoforte in 1983 released a piece of music entitled Rockall. The House Band named their 1996 album after the island.
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• David Frost, when hosting the 1960s BBC satiri- [12] Mac an Tàilleir, Iain (2003) Ainmean-àite/Placenames. (pdf) Pàrlamaid na h-Alba. Retrieved 26 August 2012. cal TV programme That Was The Week That Was, p. 101 recited a list of the dwindling British colonial possessions, ending with the words, "... and sweet [13] Coates (1990) pp. 49–54, esp. 51-2. Rockall.”[70] • A club, “The Rockall Club”, has been established for people who have landed there.[71]
[14] Keay and Keay (1994) p. 817. [15] “Sgeir” ceantar.org. Retrieved 18 January 2008.
• The record for time spent on Rockall is currently held by Nick Hancock, who spent 45 days[55] there in the summer of 2014.[72]
[16] “Rocail” ceantar.org. Retrieved 18 January 2008.
• Episode 2, Season 2 of The Ambassador – a British series about the UK’s ambassador to Ireland – featured a territorial dispute over Rockall. The episode was called “Vacant Possession' and aired on 25 April 1999.
[18] Google Earth. Rockall ETRS89 57°35'46.695"N 13°41'14.308"W to Gob a' Ghaill, Soay, St Kilda at approximately WGS84 57°49'40.8"N 8°38'59.4"W is approximately 301,302 kilometres (187,220 miles; 162,690 nautical miles).
• An online website 'The Rockall Times’ existed until 2010 – it was a comedy/spoof/satire website with a large cult following.
[19] Google Earth. Rockall ETRS89 57°35'46.695"N 13°41'14.308"W to Tory Island at approximately WGS84 55°16'29.73"N 8°15'00.92"W is approximately 423,241 kilometres (262,990 miles; 228,532 nautical miles).
2.29.9
See also
• List of outlying islands of Scotland • Shipping Forecast
2.29.10
References
Notes [1] FOI response by HM Government 8 March 2012 [2] Written Answers – Rockall Island. debates.oireachtas.ie. 24 March 2011. Retrieved 6 April 2014. [3] The Rockall Club website’s Facts page. Retrieved 12 October 2014. [4] bbc.co.uk. 8 October 2014. Retrieved 12 October 2014. [5] Stornoway Gazette. 8 October 2014. Retrieved 12 October 2014. [6] The Independent ~ 12 June 1997 [7] “The Guardian – Record occupation of Rockall”. theguardian.com. 26 March 2015. Retrieved 26 Mar 2015. [8] Fisher, James (1956). Rockall. London: Geoffrey Bles. pp. 12–13.
[17] Martin, Martin (c. 1695). A Description of the Western Islands of Scotland. Check date values in: |date= (help)
[20] “Nick Hancock guest blog Ordnance Survey”. 9 October 2014. Retrieved 14 October 2014. [21] “Atlantic Coral Ecosystem Study (ACES) and Environmental Controls on Mound Formation Along the European Margin (ECOMOUND)". HERMES programme. University of Liverpool. Retrieved 1 February 2011. [22] Wheeler, A.J.; Wheeler, A.J. – Kozachenko, M. – Henry, L.-A. – Foubert, A. – de Haas, H. – Huvenne, V.A.I. – Masson D.G. – Olu, K. (2010). “The Moira Mounds, small cold-water coral banks in the Porcupine Seabight”. Marine Geology 282: 53–64. doi:10.1016/j.margeo.2010.08.006. Retrieved 1 February 2011. [23] Lutter, Stephan. “The” (PDF). The Rockall Bank – A Potential MP. WWWF. Retrieved 1 February 2011. [24] MacDonald, Fraser (2006) 'The last outpost of Empire: Rockall and the Cold War”, (pdf) Journal of Historical Geography, 32 627–647. University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. [25] “About Rockall” Rockall2011.com. Accessed 12 December 2010 [26] Google Earth. Rockall ETRS89 57°35'46.695"N 13°41'14.308"W to An Campar, Hirta, St Kilda at approximately WGS84 57°49'30.4"N 8°37'03.6"W is approximately 303,195 kilometres (188,397 miles; 163,712 nautical miles). [27] Maclean (1977) page 142.
[9] Clive Symmons “Ireland and the Rockall Dispute: An Analysis of Recent Developments” Durham University [10] “The Exclusive Economic Zone Order 2013” http://www. legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 20 July 2014. [11] “Maritime Jurisdiction (Boundaries of Exclusive Economic Zone) Order 2014” http://www.irishstatutebook. ie. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
[28] “Advice for visitors” (2004) National Trust for Scotland. Retrieved 18 March 2007. [29] Google Earth. Rockall ETRS89 57°35'46.695"N 13°41'14.308"W to Aird an Runair, North Uist at approximately WGS84 57°36'11.4"N 7°32'59.3"W is approximately 366,843 kilometres (227,946 miles; 198,079 nautical miles).
2.29. ROCKALL
[30] “Brochure” (PDF). The Royal Irish Academy. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 May 2008. Retrieved 13 December 2010 – via Internet Archive. [31] John Hamilton (2000) [1999]. “Granuaile – Not the Irish Lights tender..”. BEAM Magazine 28. Retrieved 1 August 2007. [32] Marine Scotland report [33] Harvie-Brown et al (1889) Facing p. LXXXI. [34] Minerals of Scotland by Alec Livingstone, 2002, National Museums of Scotland
111
[51] McCann, Jaymi (28 April 2013). “There’s no place like home: Explorer plans to spend 60-days living on remote Scottish islet in this 8ft box”. London: Daily Mail. Retrieved 17 May 2013. [52] Severin Carrell, Scotland correspondent (31 May 2013). “Rockall adventurer fails in first attempt to land on remote Atlantic islet | UK news | guardian.co.uk”. The Guardian (London). Retrieved 31 May 2013. [53] Severin Carrell, Scotland correspondent (1 June 2013). “Rockall occupation bid postponed until 2014 after weather prevents landing | UK news”. London: The Guardian. Retrieved 6 June 2013.
[35] Ritchie, J.D.; Gatliff, R.W.; Richards, P.C. (1999). “Early Tertiary magmatism in the offshore NW UK margin and surrounds”. In Fleet A.J. & Boldy S.A.R. Petroleum geology of Northwest Europe: proceedings of the 5th conference, held at the Barbican Centre, London, 26– 29 October 1997, Volume 1. London: Geological Society. p. 581. ISBN 978-1-86239-039-3. Retrieved 28 April 2011.
[54] “Ratho adventurer Nick Hancock begins Rockall solo bid”. 5 June 2014.
[36] Igneous Rocks of the British Isles edited by D.S. Sutherland, 1982, Wiley
[58] Letter dated 8 March 2012, released as part of a response from Foreign and Commonwealth Office to a request made using WhatDoTheyKnow, accessed 6 October 2012.
[37] “Irish National Seabed Survey”. 2004. Retrieved 1 August 2007. [38] Gray, Dermot (2004/2005). “Granuaile carries out seismic survey at Rockall” (PDF). Beam (Irish Lighthouse Service) 33: 14–16. Retrieved 1 August 2007. Check date values in: |date= (help) [39] “Deep sea creatures found off Rockall 'new to science'". News Highlands and Islands (BBC). 28 December 2013. Retrieved 28 December 2013. [40] Fisher, James (1957). Rockall. The Country Book Club. pp. 23–35. [41] Ondřej Daněk “Rockall” 2009 [42] The Independent [43] “Written Answers – Rockall Island”. Dáil Éireann 358. 22 May 1985. Retrieved 1 August 2007. [44] SchNews issue 131, Justice?, Brighton, 22 August 1997; see also SchNEWS Annual, Justice?, Brighton, 1998, ISBN 0-9529748-1-9 [45] The Guardian 1/1/2011 [46] “Rockall bid – to erect Queen’s plaque”. Letterkenny Post. 25 February 2010. Retrieved 11 April 2010.
[55] http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/marine/ marine-environment/ecosystems/Rockall [56] Round Rockall Race [57] BBC staff (2008). “1955: Britain claims Rockall”. BBC.
[59] “Rockall – The Jubilee landing and a bit of history. | heavywhalley”. Heavywhalley.wordpress.com. 11 June 2012. Retrieved 31 May 2013. [60] Symmons (1993), p. 35. “As a matter of international law fall within Irish jurisdiction” and “which are closer to the Irish than the British coast” [61] “Dáil Éireann – Volume 453 Number 3 – Tuesday, 23 May 1995 Written Answers – Ownership of Rockall”. Dáil Éireann. Retrieved 24 June 2014. [62] Tullio Treves; Laura Pineschi (1997). The Law of the Sea: The European Union and Its Member States. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 305–. ISBN 978-90-411-0326-0. Retrieved 21 November 2012. [63] “Dáil Éireann – Volume 384 – 29 November 1988 Continental Shelf Delimitation Agreement between Ireland and Britain: Motion”. Historical-debates.oireachtas.ie. Retrieved 24 August 2010. [64] Heffernan, Breda (13 October 2012). “Our Navy’s show of force off Rockall”. Independent.ie. [65] Talbot, Frederick A. A. (1913). Lightships and Lighthouses. pp. 299–300. Retrieved Jul 8, 2015. [66] Flanders and Swann online
[47] “BBC article on 2010 planning permission”. BBC News. 12 May 2010. Retrieved 24 August 2010.
[67] White, T. H., The Master: An Adventure Story (1957) J. Moulder and M. Schaefer. Retrieved 28 March 2008.
[48] “Island Man News”. Andy Strangeway. 20 July 2010. Retrieved 7 December 2010.
[68] http://www.gwales.com/goto/biblio/en/9780954222918/ [69] “Rock on Rockall”. Retrieved 1 August 2007.
[49] Archived 29 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine [50]
[70] http://www.frasermacdonald.com/wp-content/uploads/ 2012/06/MacDonald-F-JHG-2006.pdf
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[71] The Rockall Club [72] Nick Hancock sets world records on Rockall, Grindtv; accessed 18 July 2014.
Bibliography • Coates, Richard (1990) The place-names of St Kilda. Lewiston, etc.: Edwin Mellen Press. ISBN 088946-077-9. • Harvie-Brown, J. A. & Buckley, T. E. (1889) A Vertebrate Fauna of the Outer Hebrides. Edinburgh. David Douglas. • Haswell-Smith, Hamish (2004) The Scottish Islands. Edinburgh. Canongate ISBN 1-84195-454-3 • Keay, J., and Keay, J. (1994) Collins Encyclopaedia of Scotland. London. HarperCollins ISBN 0-00255082-2
• Rockall2011.com – a website advocating a charitable fund for soldiers based on a pending expedition to Rockall in 2011 • Rockall.be – a website on the MMØRAI/p amateur radio expedition to Rockall in 2011 • Waveland.org – official website of the former micronation Waveland based on Rockall • 1955: Britain claims Rockall – "On This Day" story of British claim to Rockall from BBC’s official website • British journalist Ben Fogle attempts to claim Rockall • Icelandic Ministry of Foreign Affairs map showing all parties’ claims to the continental shelf around Rockall.
2.30 Talossa
• Maclean, Charles (1977) Island on the Edge of the World: the Story of St. Kilda, Edinburgh, Canongate Talossa, officially the Kingdom of Talossa (Talossan: ISBN 0-903937-41-7 Regipäts Talossan [ˈred͡ʒipæts͡ tɐɫɔˈsan]), is the name of a • Martin, Martin (1703) "A Voyage to St. Kilda" in A micronation founded in 1979 by then 14-year-old Robert Description of The Western Islands of Scotland. Ap- Ben Madison of Milwaukee. It is one of the oldest mipin Regiment/Appin Historical Society. Retrieved cronations still in existence. It was also one of the first to 16 September 2008. create a Web presence (in November 1995) and remains one of the most famous.[1][2][3][4][5] Its exposure in the in• Symmons, Clive Ralph (1993). Ireland and the law ternet and media since the late 1990s contributed to the of the sea. Blackrock: Round Hall Press. ISBN 1- appearance of many later internet micronations. 85800-022-X. The micronation claims several places on Earth as its ter• Symmons, Clive Ralph (1978). The maritime zones ritory, especially a portion of Milwaukee, calling it the of islands in international law. The Hague; Boston: Greater Talossan Area, but neither Talossa nor its claims M. Nijhoff. ISBN 9789024721719. are officially recognized by the UN or any ordinary nation. The current population of this micronation is 255.[6] Further reading • British Birds, birds breeding on Rockall. 86: 16–17, 320–321 (1993).
2.30.1 Government
Talossa is a constitutional monarchy. It has a Prime Min• Houses of the Oireachtas, Parliament of Ireland – ister and cabinet, a monarch, and a bicameral legislature Tithe an Oireachtais debate with the Minister of called the Ziu (lower house is called the Cosa and the upForeign Affairs in the Dáil Éireann, 1 November per house, the Senäts), in many respects organized like an ordinary nation, with laws, government institutions, and 1973. so on. Members are considered “citizens” and have his• Martin, Martin A Description of the Western isles of torically been admitted through a formal “immigration” process. Scotland (1716).
2.29.11
External links
Parties
[7] • Rockall.name – a complex website about the islet Like most governmental nations, Talossa has parties. They create policy and submit bills for consideration in available in both English and Czech the Ziu, the legislature. The August 25, 2014 elec• RockallIsland.co.uk – a website detailing the tion to the Cosa returned a four-party coalition governMSØIRC/p amateur radio expedition of 16 June ment including the Moderate Radical Party of Talossa 2005 and the Defenders of Talossan Republicanism, while the
2.30. TALOSSA
113
major opposition party is the conservative-monarchist zens” joined Talossa as a result. Around this time, MadiRUMP.[8] The supreme law, the 1997 Organic Law, is son began to claim that he was the inventor of the term the current basis of all civil rights and governance. “micronation”.
2.30.2
Culture
Talossa, like other nations, has a culture. Many agree that the language is the most expansive part of the culture, although other aspects (such as an emphasis on science fiction) have also been prominent in the past. Wargaming is the national pastime and even has a holiday.
Madison registered the trademark “Talossa” [10] and created Talossa, Inc., a not-for-profit corporation registered in the State of Wisconsin (but as of March 2013 has been administratively dissolved).[11]
Modern Talossan culture even has an effect on politics: two popular strains of thought in Talossa about the nature of the group - is it a “real” country (derivativism) or is it something new (peculiarism) - are represented by different political parties and compete to promote their views. The nation has long had an active media, producing newspapers and podcasts. The currently active publications are Beric'ht Talossan (“Talossan News Report”) and El Tamlált Talossán (“The Talossan Gazelle”, a play on the word Gazette).
2.30.3
History Location of Pengöpäts (Talossa’s Antarctic claim)
Talossa was founded as a kingdom on December 26, 1979[9] by Robert Ben Madison, a 14-year-old resident of Milwaukee, shortly after the death of his mother. At that time the kingdom occupied Madison’s bedroom, and he adopted the name “Talossa” for it after discovering that the word means “inside the house” in Finnish. Talossa has a very detailed “official history”.[9] However, due to the nature of the institution, most of its details can only be corroborated by testimonials of members and former members, and appear to be disputed. In 2004, a group of dissident members of the Kingdom of Talossa seceded, and these former citizens created the Republic of Talossa. This group returned to the Kingdom in 2012, uniting once more into a single nation. Growth of Talossa Madison maintained Talossa throughout his adolescence, which included publishing a handwritten newspaper and designing the nation’s flag and emblem (which displays the Finnish motto Miehen Huone on Hänen Valtakuntansa, “A Man’s Room Is His Kingdom”). During this time its only other members were about a dozen relatives and acquaintances. This changed in the mid 1990s, when Talossa’s web page came to the attention of hundreds of thousands of readers via a series of stories published in such publications as the New York Times[4] and Wired,[1] which were subsequently republished by newspapers in many other countries. Several dozen new “citi-
In the ensuing years the Kingdom of Talossa continued to function as an enduring politico-cultural roleplaying game, complete with parties, elections, laws and government institutions, and several online newspapers. For some time, yearly get-togethers (“Talossafests”) were held in Milwaukee. During that period Ben Madison and other Talossa members wrote a detailed history of the kingdom,[9] including a mythological pre-history that traces its purported origins to the Berbers of North Africa; invented a Talossan language for which a grammar and a 28,000-word dictionary have been written;[12] and composed a musical anthem Chirluscha àl Glheþ (“Stand Tall, Talossans”). According to the official history, over the years Talossa’s territorial claims expanded from Madison’s childhood bedroom to encompass most of Milwaukee’s East Side, as well as the French island of Cézembre and a large chunk of Antarctica (called Pengöpäts, Talossan for “Penguin-land”). Schisms and “Reunision” After a long and bitter political dispute, which culminated in King Robert attempting to expel the leader of a major party from the Kingdom, a significant number of active members of the Kingdom created a separate Republic of Talossa on 1 June 2004.[13][14] As of 2011, the secessionist micronation claimed about 16 members.[13] The population of the republic was 18 when it voted to rejoin the kingdom.
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Ben Madison remained on the throne of the Kingdom of Talossa until August 2005, when, after a dispute about immigration procedures,[15] he abdicated in favour of his wife’s eight-year-old grandson, who assumed the throne as King Louis I.[14]
[4] Stephen Mimh (2000) Utopian Rulers, and Spoofs, Stake Out Territory Online. New York Times, May 25, 2000 [5] Roberta Smith, “Art in Review: We Could Have Invited Everybody”. New York Times July 15, 2005.
King Louis I abdicated his position in November 2006, [6] and was succeeded by John W. Woolley, elected (per the [7] procedures of Talossa’s constitution, the 1997 Organic Law) as King John on 14 March 2007 and still monarch [8] (as of 2012).[14] While Talossa still and will always claim to be based in Milwaukee, its website states that “today [9] most of our active citizens live in other parts of the United States and Canada, Europe, South America, Asia, and Africa”.[16] [10] Intermittently from 2007 until 2011, Madison disputed the claim of historical continuity made by the Kingdom [11] of Talossa, and reorganized a separate Kingdom with a new Constitution. According to its website, it was ruled by King Louis, with Ben Madison acting as Prime [12] Minister.[17][18] The group officially disbanded in 2011. In December 2011, representatives of the Republic and the Kingdom agreed that the two groups would reunite under the Kingdom banner in 2012, once again becoming a single micronation. A referendum was sent out in the republic on March 29, 2012 concerning the “Reunision” (as the reunion is known). The results were published on April 5, 2012. Thirteen out of the republic’s eighteen citizens voted: ten in favor, three in abstention, and zero against. The republic formally dissolved on April 19, 2012, and its citizens who wished were made citizens of the Kingdom. The readmission of the republic resulted in the creation of an eighth province, Fiôvâ, from a western portion of Maritiimi-Maxhestic Province, and a southern portion of Maricopa Province.
“Talossan Database”. “List of Talossan Parties”. http://wiki.talossa.com/47th_Cosa R. Ben Madison (2008), Ár Päts: The Classic History of the Kingdom of Talossa Partial online edition accessed on 2010-01-01. Talossa entry in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Accessed on 2010-01-01. Talossa entry in the Wisconsin Department of Financial Institutions register. Accessed on 2010-01-01. La Mha, M.; A Complete Guide to the Talossan Language, Second English Edition (2008). ISBN 978-1-4537-77299.
[13] Republic of Talossa website. Accessed on 2011-01-20. [14] King John page from the Kingdom of Talossa website. Accessed on 2011-01-20. [15] Courtroom: Erni v. Talossa [16] The Kingdom of Talossa home page. Accessed on 201101-20. [17] The Claimant Kingdom of Talossa home page (20072011), now defunct. [18] Kingdom of Talossa Facebook page.
Since the closure of the Madison group and unification 2.30.7 External links with the Republic, there has been a single and undisputed Talossa. • Official website of the Kingdom of Talossa
2.30.4
Leaders
Monarchs
• Official wiki of Talossa
2.31 Užupis
Prime Ministers (Seneschals) Užupis (Belarusian: Зарэчча, Polish: Zarzecze, Russian: Заречье) is a neighborhood in Vilnius, the capital of Lithuania, largely located in Vilnius’ old town, a • List of micronations UNESCO World Heritage Site. Užupis means “the other side of the river” in the Lithuanian language and refers to the Vilnia River; the name Vilnius was derived from the 2.30.6 References Vilnia. The district has been popular with artists for some [1] Alex Blumberg, “It’s Good to Be King”. Wired, March time, and has been compared to Montmartre in Paris and to Freetown Christiania in Copenhagen, due to its bo2000, 8.03. hemic and laissez-faire atmosphere. On April 1, 1997, [2] “Castles in the air.” The Economist, 20 December 2005. the district declared itself an independent republic (The [3] “Shortcuts: Starting your own country” CNN.com, 27 Republic of Užupis). Since the first of November 2014 September 2006. Jaap van Ark is president of republic Užupis.
2.30.5
See also
2.31. UŽUPIS
115
2.31.2 History
The Republic of Užupis
Graffiti on one of the Užupis buildings
The district contains the Bernardine Cemetery, one of the oldest cemeteries in the city. Most of the district’s Jewish population were killed during the Holocaust, and later the old Jewish Cemetery uphill would be destroyed by the Soviets. The houses left abandoned were later occupied by marginal elements of society, mainly the homeless and prostitutes. Until Lithuania’s declaration of independence in 1990, it was one of the most neglected areas in the city, containing many run-down houses, many without utilities. The district has been a common haunt of artists and bohemians since Soviet times, and even today many young artists are squatting in abandoned buildings near the Vilnia River. 2013 saw the inauguration of two big art centers by the river and by the gymnasium.
2.31.3 The Republic of Užupis
St. Bartholomew Church in Užupis
2.31.1
Geography Flag of the Republic of Užupis
Užupis is quite small and isolated, being only about 148 acres (0.60 km2 ) in size; it has around 7,000 inhabitants, nearly 1,000 being artists. On one side it is separated from the Old Town by the Vilnia River, on the second there are steep hills, and on the third side it borders on an industrial area built under soviet rule, which is now to be rebuilt into a fashionable district. The first bridges across the river were built in the 16th century, at which time the district’s inhabitants were mostly Jewish.
In 1997, the residents of the area declared the Republic of Užupis, along with its own flag, currency, president, cabinet of ministers, a constitution written by Romas Lileikis and Thomas Chepaitis, an anthem, and an army (numbering approximately 11 men).[1] They celebrate this independence annually on Užupis Day, which falls on April 1. Artistic endeavours are the main preoccupation of the Republic; the former President of the Repub-
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CHAPTER 2. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF MICRONATIONS one. 2. Everyone has the right to hot water, heating in winter and a tiled roof. 3. Everyone has the right to die, but this is not an obligation. 4. Everyone has the right to make mistakes. 5. Everyone has the right to be unique. 6. Everyone has the right to love.
Sign at the border of Užupis
lic of Užupis, Romas Lileikis, is himself a poet, musician, and film director. Artūras Zuokas, a former mayor of Vilnius, lives in Užupis and frequently takes part in the Republic’s events. Užupis does not house internet-cafes, kiosks, big malls, or governmental institutions (except Užupian), and there is no embassy to Lithuania. It is unclear whether the statehood of the Republic, recognized by no government, is intended to be serious, tongue-in-cheek, or a combination of both. The decision to place Užupis Day on April 1 (April Fools’ Day) may not be coincidental, emphasizing the importance of humor and non-importance of “serious” political decisions. The flag of the Republic contains a palm of hand in a white background. Each season the palm emblem has another color: Winter - blue, Spring - green, Summer yellow, Autumn - red.[2] Constitution of Užupis
7. Everyone has the right not to be loved, but not necessarily. 8. Everyone has the right to be undistinguished and unknown. 9. Everyone has the right to idle. 10. Everyone has the right to love and take care of the cat. 11. Everyone has the right to look after the dog until one of them dies. 12. A dog has the right to be a dog. 13. A cat is not obliged to love its owner, but must help in time of nee[d]. 14. Sometimes everyone has the right to be unaware of their duties. 15. Everyone has the right to be in doubt, but this is not an obligation. 16. Everyone has the right to be happy. 17. Everyone has the right to be unhappy.
Copies of the 39 articles of the Republic’s constitution and 3 mottos - “Don't Fight”, “Don't Win”, “Don't Surrender” - in 23 languages, can be found affixed to a wall on Paupio street in the area. Some of these articles would be unremarkable in a constitution; for instance, Article 5 simply reads “Man has the right to individuality.”. Others are more idiosyncratic; a typical example can be found in Articles 1 (“People have the right to live by the River Vilnelė, while the River Vilnelė has the right to flow past people.”), 12 (“A dog has the right to be a dog.”) and 37 (“People have the right to have no rights.”), each of which makes an unusual apportionment of rights. There are a number of paired articles, such as Articles 16 (“People have the right to be happy.”) and 17 (“People have the right to be unhappy.”) which declare people’s right to either do or not do something, according to their desire.[3] The Užupis Constitution
1. Everyone has the right to live by the River Vilnelė, and the River Vilnelė has the right to flow by every-
18. Everyone has the right to be silent. 19. Everyone has the right to have faith. 20. No one has the right to violence. 21. Everyone has the right to appreciate their unimportance. [In Lithuanian this reads Everyone has the right to realize his negligibility and magnificence.] 22. No one has the right to have a design on eternity. 23. Everyone has the right to understand. 24. Everyone has the right to understand nothing. 25. Everyone has the right to be of any nationality. 26. Everyone has the right to celebrate or not celebrate their birthday. 27. Everyone shall remember their name. 28. Everyone may share what they possess.
2.31. UŽUPIS
117
29. No one can share what they do not possess. 30. Everyone has the right to have brothers, sisters and parents. 31. Everyone may be independent. 32. Everyone is responsible for their freedom. 33. Everyone has the right to cry. 34. Everyone has the right to be misunderstood. 35. No one has the right to make another person guilty. 36. Everyone has the right to be individual. 37. Everyone has the right to have no rights. 38. Everyone has the right to not to be afraid. 39. Do not defeat. 40. Do not fight back. 41. Do not surrender.
2.31.4
Angel of Užupis
The earlier sculpture of an egg before the Angel of Užupis was erected in its place
miniature copies of the sculpture.[4] The sculptor, Romas Vilčiauskas, is also the creator of the Užupis Mermaid.[5] Previously, a temporary sculpture of an egg stood in its place. The egg itself became the subject of various anecdotes. After being replaced by the larger statue of Gabriel, the egg was sold at an auction for 10,200 litas and now stands on Pylimo street.
2.31.5 Notable residents Notable people who have resided in Užupis include: • Felix Dzerzhinsky, also known as Iron Felix— a Soviet statesman and a prominent member of Polish and Russian revolutionary movements • The painter and composer Mikalojus Konstantinas Čiurlionis
The Angel of Užupis
On April 1, 2002, a statue of an angel blowing a trumpet was unveiled in the main square. The idea was developed from a desire to erect an angel in memory of animator and caricaturist Zenonas Šteinys. It became a symbol of the revival Užupis. The funds were raised by selling
• Polish romantic-comic poet Konstanty Ildefons Gałczyński lived here in 1934-36, his daughter Kira was born in Užupis • Jurgis Kunčinas, author of 2 novels about Užupis, and translator from German • Artūras Zuokas, former Vilnius mayor lives in Užupis
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2.31.6
CHAPTER 2. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF MICRONATIONS
In creative works
currently governed by a chancellor, and aims to become a parliamentary democracy.[2]
Užupis was the topic of a 2015 piece of music by The In January 2010 Wirtland proposed to acquire land by Mighty Sieben, featuring the three mottos, “Don't Fight”, consent from Nauru.[3] If successful, it would be the first “Don't Win”, “Don't Surrender”. case of a peaceful formation of a new country 'from scratch', making Wirtland potentially eligible for international diplomatic recognition according to Article 1 2.31.7 References of Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States, provided that it can also meet the requirements of [1] “Zappa lives in Lithuania”. Rolling Stone. a “permanent population” under the control of a govern[2] ment. [3] Link to English translation of Uzupis Constitution [4] http://kauno.diena.lt/naujienos/vilniaus-miestas/ simbolis-uzupio-angelas-iskilo-mazu-kopiju-240395
2.32.2 Population
The population of Wirtland consists of citizens, known as Witizens, and tourists. Citizenship is open to anyone, as prospective citizens need only write a letter of interest to the government to become a citizen and receive a 2.31.8 External links “residence permit” or personal ID card.[4] Wirtland offers equal democratic rights and does not discriminate on the • They tore down Lenin’s statue - and raised one to basis of national origin, religion, race, or sex. The citFrank Zappa, article in Guardian Unlimited izenship application form is available in English, Spanish, Bulgarian, Portuguese, Turkish, Thai, Russian, Ko• Užupis case study at Exchange Network for Sustainrean, Japanese, Chinese, Dutch, Italian, Polish, Finnish, able Urban Revitalisation Experience Ukrainian, German, Hebrew, French, and Norwegian languages.[5] • Meeting the president of Užupis, video [5] http://www.fotobankas.lt/fotografija/list/search/Romo+ Vil%C4%8Diausko+undin%C4%97l%C4%97
• Video report about Vilnius, featuring a lot of scenes filmed in Užupis : Locks on bridges, the Republic 2.32.3 and the Constitution
Media reaction
Fox News and Bulgarian national bTV were the first Coordinates: 54°40′50″N 25°17′49″E / 54.68056°N TV channels to report on Wirtland. bTV organized an 25.29694°E online interview with three witizens of Bulgarian origin on February 11, 2009[6][7] whilst Fox 45 Morning News of Baltimore, Maryland featured an inter2.32 Wirtland view about Wirtland with reporter Larry Fiorino on January 20, 2009.[8] On November 4, 2011, Wirtland ap[9] This article is about the micronation. For other uses, see peared on Slovenian TV channel Sponka.tv. In February 2015 Spain’s premier radio Cadena SER published Wirtland. interview with Wirtland’s representative.[10] On July 29, 2015, Wirtland was covered on main Bolivian TV chanWirtland (French: Terre du Wirt or French: Virtlande; nel Red ATB.[11] Wirtland has also been covered by (Turkish: Hayalistan; Bulgarian: Виртландия; CNN Türk,[12] Voice of Russia,[13] Daily Record,[14] Russian: Виртландия; Armenian: Վիրտլանդիա; PC World,[15] Computerworld,[16] Milliyet,[17] Sabah,[18] Italian: Virtlandia; Spanish: Virtlandia; Slovene: Vir- Dneven Trud.[19] tlandija; Esperanto: Virlando;) is an internet-based micronation founded in 2008.
2.32.1
History and government
Wirtland was founded on August 14, 2008, as a public initiative and is principally represented through its official website. Wirtland purports to be an experiment into legitimacy and self-sustainability of a country without its own soil, which transcends national borders without breaching or lessening the sovereignty of any involved. Wirtland is
2.32.4 Wirtland’s coins and cinderella stamps In 2009 Wirtland released its first gold coin, known as the “Wirtland Crane” (10 International Currency Units, ICU).[20] Wirtland Crane – a 1/10 oz. coin minted in 24 carat gold - became the world’s first gold coin produced by an internet-based (virtual) country.[21] The gold “Crane” was soon followed by the first silver coin “Silver
2.32. WIRTLAND
119
[8] http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PX4GdIttJ_Q [9] http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mmRHBsioinY [10] “El país que une a Snowden, Assange y Obama” (in Spanish). Cadena SER. February 26, 2015. Retrieved March 2, 2015. [11] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ADvJLtKECyI “Wirtland Crane”
[12] “Iste Hayalistanin en uzel kizi!" (in Turkish). CNN Türk. February 11, 2009. Retrieved July 2, 2009. [13] Виртуальная страна (in Russian). Voice of Russia. March 13, 2009. Retrieved July 2, 2009. [14] “Wanna get away? Try a virtual trip to Wirtland”. The Daily Record. January 23, 2009. [15] "Виртландия ще издаде златни монети". PC World Bulgaria (in Bulgarian). March 26, 2009. [16] "Българка стана първата Мис Виртландия" (in Bulgarian). Computerworld. February 3, 2009.
Wirtland postage
[17] “Bulgar Aneliya “Hayalistan güzeli” oldu” (in Turkish). Milliyet. February 2, 2009.
Crane” (2 ICU).[22] Wirtland will issue uniquely handpainted cinderella stamps.[23]
[18] "İşte “Hayalistan güzeli"" (in Turkish). Sabah. February 11, 2009.
2.32.5
[19] "Виртуална държава пуска златни монети" (in Bulgarian). Dneven Trud. March 26, 2009. Retrieved July 2, 2009.
National identity card
Wirtland issues personal plastic ID cards. Every citizen [20] “Wirtland Crane: the first gold coin from a cybercountry”. is eligible for receiving the personal ID card. New appliCoinLink. July 27, 2009. Retrieved October 4, 2009. cations for ID card are accepted from everyone over age 18, who wants to become a citizen of Wirtland.[24] [21] “Cybercountry Gold Coin Becomes Reality, the First
2.32.6
Notes
[1] “New Silver Crane Coin From Wirtlands Virtual Nation”. The E-Sylum, Volume 12, Number 40. October 4, 2009. Retrieved October 4, 2009.
“Wirtland Crane"". CoinNews.net. July 27, 2009. Retrieved October 4, 2009. [22] “New Silver Crane Coin From Wirtlands Virtual Nation”. The E-Sylum, Volume 12, Number 40. October 4, 2009. Retrieved October 4, 2009.
[2] Press release Wirtland Offers Citizenship, Declares Sovereignty With No Territorial Claims
[23] “The First Postage Stamp”. The Times of Wirtland. August 24, 2008. Retrieved July 2, 2009.
[3] “Wirtland To Acquire Real Land”. Impact Lab. January 19, 2010. Retrieved January 19, 2010.
[24] “Virtual Country of Wirtland Issues National ID Card”. Impact Lab. September 22, 2009. Retrieved September 29, 2009.
[4] “Your Free Wirtland Residence Permit: How To Apply”. The Times of Wirtland. November 29, 2008. Retrieved June 2, 2009. [5] “Application for Witizenship in Thai: สัญชาติใบสมัคร". The Times of Wirtland. May 24, 2008. Retrieved June 2, 2009. [6] http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-GIx7FMbdo0 [7] http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3kyKf-mLoko
2.32.7 References • As of this edit, this article uses content from “Wirtland”, which is licensed in a way that permits reuse under the Creative Commons AttributionShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, but not under the GFDL. All relevant terms must be followed.
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2.32.8
CHAPTER 2. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF MICRONATIONS
Further reading
• Antonio Martín, El país que une a Snowden, Assange y Obama, Cadena SER, 26/02/2015. • Kristan J. Wheaton, Wirtland: A New (?) Experimental (??) Cyber (???) Nation (????), Sources And Methods, November 30, 2008. • Veldmuis.com, Virtuele bewoners willen eigen ‘virtuele straatnamen’, Veldmuis.com, November 9, 2008. • Deborah Nason, Wirtland Evolves as First Country in Cyberspace, Internet Evolution, January 21, 2009. • Larry Fiorino, Wanna get away? Try a virtual trip to Wirtland, “Maryland Daily Record”, January 23, 2009. • BNR Radio Bulgarie, Les Bulgares sont les plus nombreux dans l’Etat de Virtlandia, BNR, March 25, 2009
2.32.9
External links
• Official website • Official “Witizens of Wirtland (WoW) Network” • Wirtland Institute
Chapter 3
Appendices 3.1 Emperor Norton
vere, Selma Lagerlöf, and Neil Gaiman.
For the record label, see Emperor Norton Records. 3.1.1 Early life “Joshua Norton” redirects here. For the artist, see Joshua Norton (artist). Genealogical and other research indicates that Norton’s parents were John Norton (d. August 1848) and Sarah Joshua Abraham Norton (c. 1818[2] – January 8, Norden, English Jews — John, a farmer and merchant; 1880), known as Emperor Norton, was a citizen of San Sarah, a daughter of Abraham Norden and a sister of Francisco, California who in 1859 proclaimed himself Benjamin Norden, a successful Jewish merchant — who “Norton I, Emperor of the United States”[3] and subse- moved the family to South Africa in early 1820 as part of quently “Protector of Mexico”.[4] a government-backed colonization scheme whose partic[11][12][13] Born in England, Norton spent most of his early life in ipants came to be known as the 1820 Settlers. South Africa. He immigrated to San Francisco in 1849 after receiving a bequest of $40,000 (inflation adjusted to $1.1 million in 2014 US Dollars) from his father’s estate, arriving aboard the steam yacht Hurlothrumbo.[5] Norton initially made a living as a businessman, but he lost his fortune investing in Peruvian rice.[6] After losing a lawsuit in which he tried to void his rice contract, Norton became a less and less public figure. He reemerged in September 1859, laying claim to the position of Emperor of the United States.[7] Although he had no political power, and his influence extended only so far as he was humored by those around him, he was treated deferentially in San Francisco, and currency issued in his name was honored in the establishments he frequented.
Most likely, Norton was born in the Kentish town of Deptford, England, which is part of present-day London.[12][14] Pinning down Norton’s exact date of birth has proved difficult. His obituary in the San Francisco Chronicle, “following the best information obtainable,” cited the silver plate on his coffin which said he was “aged about 65,”[15] suggesting that 1814 could be the year of his birth. But Norton’s biographer, William Drury, points out that “about 65” was based on nothing more than the guess that Norton’s landlady offered to the coroner at the inquest following his death.[16] In a 1923 essay published by the California Historical Society, Robert Ernest Cowan claimed that Norton was born on February 4, 1819.[17] However, the passenger lists for the Belle Alliance, the ship that carried Norton and his family from England to South Africa, indicate he was two years old when the ship set sail in February 1820.[18][19] The February 4, 1865, edition of the Daily Alta California newspaper included an item in which the Alta wished Emperor Norton a happy 47th birthday, indicating that his birth date was February 4, 1818 (not 1819, as Cowan claimed) — a date that would line up with the Belle Alliance passenger listing from two years later.[20][21][22] Moreover, it has been shown that Robert Ernest Cowan appears to have falsified the 1865 Alta item to advance his claim of an 1819 birth date[22] and that persistent online claims for an 1819 birth date, which can be traced to the early years of the Internet, are of doubtful provenance.[23]
Though some considered him insane or eccentric,[8] citizens of San Francisco celebrated his regal presence and his proclamations, such as his order that the United States Congress be dissolved by force and his numerous decrees calling for a bridge crossing connecting San Francisco to Oakland, and a corresponding tunnel to be built under San Francisco Bay. Similar structures were built long after his death in the form of the San Francisco– Oakland Bay Bridge and the Transbay Tube,[9] and there have been campaigns to rename the bridge "The Emperor Norton Bridge". On January 8, 1880, Norton collapsed at a street corner and died before he could be given medical treatment. At his funeral two days later, nearly 30,000 people packed the streets of San Francisco to pay homage.[10] Norton has been immortalized as the basis of characters in the literature of writers Mark Twain, Robert Norton emigrated from South Africa to San Francisco Louis Stevenson, Christopher Moore, Maurice De Be- in 1849 after receiving a bequest of $40,000 from his 121
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CHAPTER 3. APPENDICES
father’s estate.[10] He enjoyed a good deal of success in the real estate market, and by the early 1850s had accumulated a fortune of $250,000.[10][17] Norton thought he saw a business opportunity when China, facing a severe famine, placed a ban on the export of rice, causing the price of rice in San Francisco to skyrocket from four to thirty-six cents per pound (9 to 79 cents/kg).[10] When he heard the Glyde, which was returning from Peru, was carrying 200,000 pounds (91,000 kg) of rice, he bought the entire shipment for $25,000 (or twelve and a half cents per pound), hoping to corner the market.[10] Shortly after he signed the contract, several other shiploads of rice arrived from Peru, causing the price of rice to plummet to three cents a pound.[10] Norton tried to void the contract, stating the dealer had misled him as to the quality of rice to expect.[10] From 1853 to 1857, Norton and the rice dealers were involved in a protracted litigation. Although Norton prevailed in the lower courts, the case reached the Supreme Court of California, which ruled against Norton.[24] Later, the Lucas Turner and Company Bank foreclosed on his real estate holdings in North Beach to pay Norton’s debt.[10] He filed for bankruptcy and by 1858 was living in reduced circumstances at a working class boarding house.[10]
3.1.2
Declares himself emperor
By 1859, Norton had become completely disgruntled with what he considered the inadequacies of the legal and political structures of the United States. On September 17, 1859, he took matters into his own hands and distributed letters to the various newspapers in the city, proclaiming himself "Emperor of these United States": At the peremptory request and desire of a large majority of the citizens of these United States, I, Joshua Norton, formerly of Algoa Bay, Cape of Good Hope, and now for the last 9 years and 10 months past of S. F., Cal., declare and proclaim myself Emperor of these U. S.; and in virtue of the authority thereby in me vested, do hereby order and direct the representatives of the different States of the Union to assemble in Musical Hall, of this city, on the 1st day of Feb. next, then and there to make such alterations in the existing laws of the Union as may ameliorate the evils under which the country is laboring, and thereby cause confidence to exist, both at home and abroad, in our stability and integrity. — NORTON I, Emperor of the United States.[17][25]
The announcement was first reprinted for humorous effect by the editor of the San Francisco Bulletin.[26] Norton would later add “Protector of Mexico” to this title. Thus commenced his unprecedented and whimsical 21year reign over America.
One of Norton’s undated proclamations Norton in full regalia
In his self-appointed role of emperor, Norton issued nu-
3.1. EMPEROR NORTON merous decrees on matters of the state. After assuming absolute control over the country, he saw no further need for a legislature, and on October 12, 1859, he issued a decree formally abolishing the United States Congress. In it, Norton observed: ...fraud and corruption prevent a fair and proper expression of the public voice; that open violation of the laws are constantly occurring, caused by mobs, parties, factions and undue influence of political sects; that the citizen has not that protection of person and property which he is entitled.[27]
123 Whoever after due and proper warning shall be heard to utter the abominable word “Frisco,” which has no linguistic or other warrant, shall be deemed guilty of a High Misdemeanor, and shall pay into the Imperial Treasury as penalty the sum of twenty-five dollars.[27]
Norton was occasionally a visionary, and some of his Imperial Decrees exhibited profound foresight. He issued instructions to form a League of Nations,[28] and he explicitly forbade any form of conflict between religions or their sects. Norton saw fit to decree the construction of a suspension bridge or tunnel connecting Oakland and San Francisco, his later decrees becoming increasingly irriNorton ordered all interested parties to assemble at Platt’s tated at the lack of prompt obedience by the authorities: Music Hall in San Francisco in February 1860 to “remedy the evil complained of”.[27] WHEREAS, we issued our decree orderIn an imperial decree the following month, Norton suming the citizens of San Francisco and Oakland moned the Army to depose the elected officials of the to appropriate funds for the survey of a susU.S. Congress: pension bridge from Oakland Point via Goat Island; also for a tunnel; and to ascertain which is the best project; and whereas the said citiWHEREAS, a body of men calling themzens have hitherto neglected to notice our said selves the National Congress are now in session decree; and whereas we are determined our auin Washington City, in violation of our Impethority shall be fully respected; now, therefore, rial edict of the 12th of October last, declaring we do hereby command the arrest by the army the said Congress abolished; of both the Boards of City Fathers if they perWHEREAS, it is necessary for the repose sist in neglecting our decrees. of our Empire that the said decree should be Given under our royal hand and seal at San strictly complied with; Francisco, this 17th day of September, 1872.[9] NOW, THEREFORE, we do hereby Order and Direct Major-General Scott, the The intent of this decree, unlike many others, actually Command-in-Chief of our Armies, immedicame to fruition; construction of the San Francisco– ately upon receipt of this, our Decree, to proOakland Bay Bridge began on July 9, 1933 and was ceed with a suitable force and clear the Halls of completed on November 12, 1936.[29] The construction [27] Congress. of Bay Area Rapid Transit's Transbay Tube was completed in 1969, with Transbay rail service commencing Norton’s orders were ignored by the Army, and Congress in 1974.[30] likewise continued without any formal acknowledgement of the decree. Further decrees in 1860 dissolved the republic and forbade the assembly of any members of the 3.1.3 Norton’s Imperial acts former Congress.[27] Norton’s battle against the elected leaders of America persisted throughout his reign, though Norton spent his days inspecting San Francisco’s streets it appears he eventually, if grudgingly, allowed Congress in an elaborate blue uniform with gold-plated epaulettes, to exist without his permission. Hoping to resolve the given to him by officers of the United States Army post many disputes that had resulted in the Civil War, in at the Presidio of San Francisco. He also wore a beaver 1862 Norton issued a mandate ordering both the Roman hat decorated with a peacock feather and a rosette.[32] He Catholic Church and the Protestant churches to publicly frequently enhanced this regal posture with a cane or umordain him as “Emperor”.[17] brella. During his inspections, Norton would examine His attempts to overthrow the elected government having the condition of the sidewalks and cable cars, the state public property, and the appearance of pobeen ignored, Norton turned his attention to other mat- of repair of[33] Norton would also frequently give lengthy lice officers. ters, both political and social. On August 12, 1869, “bephilosophical expositions on a variety of topics to anyone ing desirous of allaying the dissensions of party strife now within earshot. existing within our realm”, he abolished the Democratic and Republican parties.[4] The failure to treat Norton’s During the 1860s and 1870s, there were occasional antiadopted home city with appropriate respect was the sub- Chinese demonstrations in the poorer districts of San ject of a particularly stern edict in 1872: Francisco. Riots, sometimes resulting in fatalities, took
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CHAPTER 3. APPENDICES policeman. All police officers of San Francisco thereafter saluted Norton as he passed in the street.[33]
Norton did receive some tokens of recognition for his position. The 1870 U.S. census lists Joshua Norton as 50 years old and residing at 624 Commercial Street; his occupation was listed as Emporer [sic]. It also noted he was insane.[4][36] Norton also issued his own money to pay for his debts, and it became an accepted local currency in San Francisco. These notes came in denominations between fifty cents and ten dollars; the few surviving notes are collector’s items. The city of San Francisco also honored Norton. When his uniform began to look shabby, the San Francisco Board of Supervisors bought him a suitably reA fanciful depiction of Norton dressed as the Pope at the funeral gal replacement. Norton sent a gracious thank you note of the itinerant dog Lazarus[31] and issued a “patent of nobility in perpetuity” for each supervisor.[37] place. During one incident, Norton allegedly positioned himself between the rioters and their Chinese targets; with a bowed head, he started reciting the Lord’s Prayer 3.1.4 Later years and death repeatedly until the rioters dispersed without incident.[33] During the later years of Norton’s reign, he was the subNorton was loved and revered by the citizens of San Fran- ject of considerable speculation. One popular story sugcisco. Although penniless, he regularly ate at the finest gested he was the son of Emperor Napoleon III, and that restaurants in San Francisco; restaurateurs took it upon his claim of coming from South Africa was a ruse to prethemselves to add brass plaques in their entrances declar- vent persecution.[15][38] Another popular story suggested ing "[by] Appointment to his Imperial Majesty, Emperor Norton was planning to marry Queen Victoria.[3] While Norton I of the United States.”[34] Norton’s self-penned this claim is unsupported, Norton did write to the Queen Imperial seals of approval were prized and a substantial on several occasions, and he is reported to have met Emboost to trade. No play or musical performance in San peror Pedro II of Brazil.[17] Rumors also circulated that Francisco would dare to open without reserving balcony Norton was supremely wealthy—only affecting poverty seats for Norton.[10] because he was miserly. A rumor started by the devoted Norton caricaturist Ed A number of decrees that were probably fraudulent were Jump claims he had two dogs, Bummer and Lazarus, submitted and duly printed in local newspapers, and it which were also San Francisco celebrities.[35] Though he is believed that in at least a few cases, newspaper edidid not own the dogs, Norton ate at free lunch counters tors themselves drafted fictitious edicts to suit their own where he shared his meals with the dogs.[6] agendas.[10] The San Francisco Museum and Historical Society maintains a list of the decrees believed to be genuine.[4]
A ten dollar note issued by the Imperial Government of Norton I
In 1867, a policeman named Armand Barbier arrested Norton to commit him to involuntary treatment for a mental disorder.[3] The Emperor’s arrest outraged the citizens and sparked scathing editorials in the newspapers. Police Chief Patrick Crowley ordered Norton released and issued a formal apology on behalf of the police force.[10] Crowley wrote “that he had shed no blood; robbed no one; and despoiled no country; which is more than can be said of his fellows in that line.”[17] Norton magnanimously granted an Imperial Pardon to the errant
On the evening of January 8, 1880, Norton collapsed on the corner of California Street and Dupont Street (now Grant Avenue) in front of Old St. Mary’s Church while on his way to a lecture at the California Academy of Sciences.[10] His collapse was immediately noticed and “the police officer on the beat hastened for a carriage to convey him to the City Receiving Hospital.”[39] Norton died before a carriage could arrive. The following day the San Francisco Chronicle published his obituary on its front page under the headline "Le Roi est Mort" (“The King is Dead”).[39] In a tone tinged with sadness, the article respectfully reported that, "[o]n the reeking pavement, in the darkness of a moon-less night under the dripping rain..., Norton I, by the grace of God, Emperor of the United States and Protector of Mexico, departed this life”.[39] The Morning Call, another leading San Francisco newspaper, published a front-page article using an almost identical sentence as a headline: “Norton the First, by the grace of God Emperor of these United States and Protec-
3.1. EMPEROR NORTON
125
tor of Mexico, departed this life.”[4] It quickly became evident that, contrary to the rumors, Norton had died in complete poverty. Five or six dollars in small change had been found on his person, and a search of his room at the boarding house on Commercial Street turned up a single gold sovereign, then worth around $2.50; his collection of walking sticks; his rather battered saber; a variety of headgear (including a stovepipe, a derby, a red-laced Army cap, and another cap suited to a martial band-master); an 1828 French franc; and a handful of the Imperial bonds he sold to tourists at a fictitious 7% interest.[10][27] There were fake telegrams purporting to be from Emperor Alexander II of Russia, congratulating Norton on his forthcoming marriage to Queen Victoria, and from the President of France, predicting that such a union would be disastrous to world peace. Also found were his letters to Queen Victoria and 98 shares of stock in a defunct gold mine.[40] Initial funeral arrangements were for a pauper’s coffin of simple redwood. However, members of the Pacific Club, a San Francisco businessman’s association, established a funeral fund that provided for a handsome rosewood casket and arranged a suitably dignified farewell.[17] Norton’s funeral on Sunday, January 10, was solemn, mournful, and large. Paying their respects were members of "...all classes from capitalists to the pauper, the clergyman to the pickpocket, well-dressed ladies and those whose garb and bearing hinted of the social outcast.”[15] Some accounts say as many as 10,000 people lined the streets, and that the funeral cortège was two miles (3 km) long. San Francisco’s total population at the time was 230,000.[41] Norton was buried in the Masonic Cemetery, at the expense of the City of San Francisco.[10]
This 1939 plaque, commemorating Norton I’s role in the history of the Bay Bridge, originally was at the Cliff House and most recently was at the now-demolished Transbay Terminal. It currently is in storage.
Since 1974, there has been an annual memorial service at his grave in Colma, just outside of San Francisco.[44] In January 1980, ceremonies were conducted in San Francisco to honor the 100th anniversary of the death of “the one and only Emperor of the United States.”[4]
The Emperor’s Bridge Campaign, a San Francisco-based In 1934, Emperor Norton’s remains were transferred, as nonprofit launched in September 2013, works to honor were all graves in the city, to a grave site of moderate the life and advance the legacy of Emperor Norton.[45] splendor at Woodlawn Cemetery, in Colma. The grave is [46] marked by a large stone inscribed “Norton I, Emperor of He is considered a patron saint of Discordianism. [42][43] the United States and Protector of Mexico”.
3.1.5
Legacy
See also: Emperor Norton in popular culture Although details of his life story may have been forgotten, Emperor Norton was immortalized in literature. Mark Twain, who resided in San Francisco during part of Emperor Norton’s public life, modeled the character of the King in Adventures of Huckleberry Finn on Joshua Norton.[10]
Efforts to rename the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge In 1939, the group E Clampus Vitus commissioned and dedicated a plaque commemorating Emperor Norton’s call for the construction of a suspension bridge between San Francisco and Oakland, via Yerba Buena Island (formerly Goat Island). The group’s intention was that the plaque be placed on the newly opened San FranciscoOakland Bay Bridge itself. This was not approved by the bridge authorities, however; and, sometime shortly after World War II, the plaque was installed at the Cliff House. In the 1990s, the plaque was moved to the Transbay Terminal. When the Terminal was closed and demolished in 2010, as part of the project to construct a new Transbay Transit Center, the plaque was placed in storage, where it remains.[47]
Robert Louis Stevenson made Norton a character in his 1892 novel, The Wrecker. Stevenson’s stepdaughter, Isobel Osbourne, mentioned Norton in her autobiography, This Life I've Loved. She said that Norton “was a gentle and kindly man, and fortunately found himself in the friendliest and most sentimental city in the world, the idea being 'let him be emperor if he wants to.' San FranThere have been two recent campaigns to name all, or cisco played the game with him.”[10]
126
CHAPTER 3. APPENDICES
parts, of the Bay Bridge for Emperor Norton. In November 2004, after a campaign by San Francisco Chronicle cartoonist Phil Frank, then-San Francisco District 3 Supervisor Aaron Peskin introduced a resolution to the San Francisco Board of Supervisors calling for the entire bridge to be named for Emperor Norton.[48] On 14 December 2004, the Board approved a modified version of this resolution, calling for only “new additions”—i.e., the new eastern span—to be named “The Emperor Norton Bridge”.[49] Neither the City of Oakland nor Alameda County passed any similar resolution, so the effort went no further. In June 2013, eight members of the California Assembly, joined by two members of the California Senate, introduced a concurrent resolution to name the western span of the bridge for former California state Speaker and San Francisco Mayor Willie Brown.[50] In response, there have been public efforts seeking to revive the earlier Emperor Norton effort. One effort, an online petition, was started in August 2013 and calls for the entire bridge to be named for Emperor Norton. This petition has received coverage from local media.[51][52][53][54] The Emperor’s Bridge Campaign is carrying forward the bridge-naming effort. The Campaign is using the example of numerous California state-owned bridges that have multiple names to call for an “Emperor Norton” name simply to be added as a second name for the Bay Bridge, rather than for the bridge to be renamed altogether. The organization is exploring the possibility of offering state ballot proposition to this effect in 2018, the 200th anniversary of Emperor Norton’s birth.[55]
3.1.6
See also
Robert Ernest Cowan’s 1923 account and Norton’s 1934 tombstone in pinpointing Norton’s birth as being sometime in 1819; Cowan specified 4 February 1819. But later biographers − Allen Stanley Lane, in his 1939 biography, Emperor Norton: The Mad Monarch of America, and Drury − settle on 1818. Drury cites South African immigration records in which Norton’s father, John, said that Norton was two years old when the family arrived South Africa on May 2, 1820. These records would put Norton’s birth somewhere between mid 1817 and early 1818. In December 2014, The Emperor’s Bridge Campaign reported on the rediscovery of an item in the 4 February 1865 issue of The Daily Alta California points to a birth date of 4 February 1818. The Campaign also showed that, in his 1923 account, Cowan doctored the original text of the Alta item to back his claim of 4 February 1819. [3] Smith, Fred (2002-01-31). “Emperor Joshua Norton I of America”. BBC. Retrieved 2007-04-15. [4] Hansen, Gladys (1995). San Francisco Almanac. San Francisco: Chronicle Books. ISBN 0-8118-0841-6. [5] “Hurlothrumbo History”. Cached copy of bitrotted hurlothrumbo.org site. archive.org. Retrieved 10 February 2013. [6] Carr, Patricia E. (July 1975). “Emperor Norton I: The benevolent dictator beloved and honored by San Franciscans to this day”. American History Illustrated 10: 14–20. [7] Weeks, David; James, Jamie (1996). Eccentrics: A Study of Sanity and Strangeness. New York: Kodansha Globe. pp. 3–4. ISBN 1-56836-156-4. [8] “New Perspectives on the West: Joshua Abraham Norton”. PBS. 2001. Retrieved 2007-04-24. [9] Herel, Suzanne (15 December 2004). “Emperor Norton’s name may yet span the bay”. The San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2007-04-17.
• Nicolás Zúñiga y Miranda, self-proclaimed Presi- [10] Moylan, Peter. “Encyclopedia of San Francisco: Emperor dent of Mexico Norton”. San Francisco Museum and Historical Society. • Frank Chu, modern day San Francisco eccentric • Wizard of New Zealand
Retrieved 2007-04-17. [11] Dakers, Hazel (2000-04-06). “Southern Africa Jewish Genealogy SA-SIG”. Retrieved 2009-09-17.
• José Sarria, self-proclaimed Empress José I, The [12] “Joshua Abraham Norton” at 1820Settlers.com. Widow Norton
[13] William Drury, Norton I: Emperor of the United States (Dodd, Mead & Co., 1986), pp.10-15.
3.1.7
Notes
[1] Most sources agree that England was his birthplace, and several pinpoint the exact location to the town of Deptford, Kent, which is in present-day London. [2] There are a number of different claims regarding Norton’s date of birth. Norton’s obituary by the San Francisco Chronicle put him at 65 years old at the time of his death, which would suggest that he was born in 1814. But William Drury notes in his 1986 biography, Norton I: Emperor of the United States, that the Chronicle’s report − a reference to the inscription mounted to Norton’s casket − was based on a guess by his landlady. Many sources follow
[14] William Drury, Norton I: Emperor of the United States (Dodd, Mead & Co., 1986), p.14. [15] “Le Roi Est Mort”. San Francisco Chronicle. 1880-01-11. Retrieved 2006-09-19. [16] William Drury, Norton I: Emperor of the United States (Dodd, Mead & Co., 1986), p.10. “The age on the coffin lid, however, was merely a guess. At the inquest, Eva Hutchinson, the landlady of Eureka Lodgings, the cheap hotel that was the Emperor’s home for seventeen years, had testified that to the best of her belief he was 'a Jew of London birth.' And his age? Oh, about sixty-five. The coroner, lacking a birth certificate or any other material
3.1. EMPEROR NORTON
127
evidence, had simply accepted her word. And so the plate on his casket had been inscribed: JOSHUA A. NORTON DIED JANUARY 8, 1880 AGED 65 YEARS.”
[32] “Two Bay Area Bridges — The Golden Gate and San Francisco – Oakland Bay Bridge”. Federal Highway Administration. 2005-01-18. Retrieved 2007-06-08.
[17] Cowan, Robert (October 1923). “Norton I Emperor of the United States and Protector of Mexico (Joshua A. Norton, 1819–1880)". Quarterly of the California Historical Society (California Historical Society). Retrieved 2006-09-18.
[33] Moran, Mark; Mark Sceurman (2005). Weird U.S.: Your Travel Guide To America’s Local Legends And Best Kept Secrets. New York: Sterling Publishing. p. 153. ISBN 0-7607-5043-2.
[18] “1820 Settler Party: Willson” at 1820Settlers.com. This page contains information about the passage of the ship La Belle Alliance that carried young Joshua and his family from London to South Africa from February to May 1820, including the London passenger list showing Joshua to have been 2 years old at the time of his boarding. [19] Drury, William (1986). Norton I, Emperor of the United States. New York: Dodd, Mead & Company. ISBN 0396-08509-1. [20] The Emperor’s Bridge Campaign, “Homing in on the Birth Date?" December 2, 2014. Reports on Joseph Amster’s discovery of an item in the February 4, 1865, edition of The Daily Alta California, in which the Alta wrote: “HIS MAJESTY'S BIRTHDAY.—His Imperial Majesty Norton I, Emperor of the United States and Mexico, commences his forty-eighth year Saturday, February 4th, 1865.” [21] “Norton, Joshua Abraham – newspaper cutting” at 1820Settlers.com.
[34] Sinclair, Mick (2004). San Francisco: A Cultural and Literary History. Oxford, England: Signal Books. p. 20. ISBN 1-902669-65-7. [35] Barker, Malcolm, E.; Jump, Edward (January 2001). Bummer & Lazarus: San Francisco’s Famous Dogs : Revised With New Stories, New Photographs, and New Introduction. San Francisco: Londonborn Publications. ISBN 0-930235-07-X. [36] Transcription of census records page [37] Gorman, Michael R. (1998). The Empress Is a Man: Stories from the Life of Jose Sarria. Binghamton, New York: The Haworth Press, Inc. p. 8. ISBN 0-7890-0259-0. [38] To have been an illegitimate son of Louis Napoleon, he would have had to have been conceived when the French Emperor was only eleven; Louis Napoleon’s actual son, Napoléon Eugène, Prince Imperial, died fighting in the Anglo-Zulu War in 1879. [39] “Le Roi Est Mort”. San Francisco Chronicle. January 9, 1880. Retrieved 2006-09-19.
[22] “Joshua Abraham Norton, b. 4 February 1818,” The Emperor’s Bridge Campaign, 8 February 2015.
[40] Asbury, Herbert (2002). The Barbary Coast. New York: Thunder’s Mouth Press. p. 231. ISBN 1-56025-408-4.
[23] “Zpub, Emperor Norton Records & the Emperor’s Birth Date: A Case Study in Good Intentions & Undue Influence,” The Emperor’s Bridge Campaign, 16 February 2015.
[41] http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/ 1880a_v1-13.pdf
[24] Ruiz v. Norton, 4 Cal. 355 (1854).
[43] “Emperor Reburied”. Time. July 9, 1934. Retrieved 2007-07-09.
[25] Oesterle, Joe; Mike Marinacci; Mark Moran; Mark Sceurman; Greg Bishop (2006). Weird California: Your Travel Guide to California’s Local Legends and Best Kept Secrets. New York: Sterling Publishing. p. 102. ISBN 1-4027-3384-4. [26] Nolte, Carl (September 17, 2009). “Emperor Norton, zaniest S.F. street character”. San Francisco Chronicle.
[42] Photos of gravestone at Findagrave.com
[44] Vigil, Delfin (2005-02-21). “A gay court pays homage to its queer emperor”. San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2007-06-26. [45] Rachel Swan, “The Emperor’s Bridge Campaign Is Now a Nonprofit,” SF Weekly, 11 November 2014.
[27] Gazis-Sax, Joel (1998). “The Proclamations of Norton I”. Retrieved 2007-04-25.
[46] Metzger, Richard (2003). Book of Lies: The Disinformation Guide to Magick and the Occult. New York: The Disinformation Company. p. 158. ISBN 0-9713942-7-X.
[28] Mencken, Henry Louis; George Jean Nathan (1951). The American Mercury. p. 499.
[47] Story of the 1939 E Clampus Vitus Plaque Honoring Emperor Norton, The Emperor’s Bridge Campaign.
[29] Dannhausen, William O. (1931). Better Roads. p. 58.
[48] Resolution in Support of the Emperor Norton Bridge, introduced to the San Francisco Board of Supervisors by District 3 Supervisor Aaron Peskin, 2004.
[30] “BART — History and Facts, System Facts”. San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District (BART). Retrieved 2007-04-18. [31] “The Funeral of Lazarus”. Virtual Museum of the City of San Francisco. 2004-07-24. Retrieved 2006-09-15.
[49] Herel, Suzanne (2004-12-15). “Emperor Norton’s name may yet span the bay”. San Francisco Chronicle (Hearst Communications). p. A–1. Archived from the original on 2010-11-01. Retrieved 2008-07-12.
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[50] California Legislature, 2013-14 Regular Session, Assembly Concurrent Resolution No. 65 — Relative to the Willie L. Brown, Jr. Bridge, 12 June 2013. [51] Slaughter, Justin (13 August 2013). “Petition to name Bay Bridge after Emperor Norton gains 1,000 signatures”. San Francisco Bay Guardian.
• Ryder, David Warren (1939). San Francisco’s Emperor Norton. San Francisco: Alex. Dulfer Printing and Lithographing Co. LC CT275.N75 R9.
3.1.9 External links
[52] Dalton, Andrew (6 August 2013). “Effort To Rename Bay Bridge After Emperor Norton Revived By Online Petition”. SFist.
• 2 short radio episodes Dissoving Parties and Royal Wardrobe from proclamations by Emperor Norton I, 1862–69. California Legacy Project.
[53] Lynch, EDW (7 August 2013). “Petition Calls for San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge To Be Named After Emperor Norton”. Laughing Squid.
• Short radio episode Norton Imperator a tribute poem by Dr. George Chismore,1880. California Legacy Project.
[54] Dolan, Eric (13 August 2013). “Petition to name San Francisco’s Bay Bridge after Emperor Norton gains support”. The Raw Story.
• Webcomic Norton I, Emperor of the United States and Protector of Mexico by K. Beaton
[55] Overview of legislative process and plans for naming the Bay Bridge for Emperor Norton, The Emperor’s Bridge Campaign.
• Emperor Norton I at Find A Grave
3.2 Flags of micronations 3.1.8
References
Micronations are ephemeral, self-proclaimed entities that • Caufield, Catherine (1981). The Emperor of the claim to be independent sovereign states but which are not United States and other magnificent British ec- acknowledged as such by any recognised sovereign state, centrics. Routledge and Kegan Paul. pp. 150–152. or by any supranational organisation. ISBN 0-7100-0957-7. This article documents the designated national flags of • Cech, John (1997). A rush of dreamers : being the remarkable story of Norton I, Emperor of the United States and Protector of Mexico. New York: Marlowe. ISBN 1-56924-775-7. • Cowan, Robert Ernest. “Norton I, Emperor of the United States and Protector of Mexico (Joshua A. Norton, 1819–1880)" in Quarterly of the California Historical Society. San Francisco: California Historical Society, October 1923. • Cowan, Robert E., et al. The Forgotten Characters of Old San Francisco. Los Angeles: The Ward Ritchie Press, 1964. • Dressler, Albert (1927). Emperor Norton, life and experiences of a notable character in San Francisco, 1849–1880. San Francisco: A. Dressler. LC CT275.N75 D7. • Drury, William (1986). Norton I, Emperor of the United States. New York: Dodd, Mead & Company, Inc. ISBN 0-396-08509-1. • Kramer, William M. (1974). Emperor Norton of San Francisco : a look at the life and death and strange burials of the most famous eccentric of gold rush California. Santa Monica, California: Norton B. Stern. ASIN B0006CF3KO. • Lane, Allen Stanley (1939). Emperor Norton, Mad Monarch of America. Caldwell, Idaho: The Caxton printers, Ltd. ASIN B00086ATPC.
micronations whose existence is verifiable in multiple, non-trivial third party reference sources, which have been cited in the linked Wikipedia articles for those entities. Contents :
• Top • 0–9 • A • B • C • D • E • F • G • H • I • J • K • L • M
3.2. FLAGS OF MICRONATIONS
129
3.2.6 H
• N • O
• Kingdom of Humanity
• P
3.2.7 J
• Q • R
• Republic of Jamtland
• S
3.2.8 K
• T
• Republic of Koneuwe
• U • V
3.2.9 L
• W • X
• Ladonia
• Y
• Republic of Lakotah
• Z
• Kingdom of Lovely • Free Republic of Liberland
3.2.1
A • Aerican Empire
3.2.10 M • Republic of Molossia
• Empire of Atlantium • Austenasia
3.2.2
3.2.11 O
B
• Principality of Ongal • Bir Tawil Empire • Dominion of British West Florida
3.2.12 R • Kingdom of Redonda
• Province of Bumbunga
• Holy Empire of Reunion
3.2.3
C
• Islands of Refreshment • Republic of Rose Island
• Freetown Christiania • Conch Republic • Gay and Lesbian Kingdom of the Coral Sea Islands
3.2.13 S • Republic of Saugeais
3.2.4
3.2.5
E
• Principality of Sealand • Kingdom of Elleore
• Principality of Seborga
• Kingdom of EnenKio
• Kingdom of Sedang
3.2.14 T
F • Flandrensis
• Kingdom of Talossa
• Free Territory of Freedomland
• Kingdom of Tavolara
• Principality of Freedonia
• Principality of Trinidad
130
3.2.15
CHAPTER 3. APPENDICES
V
“Citizens Required” • Kingdom of Valtio
3.2.16
• Kingdom of Vikesland
With the help of an advertising agency, Wallace chooses a design for the flag of his country. He records a national anthem, which is played during his interview on Iain Lee's LBC show.
• Kingdom of Wallachia
“For King and Country”
W
• Wirtland
3.2.17
See also
Danny Wallace meets the SAS (Second Amendment Sisters) and meets the King of Fusa. He also goes to the Principality of Seborga.
• Flags of formerly independent states • Flags of dependent territories, such as British overseas territories
“State of a Nation”
Wallace visits two very different 'utopian' communities, the planned town of Celebration which maintains its • Flags of subnational entities, such as U.S. states pleasantness through strict rules and regulations, and the anarchic self-governing neighborhood of Christiania. He • Flags of ethnic groups also speaks to a Catholic Cardinal about the role of reli• Flags of active autonomist and secessionist move- gion in society and to Sheriff Joe Arpaio about law and ments order.
3.2.18
References
3.2.19
External links
3.3 ''How to Start Your Own Country'' How To Start Your Own Country was a six-part BBC Television documentary comedy series aired between August and September 2005. The show was presented by British writer/comedian Danny Wallace and followed his quest to start his own country in his flat in Bow, London. The micronation he created was eventually named "Lovely". The series was released on DVD in the UK on 18 June 2007, having been postponed from October 2005.
A sombre visit to death row and an interview with the death row chief John George leads him to decide against the death penalty in his country.
“The Bank of Danny” When he struggles to pay his electricity bill, Wallace begins to kick-start his country’s economy. He investigates the National Debt, with advice from former Chancellor of the Exchequer Kenneth Clarke. He designs his own currency, the IOU (Interdependent Occupational Unit), which he shows to Andrew Bailey, the Chief Cashier at the Bank of England. He also discovers the Principality of New Utopia and interviews the UK Pro Consul, Tony Nicodemous. He applies for international aid, and fails, due to the wealth of his citizens..
“The United Nations”
3.3.1
Episodes
“Birth of a Nation” Danny investigates territory for his new country, he starts by visiting Sealand. He also meets Erwin Strauss and the man who owns the Moon. He “invades” Eel Pie Island but leaves after the police are called. He makes friends with a General of the British Army. He eventually decides upon the area of his flat as the territory and makes a declaration of independence, which he gives to Tony Blair.
Wallace attempts to enter the Eurovision Song Contest 2006 in Athens with a song called “Stop the Muggin', Start the Huggin'". In an attempt to officially become a country, he travels to New York to try to win the support of the United Nations. The lack of a territory lets him down. This final episode ends with a gathering of citizens in Leicester Square, where Wallace reveals that the country is to be called “Lovely.”
3.3. ''HOW TO START YOUR OWN COUNTRY''
3.3.2
Citizen TV
131 gathering of citizens held in Leicester Square. This day was an official holiday of Lovely called “Lovely Day”.
A show called Citizen TV, also presented by Danny WalDuring the broadcasting run of “How to Start Your Own lace, was shown to digital viewers after each episode, givCountry”, additional material was broadcast to digital TV ing news and discussions about the country. viewers after each episode. This took the style of a national broadcast named Citizen TV. It was presented live by Danny Wallace and featured news, a special guest 3.3.3 Kingdom of Lovely (usually a member of Wallace’s government) and conversations with “citizens” who had called in. An early politThe Kingdom of Lovely is a partly Internet-based ical change occurred when Wallace fired his first foreign micronation that claims as its territory an East London minister live on air and appointed citizen Kieran Collins flat owned—and once lived in—by its creator and ruler, in his place. the comic writer Danny Wallace.[1] Lovely has 58,165 citizens registered on its website (citizensrequired.com, no Wallace attempted to submit a song of his own composition, Stop The Mugging, Start The Hugging, as the Lovely longer active). entry to the Eurovision Song Contest 2006. The contest’s The official territory of Lovely was Wallace’s flat in Bow, scrutineer, Svante Stockselius, met with Wallace and was East London, but citizens of Lovely are invited to declare sympathetic to his cause but informed him that Lovely a room, or some other building or land belonging to them, could not enter the Contest as it has no national television to be an embassy for the country by taking a photograph or radio station of its own and therefore could not join displaying Lovely’s flag there. the European Broadcasting Union (EBU). Wallace then Lovely’s flag, coat of arms and motto were designed by submitted his song to the BBC (which is an EBU memLondon-based design studio Pentagram. The pixellated ber which supports the UK entry to the contest), in an atcoat of arms is intended to reflect the internet-based na- tempt to receive their backing — their judges, however, ture of the micronation, as was the studio’s final flag, a were unimpressed. pixellated Union Flag. Wallace, however, preferred a difThe series also showed Wallace’s attempts to gain official ferent flag proposal, featuring a blue stripe and a red stripe recognition for Lovely at the United Nations, which was at erratic angles on a white background – that is, the same established to be the true mark of statehood. These efcolours as the Union Jack but positioned off-centre in an forts were unsuccessful, largely because of Lovely’s lack eccentric fashion. The Latin motto is Die dulci freure (sic of independent territory, Wallace’s own flat being within – the correct Latin is fruere), meaning “Have a nice day”. the UK. Despite all this, Wallace appeared before his citWhen the owners of a private island in Ireland rejected izens in full regal attire in the final episode, declaring that Lovely’s currency as a basis for sale, Wallace tried to start their new country now had more citizens than seven interhis nation by “invading” Eel Pie Island in London with the nationally recognized countries, including Vatican City, help of his friend Jon Bond, now Lovely’s Minister of De- Monaco and Liechtenstein. (At the last count in 2007, fence. Bond was chosen for the role having once worked Lovely had actually surpassed eleven countries in terms as a security guard at Tesco, making him the closest thing of population, overtaking both Saint Kitts and Nevis and Wallace had to an army. However, the Metropolitan Po- Marshall Islands.) lice were contacted by local people, and Wallace was forced to call off the “invasion”. After speaking to a number of people including the leaders of Sealand and 3.3.4 See also Dennis Hope, who claims to own the moon, Wallace declared his flat to be a sovereign nation on 1 January 2005 • Micronations and he set about populating the micronation and record• List of micronations ing the television series. Other notable interviewees included democracy advocate Noam Chomsky, Sheriff Joe Arpaio of Maricopa County, Arizona, and Giorgio Car3.3.5 References bone, Prince of Seborga. The national anthem video was recorded in late March [1] Sellars, John Ryan, George Dunford, Simon (2006). Mi2005 in Greenwich Park, with the help of some of cronations : [the Lonely Planet guide to home-made nathe early citizens plus members of Join Me, a “collections]. London: Lonely Planet Publications. pp. 28–33. tive” begun by the King some years earlier. The counISBN 1-74104-730-7. try remained nameless for several weeks after it declared itself independent, and thousands of suggestions for names were put forward online. Wallace chose his 3.3.6 External links two favourites, “Home” and “Lovely”, and let his citizens • How To Start Your Own Country at the Internet decide the winner by online vote. The country was offiMovie Database cially named on 2 September 2005 at an invitation-only
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CHAPTER 3. APPENDICES
• Danny Wallace’s website • Last alive Stronghold of Lovely
3.4 List of micronation currencies
Motivations for the creation of micronations include theoretical experimentation, political protest, artistic expression, personal entertainment and the conduct of criminal activity.[1]:4 Micronations can also exist in various forms, including in the physical world (on land, at sea and in outer space), online, in the minds of their creators, or some combination of these. Some micronations issue coins, flags, postage stamps, passports, medals, and other items.
3.5.1 Notes [1] Prior to Madison’s departure in 2005 the group split into a separate “Kingdom of Talossa” and “Republic of Talossa”. $10 Nortonian banknote, 1879.
Micronational currency systems describe the selfdeclared official currencies of micronations. These currencies are usually created to legitimize the micronations that produce them, and few such currencies are recognized outside these micronations. However, some are prized by collectors, being minted in precious metals or in limited numbers. In the 19th century, Emperor Norton I issued his own money, which was accepted by local San Franciscans.
3.5.2 References [1] Ryan, John; Dunford, George; Sellars, Simon (2006). Micronations. Lonely Planet. ISBN 1-74104-730-7. [2] Dean, Anabel (20 June 1989). “Bleyer’s Honours Outlined”. The Sydney Morning Herald. p. 7. [3] A World of His Own: Former Seafarer Eli Avivi Rules His Own Kingdom - Go World Travel [4] “Aramoana: pathway to the sea”. [5] Your Local Guardian: Carshalton home declares itself independent state Retrieved on 22.01.2009
3.4.1
List of currencies
3.4.2
References
[6] Join the List of 5 Weirdest Micronations by Starting Your Own Country - Asylum.com Retrieved 25.12.2010 [7] Chosun Ilbo 16 March 2010 Retrieved 22.12.2010
• Lonely Planet Guide to Home-Made Nations
3.4.3
External links
• Virtual country’s gold coin “a work of art”.The World of Gold. August 25, 2009. • Unrecognised States Numismatic Society • The Imperial Collection
3.5 List of micronations
[8] City - Summer 2009 (Page 97) Retrieved 22.12.2010 [9] Tom Cutler (3 May 2011). The Gentleman’s Bedside Companion: A Compendium of Manly Information for the Last Fifteen Minutes of the Day. Penguin. pp. 137–138. ISBN 978-0-399-53669-4. Retrieved 2011-11-20. [10] “Kingdom of EnenKio”. Flags of the World. Retrieved 2008-09-13. [11] “Italian town Filettino declares independence”. BBC News. 3 September 2011. Retrieved 3 September 2011. [12] Povoledo, Elisabetta (29 August 2011). “In an Italian Town, Dreams of Freedom On a Princely Scale”. The New York Times. Retrieved 3 September 2011. [13] (Dutch) DAMIAANS, R., DILLEN, R., Uw krant op be-
Micronations, sometimes also referred to as model counzoek bij Europese micronaties Deel 1: Flandrensis, Het Betries and new country projects, are small, self-proclaimed lang van Limburg, 20 July 2012, page 20-21 entities that claim to be independent sovereign states but which are not acknowledged as such by any recognised [14] (Dutch)DAMIAANS, R., DILLEN, R., Dwergstaten Deel 1: Flandrensis, Gazet van Antwerpen, 23 July 2012, page sovereign state, or by any supranational organization. 8-9 They should not be confused with microstates, which are recognised independent states of a small size, nor should [15] (Dutch)DUBOIS, T,. Reportage plus: Niels Vermeerthey be confused with unrecognised states, which may sch staat als groothertog aan het hoofd van zijn eigen mihave legitimate claim to sovereign state status.[1]:5 cronatie Flandrensis, 15 June 2012, page 10-11
3.5. LIST OF MICRONATIONS
133
[16] (Dutch)DEJONCKHEERE, A., Kleurrijk Roeselare: Roeselarenaar Groothertog, video, Roeselare TV, 2011
[38] “The History of the Republic of Morac-SonghratiMeads”.
[17] (Dutch)COLUMBUS MAGAZINE, Het Groothertogdom Westarctica, 22 June 2010
[39] “Liberland.org - About Liberland”. liberland.org.
[18] (Russian) CHASTNY KORRESPONDENT, Micronations on the Southern Continent, 28 August 2010 [19] (Dutch) VANSTEENKISTE, A.,Hoogledenaar is Groothertog van micronatie Flandrensis, Het Nieuwsblad, 13 September 2012, page 22-22 [20] (Dutch) VERHAEGHE, H., Middagpost WestVlaanderen, Radio 2, 13 September 2012 (interview with Niels Vermeersch)
[40] “Defiant Graziers Under Arrest”. Sydney Morning Herald. 14 June 1993. [41] “Fantasy Island”. 2000-04-10.
CBS News (CBS Worldwide Inc.).
[42] “The Acting Witan and The Constitution of Mercia”. [43] Heath, Chris (2010-02-26). Hoard”. BBC News.
"'Mercians’ claim Staffs
[44] “The acting witan of Mercia”. Independentmercia.org. Retrieved 7 October 2013.
[21] (French) BELENFANT, M., Sa Majesté le Grand-Duc de Flandrensis brise la glace, Le Jeu de l'Oie: La Revue Internationale de Sciences – Po Lille, April 2014, page 30-31
[45] “Is it time to get Anglo-Saxon about England’s local government?". BBC News. 2012-04-26.
[22] (French) PRUDENT, R., Envie d’être chef ? Toi aussi, crée ta micronation en dix leçons , ‘Rue 89', 12 June 2014
[46] “Republic of Molossia - Official Website”. Republic of Molossia. Retrieved 2014-12-30.
[23] (Dutch) CORNILLIE, B., “Niels, groothertog van Flandrensis, Het Laatste Nieuws, 29 August 2014, page 20
[47] “Australia’s Aborigines Launch a Bold Legal Push for Independence”. Time. 2013-05-30.
[24] (French) MAZARS, P., “Micronations: la tournée du grand-duc, ‘Le Journal du Dimanche', 28 July 2014
[48] Chris Roth. “Springtime of Nations”.
[25] Carrell, Severin (2008-06-19). “Captain Calamity leads breakaway of Shetland islet from UK”. London: The Guardian. Retrieved 2008-06-20. [26] “Footnotes to History- D to F”. [27] “Principality of Freedonia”. [28] “Farewell to Freetown”. the Guardian (London). 200709-18. [29] “The Eddie Woods Archive”. American Literary Studies. Stanford University Library. 2007-08-06. Retrieved 2007-08-14. [30] “Footnotes to History- G to J”. [31] "--ganienkeh.net-- Information from the People of Ganienkeh”. [32] “Chile: Activists 'create nation' to protect glaciers”. BBC News. 2014-03-11. Retrieved 2014-03-11. [33] “Greenpeace Chile plants flag in Andes to create new 'Glacier Republic'". Santiago Times. 2014-03-06. Retrieved 2014-03-11. [34] McGirk, Jan (June 8, 2001). “Yogi’s disciples want to create new utopia”. The Independent (London (UK)). p. 17. [35] “Hajduci na Vranu ljude samo po očima pamte” (in Serbian). Nezavisne. Retrieved 2008-06-30. [36] “Republic of Hout Bay”. Tourism Tattler. Retrieved 2015-03-09. [37] Marwyn S. Samuels, Contest for the South China Sea (1982)
[49] “Interactive Corporative Services Information on Nova Roma”. Maine Department of the Secretary of State, Bureau of Corporations, Elections, and Commissions. Retrieved 2007-11-27. [50] "Екокняжество Онгъл… като истинска държава". Eurochicago (in Bulgarian). 16 June 2015. [51] McLachlan, Gordon (2008). Bradt Lithuania (5th ed.). Bradt Travel Guides. pp. 123–124. ISBN 978-1-84162228-6. [52] Semaška, Algimantas (2006). Kelionių vadovas po Lietuvą: 1000 lankytinų vietovių norintiems geriau pažinti gimtąjį kraštą (in Lithuanian) (4th ed.). Vilnius: Algimantas. p. 420. ISBN 9986-509-90-4. [53] Malnar, Željko. Filozofija Republike Peščenice. Birotisak. ISBN 953-6156-31-8. [54] (Portuguese)(1998-08-05). Micronação sai do quarto para a Internet . Folha de S.Paulo. [55] Taglioni, François. “INSULARITY, POLITICAL STATUS AND SMALL INSULAR SPACES” (PDF). Retrieved 2015-02-07. [56] “Człowiek-wódka patrzy na lepszy świat” (in Polish). Kurier. Retrieved 2015-02-07. [57] Iolis, Andrea. “Teoria delle Micronazioni” (in Italian). Retrieved 2015-02-07. [58] (Russian) http://gazeta.babr.ru/?IDE=96948 [59] (Russian) http://www.izvestia.ru/news/499236 [60] it:File:Repubblica di sbarre centrali.jpg [61] “Talossan Database”.
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CHAPTER 3. APPENDICES
[62] “Zappa lives in Lithuania”. Rolling Stone. [63] “The Anti-Nuclear “Free Republic of Wendland”. German History Docs. Retrieved 2008-07-20. [64] The Grand Duchy of Westarctica (West-Antarctica) Columbus Magazine. By Mariska van Brederode, June 2010 [65] Fox 45 Morning News, Wirtland on FOX News, Fox 45 Morning News (USA), January 20, 2009.
a permanent population; (b) a defined territory; (c) government; and (d) capacity to enter into relations with the other states. Furthermore, the first sentence of article 3 explicitly states that “The political existence of the state is independent of recognition by the other states.” This is known as the declarative theory of statehood.
A basic point should be emphasized: Article 1 is qualified by Article 11 because it prohibits using military force to [66] Sydney Morning Herald Retrieved 10-10-2010. gain recognition of sovereignty. Furthermore, Article 11 reflects the contemporary Stimson Doctrine, and is now [67] History of Mosman Council - from the Mosman Council official website, which lists the year of secession as 2004. a fundamental part of international law through article 2 paragraph 4 of the Charter of the United Nations. [68] Cabrero, Alex. "New York man creates 'sovereign nation' in Box Elder County.” KSL-TV. 2015-10-19. Retrieved 2015-10-24.
Some have questioned whether these criteria are sufficient, as they allow less-recognized entities like the Republic of China (Taiwan) to claim full status as states. [69] "New York man builds own 'country' in Utah, has According to the alternative constitutive theory of statepassports and border patrol.” Associated Press (via hood, a state exists only insofar as it is recognized by other foxnews.com). 2015-10-25. Retrieved 2015-10-24. states. It should not be confused with the Estrada doctrine.
3.5.3
External links
• Micronations at DMOZ
The conference is also notable in American history because one of the U.S. representatives was social worker and educator Dr. Sophonisba Preston Breckinridge (1866-1948). She was the first U.S. female representative at an international conference.[4]
3.6 Montevideo Convention 3.6.2 Criticisms The Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States is a treaty signed at Montevideo, Uruguay, on December 26, 1933, during the Seventh International Conference of American States. The Convention codifies the declarative theory of statehood as accepted as part of customary international law.[2] At the conference, United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt and Secretary of State Cordell Hull declared the Good Neighbor Policy, which opposed U.S. armed intervention in inter-American affairs. The convention was signed by 19 states. The acceptance of three of the signatories was subject to minor reservations. Those states were Brazil, Peru and the United States.[1]
In most cases, the only avenue open to self-determination for colonial or national ethnic minority populations was to achieve international legal personality as a nation-state.[5] The majority of delegations at the International Conference of American States represented independent States that had emerged from former colonies. In most cases, their own existence and independence had been disputed, or opposed, by one or more of the European colonial empires. They agreed among themselves to criteria that made it easier for other dependent states with limited sovereignty to gain international recognition. “Independence” and “sovereignty” are not mentioned in article 1 [6] The convention became operative on December 26, 1934. of the convention. It was registered in League of Nations Treaty Series on January 8, 1936.[3] 3.6.3 Parties
3.6.1
Background
The 16 states that have ratified this convention are limited to the Americas
The convention sets out the definition, rights and duties of Notes statehood. Most well-known is article 1, which sets out the four criteria for statehood that have been recognized [1] The Organization of American States’ database lists Costa by international organizations as an accurate statement of Rica as signing the treaty, but the treaty does not include customary international law: a signature by Costa Rica.[8] The state as a person of international law should possess the following qualifications: (a)
A further four states signed the Convention on 26 December 1933, but have not ratified it.[1][9]
3.6. MONTEVIDEO CONVENTION
135
3.6.6 External links • original text at UN Treaties Series, Registration Number: 3802 • Searching for a symbol The Montevideo Convention and Taiwan/ROC
3.6.7 References [1] “A-40: Convention on Rights and Duties of States”. Organization of American States. Retrieved 2013-07-23. [2] Hersch Lauterpacht (2012). Recognition in International Law. Cambridge University Press. p. 419. [3] League of Nations Treaty Series, vol. 165, pp. 20-43. Parties to the Montevideo Convention Parties Signatories Other Organization of American States members
The only state to attend the Seventh International Conference of American States, where the convention was agreed upon, which did not sign it was Bolivia.[9] Costa Rica, which did not attend the conference, later signed the convention.[8]
3.6.4
Customary international law
However, as a restatement of customary international law, the Montevideo Convention merely codified existing legal norms and its principles and therefore does not apply merely to the signatories, but to all subjects of international law as a whole.[10][11]
[4] From colony to superpower: U.S. foreign relations since 1776, by George C. Herring, Oxford University Press, 2008, p. 499. Online at Google Books. Retrieved 201109-20. [5] The Postcoloniality of International Law, Harvard International Law Journal, Volume 46, Number 2, Summer 2005, Sundhya Pahuja, page 5 [6] see for example State Failure, Sovereignty and Effectiveness, Legal Lessons from the Decolonization of SubSaharan Africa, Gerard Kreijen, Published by Martinus Nijhoff, 2004, ISBN 90-04-13965-6, page 110 [7] “Convention on Rights and Duties of States adopted by the Seventh International Conference of American States”. United Nations Treaty Series, Registration Number:3802. Retrieved 2015-11-16. [8] Encyclopedia of the Inter-American System. Greenwood Publishing Group. 1997-01-01. p. 287. Retrieved 201307-23. Delegations from twenty states participated - from the United States and all those in Latin America except Costa Rica (provision was made for Costa Rica to later sign the conventions and treaties preseented in the conference).
The European Union, in the principal statement of its Badinter Committee,[12] follows the Montevideo Convention in its definition of a state: by having a territory, a population, and a political authority. The committee also found that the existence of states was a question of fact, [9] while the recognition by other states was purely declaratory and not a determinative factor of statehood.[13] [10] Switzerland, although not a member of the European Union, adheres to the same principle, stating that “neither a political unit needs to be recognized to become a state, [11] nor does a state have the obligation to recognize another one. At the same time, neither recognition is enough to create a state, nor does its absence abolish it.”[14]
3.6.5
See also
• Sovereignty • Dollar diplomacy
“Convention on the Rights and Duties of States”. Yale. Retrieved 2013-07-23. Harris, D.J. (ed) 2004 “Cases and Materials on International Law” 6th Ed. at p. 99. Sweet and Maxwell, London Castellino, Joshua (2000). “International Law and SelfDetermination: The Interplay of the Politics of Territorial Possession With Formulations of Post-Colonial National Identity”. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 77.
[12] The Badinter Arbitration Committee (full title), named for its chair, ruled on the question of whether the Republics of Croatia, Macedonia, and Slovenia, who had formally requested recognition by the members of the European Union and by the EU itself, had met conditions specified by the Council of Ministers of the European Community on December 16, 1991.
136
[13] Opinion No 1., Badinter Arbitration Committee, states that “the state is commonly defined as a community which consists of a territory and a population subject to an organized political authority; that such a state is characterized by sovereignty” and that “the effects of recognition by other states are purely declaratory.” [14] Switzerland’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs, DFA, Directorate of International Law: “Recognition of States and Governments,” 2005.
CHAPTER 3. APPENDICES
Chapter 4
Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses 4.1 Text • Micronation Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micronation?oldid=690378986 Contributors: AxelBoldt, General Wesc, The Cunctator, Brion VIBBER, Eloquence, Vicki Rosenzweig, Mav, Bryan Derksen, Robert Merkel, The Anome, Tarquin, Sjc, Ed Poor, Eclecticology, Shsilver, PierreAbbat, Ortolan88, Roadrunner, SimonP, Shii, FvdP, Zoe, Daniel C. 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Heresiarch, Oobopshark, Jasenlee, Ncox, Lady Tenar, Dbenbenn, Graeme Bartlett, Fennec, Jao, Robin Patterson, Tom harrison, Orangemike, Wilfried Derksen, Tom Radulovich, Bkonrad, Suitov, Henry Flower, Frencheigh, Jfdwolff, LarryGilbert, Duncharris, Jorge Stolfi, Finn-Zoltan, Mboverload, Bluejay Young, Pascal666, Gzornenplatz, Bobblewik, Wmahan, Curlyjimsam, Stevietheman, Fishal, Chowbok, 159753, Pgan002, Fys, Shibboleth, R. fiend, SarekOfVulcan, UgenBot, GeneralPatton, Jackms, Antandrus, Beland, Kvasir, Mahemoff, Jossi, Phil Sandifer, DragonflySixtyseven, Xanatos 2097, Anárion, PFHLai, Kuralyov, Thomasgc~enwiki, Sfoskett, Sam Hocevar, IndigoGenius, TiMike, Rgrg, Zondor, Adashiel, Neschek, Grubi, Tcr25, Lacrimosus, SYSS Mouse, Poccil, Gimmick Account, Pasquale, Bornintheguz, Hayford Peirce, Discospinster, Rich Farmbrough, Guanabot, Cnyborg, Calion, Quiensabe, Samboy, Pavel Vozenilek, Gronky, Edgarde, ESkog, Stuart Smith~enwiki, Lou Crazy, Peco~enwiki, Mr. Billion, Livajo, Belgsoc, MBisanz, El C, Poroubalous, Lankiveil, Tverbeek, PhilHibbs, RoyBoy, Aaronbrick, Barcex, JRM, Bobo192, Deathawk, Thortful, Dystopos, Smalljim, Func, Bollar, John Vandenberg, Teorth, Cmdrjameson, Kevin Myers, Jguk 2, JW1805, L33tminion, Dafyddyoung, TheProject, Martg76, Pharos, 198, Supersexyspacemonkey, Mtrisk, Ommnomnomgulp, Wifki, Grutness, Fjl, Josias Bunsen, Marnen, Blahma, Ricardo monteiro, StanZegel, Jameselliot, Graius, Arthena, R. Ben Madison, Sea Hobbit, Babajobu, Improv, Leonardo Alves, Ashley Pomeroy, Calton, Hoary, Jl, Pedro Aguiar, Cdc, Hu, Ari Rahikkala, Alinor, Ross Burgess, GeorgeStepanek, Max rspct, BanyanTree, Saga City, Adampilli, Blahedo, RJII, Gpvos, TrollVandal, Wimvandorst, IMeowbot, Rhialto, Dave.Dunford, Versageek, Jess Cully, Redvers, Axeman89, Instantnood, Nightstallion, LukeSurl, Centauri, Dismas, Siafu, Simetrical, Mel Etitis, Scriberius, LOL, Sburke, Eterry, Jacobolus, Kosher Fan, Bo, Ratzer, JeremyA, Tierlieb, Jeff3000, MONGO, MrDarcy, Mooinglemur, Kelisi, Terence, Monsterfurby, Toussaint, Newprogressive, Thiagoarantes~enwiki, GraemeLeggett, VsevolodSipakov, Bruno Quadros e Quadros~enwiki, Kesla, Graham87, Niffweed17, NoPuzzleStranger, Haikupoet, Dwaipayanc, Rjwilmsi, Missmarple, Vary, Hiberniantears, Benzamin, Jb-adder, Kollynn, Deus Homoni, Jrlevine, Galore, SchuminWeb, Darcyj, Ysangkok, JdforresterBot, MacRusgail, Hottentot, Richardbooth, RexNL, SWatchorn, RLent, Chobot, VolatileChemical, Bgwhite, EamonnPKeane, YurikBot, Wavelength, TexasAndroid, Ismail, Rapido, Hairy Dude, RussBot, Ivirivi00, Davidpdx, Rubber cat, CanadianCaesar, Gaius Cornelius, Rsrikanth05, Pseudomonas, Member, NawlinWiki, JD79, Shocktm, Dudtz, Nagasakisullenhorde, Bmsprint, Ryright, Cleared as filed, MisterMetternich, Aaron Brenneman, THB, Pkrembs, Ergbert, Denihilonihil, Mysid, DeadEyeArrow, Barnabypage, Kewp, Black Falcon, Ms2ger, AjaxSmack, Genius00345, FF2010, Georgewilliamherbert, Sandstein, Deville, The Josh, Lt-wiki-bot, Nikkimaria, Brozen, Davril2020, Robynmiller, Lukasio~enwiki, Sarefo, Jsheffield, Petri Krohn, Wikiant, SV Resolution, Rivarez, Mercurivs, Fastifex, Kingboyk, Asterion, Qero, TechBear, Sumburgh, SmackBot, Dweller, Johnski, David Kernow, Reedy, KnowledgeOfSelf, C.Fred, Bill3000, Eskimbot, Atomota, Hemmings, Yopie, Septegram, Quidam65, Ohnoitsjamie, Hmains, Ppntori, TRosenbaum, ERcheck, KAJ, Quadm, Valley2city, Chris the speller, Master Jay, Kfranco, Rkitko, Achmelvic, Kaliz, Wellspring, Hebel, Stevage, Breadandcheese, Omniplex, Jxm, Lavalonian, Tamfang, Mahlered, OrphanBot, Nixeagle, Lacroix111, Publicrelations, OneEuropeanHeart, Rainmonger, Khoikhoi, Erlichman, Wiz9999, Harvardy, Larix, Timcrow, RolandR, Dreadstar, Iridescence, CristianoMacaluso, Fitzhugh, Victor Lopes, Sturman, DDima, Jeff in CA, Curly Turkey, Will Beback, Byelf2007, Pinktulip, Kilroy Collins, Dmh~enwiki, Saccerzd, Swatjester, Claudre, Sylocat, Fabant, MattHucke, Retinacircus, Kuru, Khazar, Libertariandeist, Antonthegreat17, JohnI, Dr-spangle, ElizaBarrington, Joffeloff, Wickethewok, Antonielly, Gamextheory, IronGargoyle, 041744, Ckatz, Mabahj, Hvn0413, Reveilled, Ajwatson82, Nicetomeetyou, MainBody, AxG, Molossia, Aotearoa, ThomasL, Dr.K., Marcipangris, Buttle, Thatcher, JohnnyBGood, MikeWazowski, Cnbrb, ISD, Clinkerbuilt, Joseph Solis in Australia, Kernow, Skapur, J Di, Saichan~enwiki, Charangito, RekishiEJ, Lincmad, Switchercat, INkubusse, J Milburn, Unidyne, Bridesmill, Waddywaddy, Dbo guy, Blue-Haired Lawyer, W guice, Ninetyone, Redlock, Fork me, Grant McKenna, Richard Keatinge, ObiterDicta, Jordan Brown, Abeg92, Gogo Dodo, Adolphus79, Robiaan, Hmkingroman, Prince jeffrey, LarryQ, Gimmetrow, Rosser1954, Joowwww, Curtissinclair, Thijs!bot, MarkBuckles, Jmg38, Hz12kmblt, Docbp87, Andyjsmith, ChristineDelusion, Dbromage, Sethdoe92, JCam, Post Falls Man, Rabihwehbe, Amokolia, Rainernz,
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CHAPTER 4. TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES
KrakatoaKatie, AntiVandalBot, Luna Santin, BlackOcelot, Aint, Chaosman, Yewlongbow, Kitia, JAnDbot, DuncanHill, Barek, Tom H., Enterdragon, Anglobus, PubliusFL, Trausten2, Acroterion, EHBX, Magioladitis, Bongwarrior, VoABot II, Cjgsinclair, TheVoid~enwiki, Jim Douglas, Littlewood~enwiki, YA1YB4FIGKYITQ0FB8AR, The Anomebot2, SwiftBot, Theroadislong, JLMadrigal, Edmundwoods, Ilerda, Cander0000, 1549bcp, Mattinbgn, Sirkeci, HappyUser, Abomvubuso, Leliro19, Gwern, 52 Pickup, InnerJustice, Ulkomaalainen, Robert.harold, R'n'B, EdBever, BGOATDoughnut, J.delanoy, Eapos, SPMenefee, Gaz2812, Vishklas, Sirtrebuchet, Cairney, Oxguy3, Elistir, Wissahickon Creek, Stompin' Tom, Gene Centauri, Geamdry, Genetauri, Dmz5, RWFfaer, AntiSpamBot, Plasticup, Dcs315, Thefeed32x, Enenkian, Flatterworld, Doomsday28, Bennelliott, Knudboye, JavierMC, Peroxwhy?gen, Useight, WLRoss, Steel1943, Luminate, Tihjai, Funandtrvl, WWGB, Craitman17, Dave Andrew, Jayvan, Dbs2006071664, AlnoktaBOT, Soliloquial, DoorsAjar, TXiKiBoT, Francbo, Cythe, ^demonBot2, Seb az86556, Cremepuff222, Dragontrapper, WikiCantona, Malus Catulus, Billinghurst, Dvmedis, Andy Dingley, Thorongil III, Rodavlas1, Indiegods, Mopheadattwood, Tombetts88, Hazel77, Onecanadasquarebishopsgate, DBM Editing Inc., Drankpee, SieBot, Xiiiofkashmir, Lucasbfrbot, Smsarmad, Kristengibbs, Finna, Sodaguy, Vader83, Purbo T, Greyrank, Francois Coetzee, Qst, Editore99, Universalcosmos, Jimthing, SalientNZ, Ptolemy Caesarion, Goustien, Sub619, Mátyás, John Wohlwend, Moeng, Smilo Don, Kentynet, PrinceCallumI, Helloeverybodyimcalledme, Hariva, Canglesea, Richie15, Invertzoo, Martarius, ClueBot, Facelessbob, Dinamik, Annemariebr, Yanpagh, Mild Bill Hiccup, TheOldJacobite, JeffVegas21, ECollege, Niceguyedc, Yaben345, Joepnl, Cirt, Nmate, Mr Accountable, NuclearVacuum, Excirial, Wied0r, Leontios, HiAaronbloom, Ombudstheman, Clarkcorp, King Ari, Taeglan, TheRedPenOfDoom, Qoder22, Neverflake, Redthoreau, Dekisugi, King forester, Rui Gabriel Correia, Scdog99, Theridgerunner, Timmy Empire, BenLib, DumZiBoT, Mr. Gerbear, XLinkBot, SixFourThree, Dthomsen8, PL290, Banaphshu, MystBot, Philbo808, Acaeton, Addbot, Guoguo12, Micromaster, Sykko, Morriswa, SpellingBot, Sattmaster, Fluffernutter, Logon aergon, Download, Protonk, Shoney16, QuackOfaThousandSuns, Lightbot, OlEnglish, -iNu-, Lamprea, Luckas-bot, KenshinHolstein, Yobot, WikiDan61, Ptbotgourou, Fraggle81, Amirobot, Haguen, PMDrive1067, Nallimbot, AnomieBOT, Other Alex, Beerbandit, Materialscientist, Analphabot, Jchthys, Xqbot, Duke Wellington14, Drilnoth, Musickal13, Gogofical, 1Jacobus1, Oli lowrie2001, Prunesqualer, Empire3131, Saphirno13, Presidentjamesbuchanan, LordTaeglan, MerlLinkBot, Kostera, Buzz-tardis, Benzen, Razr95, Rebelyeller, Snort Barfly, Joostik, TerraHikaru, FrescoBot, Amazing Steve, LucienBOT, Topia robert, Wehoweho, SamoLomaro, Parfittaa, Gransir, HJ Mitchell, Sae1962, Outback the koala, BenzolBot, Bromley86, Lyam Desmet, Skyerise, Suttungur, RedBot, Crusoe8181, Blanes, Leodescal, FoxBot, Avocadobride, Veron, Artmoods, Dryhtlic Hincian, Commodore Flippy, L George Lawrence, Diannaa, IANVS, PPdd, TheNeoVictorian, EmausBot, WikitanvirBot, Pipe RS91, Adam R. Millard, The Mysterious El Willstro, Challisrussia, ZéroBot, CanonLawJunkie, Newbiepedian, H3llBot, Banderaz1963, DrFredJones, Poll3tj3, Erianna, N30N T1G3R, Whoop whoop pull up, 3141llamsR, Purpleorb, UTSH, Sukehisashi, Grapple X, ClueBot NG, Blastback123, Jenova20, Sporeatic, W3products, MerlIwBot, Svacnin, Micronationalist, HMSSolent, Ellie.maclin, LordShadrach, Robinsonprogectionmap, Queen Arquen, Louisburrows, Jayson368, Forznena, Gabrielsson, Dayday23, Bowenvale, XXbarestapeXx, Bigcohuna1, Beaulosagne, WRY74, Uncialis, Lochin Yrneh, InTheRevolution, InTheRevolution2, Oi8uhybtfr5, Uberstadt, OCCullens, Heraut~enwiki, JAJASIM, Laodah, Booth.gov, Libertasgov, Cyberbot II, ChrisGualtieri, Khazar2, Kong amdi I, Konanen, RepublicofNelvakk, Gligarman2, Raymond1922A, Cerabot~enwiki, MicronationKing, Saxon110, PeterFromBlighty, VarickWebbofSpanionte, Pietschmann, JullianRepublic, Jamesmcmahon0, Howicus, Vidhur Aryavarta, Nspqr, MicronationGuy, Ilmarinens, Teeng1227, SangheiliUnion, Maxwelllowe, Awesomeguy225, Slyfox09121, THEK1ng22500, Wlefe, ThePidropianAuthority, Ritviksaharan, Cakeman7331, OccultZone, Bburchett11, JaconaFrere, ChrisMedley32, The.Emperor.Of.Prittlewell, JuncoMountainBoy, Empire of War, Monkbot, Jorg man rub, Devonkearneymicronation, TimLobeg, THEERVIN, AlsoCube, Universal Triumvirate, Radphilosophe, MrPahoehoe, Prime Minister of Irene, Kurtbusch22, PrinceSpencerTheFirst, Goggleoctopus, Hertzerlmernwerl, Dgracianteparaluceta, Dickscawed, Gmzeni, Tyrayplow, NameofO, MB298, AndyWikier, Liamio2015, Elias011302, Jayant900, RepublicEolia, Estecre, HBT101, Stalkerchickerika, Elefar, RobertACavendish, Stattz, Free Desoto, Deanliddell96, Trentsta12345, Maxgotts and Anonymous: 711 • Sovereignty Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereignty?oldid=686755982 Contributors: The Anome, Ed Poor, Rgamble, Roadrunner, Jetgraphics, Mbecker, Michael Hardy, Pit~enwiki, Jahsonic, Ixfd64, Lquilter, CrucifiedChrist, (, Iluvcapra, CesarB, Jebba, Александър, Poor Yorick, Jiang, Ruhrjung, Lukobe, Uriber, Peter Damian (original account), Andrevan, JCarriker, Wik, Selket, IceKarma, Pedant17, Hyacinth, K1Bond007, Dogface, Jose Ramos, Bjarki S, Jerzy, David.Monniaux, Banno, Jon Roland, Gentgeen, Robbot, Chealer, ChrisO~enwiki, Altenmann, Modulatum, Lowellian, Puckly, SchmuckyTheCat, Diderot, Bkell, Wlievens, David Edgar, Xanzzibar, Filemon, Ancheta Wis, Frog~enwiki, Oberiko, P.T. Aufrette, Joshuapaquin, Jackol, Isidore, Andycjp, Karlward, Antandrus, Beland, Paedia, Quarl, Vina, JimWae, Gene s, Maximaximax, FrozenUmbrella, Pgreenfinch, Kevyn, GreenReaper, Grunt, Flex, Jkeiser, Discospinster, Rich Farmbrough, Guanabot, SpookyMulder, Bender235, Ngchen, Neko-chan, Pedant, El C, Lycurgus, Shanes, Art LaPella, Coolcaesar, Gyll, Bobo192, Smalljim, Franey, Man vyi, Kitplane01, RussBlau, Stephen Bain, Geschichte, Ranveig, Jumbuck, Alansohn, Gary, Duffman~enwiki, Joolz, Ahruman, DLJessup, Alinor, Staeiou, Lerdsuwa, Axeman89, Instantnood, Ceyockey, Weyes, Woohookitty, Timo Laine, Kzollman, Before My Ken, Jeff3000, Astrowob, Tapir2001, Privacy, Bluemoose, Eras-mus, RicJac, Zzyzx11, Graham87, Cuchullain, BD2412, Jclemens, Electionworld, Casey Abell, Rjwilmsi, Mayumashu, Elcid, MZMcBride, Valip, DoubleBlue, Ttwaring, Cassowary, Ssrose, Truman Burbank, Gurch, Jrtayloriv, Alphachimp, Tedder, Mastorrent, Osli73, Chobot, Jersey Devil, Visor, Topstar, David91, DVdm, Gdrbot, VolatileChemical, Adoniscik, Gwernol, Straker, YurikBot, Wavelength, Spacepotato, NTBot~enwiki, Brandmeister (old), RussBot, Dleonard, Vladislaus Draculea, Stephenb, Gaius Cornelius, Thane, Nirvana2013, DD Ting, Grafen, Shocktm, Bayle Shanks, Rbarreira, Moe Epsilon, Lockesdonkey, M3taphysical, BraneJ, Jpeob, BooooooooB, Deville, Squib, Lt-wiki-bot, Bondegezou, GraemeL, Mais oui!, Allens, NeilN, Fastifex, Elliskev, Bill, DVD R W, Sintonak.X, RupertMillard, SmackBot, KMcD, Haza-w, Pfly, Skeezix1000, C.Fred, Petercorless, Psolrzan, Kintetsubuffalo, Nscheffey, Alsandro, IstvanWolf, Gilliam, Hmains, Skizzik, Teemu Ruskeepää, GoneAwayNowAndRetired, Chris the speller, Keegan, Skookum1, MPN, Miquonranger03, MalafayaBot, SchfiftyThree, Imaginaryoctopus, Dlohcierekim’s sock, Para, Hmortar, Darth Panda, Newmanbe, Famspear, Muppet317, Rrburke, RedHillian, Cybercobra, Metta Bubble, Nakon, Jiddisch~enwiki, Kevlar67, Vina-iwbot~enwiki, Pilotguy, Kukini, Ohconfucius, Battlemonk, Deaconse, Kuru, John, Euchiasmus, UberCryxic, Lapaz, Tazmaniacs, Bjankuloski06en~enwiki, Tlesher, EnthusiastFRANCE, Ckatz, Booksworm, Santa Sangre, Dl2000, TheFarix, Levineps, BananaFiend, Iridescent, Shoeofdeath, IvanLanin, Igoldste, Shoreranger, Harlan wilkerson, Jsorens, Tawkerbot2, Nourhaghighi, Wolfdog, CmdrObot, Blue-Haired Lawyer, Ubiq, Future Perfect at Sunrise, B0Rn2bL8, 01011000, Rcj442, Thijs!bot, Epbr123, Biruitorul, Kubanczyk, Bot-maru, Headbomb, Marek69, Cafeirlandais, Blathnaid, Lubejob, Escarbot, Rees11, Hires an editor, AntiVandalBot, Majorly, Bcnviajero, Carolmooredc, Jj137, Byornski, Ejoty, Danger, North Shoreman, Wayiran, JAnDbot, Husond, Jimothytrotter, Epeefleche, EJB341, Redking7, Boleslaw, Bongwarrior, VoABot II, Transcendence, Swpb, Ghibelline, Dougz1, KConWiki, Catgut, Theroadislong, Allstarecho, Glen, JaGa, TheRanger, S3000, Misarxist, Anarchia, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, AlexiusHoratius, Snozzer, Wiki Raja, Vanwhistler, J.delanoy, DrKay, America jones, Athaenara, Reedy Bot, Gurchzilla, Kraftlos, Lmbstl, Treisijs, Idiomabot, G2bambino, Sam Blacketer, VolkovBot, Nug, Raggz, Philip Trueman, Paradise32, TXiKiBoT, Oshwah, XavierGreen, Davehi1, Wikidemon, Kellym133, Lvivske, T doffing, Melsaran, Pishogue, Bcharles, Billinghurst, Falconclaw5000, Entirelybs, Morch5918, Ohiostandard, Josherhoff, 39fkeuf, EmxBot, Dlifjas4890, SieBot, BotMultichill, Arf!, Nay01, Sonyack, Washdivad, ARISTOKLES, Matthew Yeager, DANZIG666, Happysailor, Arknascar44, OsamaBinLogin, SDiZ, Avnjay, Steven Crossin, Lightmouse, Camille32, Correogsk, Smilo Don, StaticGull, Anchor Link Bot, Jaan, Pinkadelica, Muhends, Martarius, ClueBot, Timmyandy, La la ooh, Arakunem, Drmies,
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WDavis1911, Boing! said Zebedee, Double Happiness, Brewcrewer, Robert Skyhawk, Excirial, Cityslicker414, Goodone121, Coralmizu, PixelBot, Lartoven, A3camero, 8080tanme, Razorflame, Ned Jacobs, Thingg, Aitias, DumZiBoT, JCSalomon, Tarlneustaedter, PK2, Manfi, HexaChord, Cbrown285, Sisera, Addbot, Tcncv, Wickey-nl, Tom Ketchum, Zarcadia, CanadianLinuxUser, Fluffernutter, NjardarBot, Sleepaholic, RTG, Redheylin, Johnboydog, Lottieandsid, Wikieditor42, Pyl, Dayewalker, Krano, Moorishbrooklyninteligence, LuK3, Legobot, Math Champion, Luckas-bot, Yobot, II MusLiM HyBRiD II, Vanished user sflgjhaerp98q3iv8j3qp8uti, Dano112358, Monarchy of Byzantium, JustJimWillDo, SwisterTwister, IW.HG, AnomieBOT, IRP, Galoubet, Saintorigen, Pooperman632, Materialscientist, Citation bot, Maxis ftw, Obersachsebot, Xqbot, John1121, Night w, Arthur10291029, J04n, GrouchoBot, Editfinder, LucienBOT, Pepper, Mistakefinder, Dynamicsmiles, IoannisKaramitros, SH9002, Pinethicket, 10metreh, SpaceFlight89, Wikiain, Île flottante, Full-date unlinking bot, Mufamadi, Abc518, Ilikerla, Elena Emanova, Pollinosisss, Lotje, Aoidh, Tati-maranhao, Lkjhgfdsa 0, Дн, AnneDrew55, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, Mean as custard, Thurloe, Slon02, EmausBot, Tommy2010, Scgtrp, AvicBot, ChristopherTheodore, Illegitimate Barrister, DBG Heuser, Git2010, SporkBot, Wayne Slam, Wenttomowameadow, Wagino 20100516, Erianna, Donner60, Sgoldman10, Llightex, StanC8, ClueBot NG, MelbourneStar, Cheers!, Kopolee11, Dukisuzuki, CreativelySpecialised, Helpful Pixie Bot, Joe Bodacious, Manumitany, BG19bot, Vagobot, CityOfSilver, Sahara4u, Rstevens90, Chaps28, Mark Arsten, Japinderum, Parvathisri, Writ Keeper, Harrytesticles, Jayadevp13, Applebitemak, BattyBot, Cimorcus, BobDohse, Ken.kabs, Touchy Feely Dan, The Vintage Feminist, Lugia2453, GabeIglesia, Eyesnore, Dustin V. S., John kennedy tekcham, Chris231989, Interrexconsul, Turgeis, Vitruvian95, JaconaFrere, 32RB17, Egocentrix, Zeijani, Pariah24, EliezerAbate, Oranges Juicy, Dr Jorge Nunez, Gershtavone, KasparBot and Anonymous: 538 • Aerican Empire Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerican_Empire?oldid=684838268 Contributors: Gene Poole, Nv8200pa, Bearcat, Jorge Stolfi, Rich Farmbrough, Vsmith, ESkog, Art LaPella, Bobo192, Polarscribe, Atlant, Axl, Deathphoenix, Graham87, Nightscream, Hiberniantears, Algebraist, Tenebrae, Danlaycock, Arthur Rubin, JQF, Kingboyk, Jeff Silvers, SmackBot, Yopie, Bazonka, OrphanBot, Greenshed, Timcrow, PsychoJosh, DCUnitedFan2011, DMacks, 041744, Dacium, Dp462090, J Milburn, CmdrObot, Xlegiofalco, Crito2161, GRBerry, Damifb, Tkynerd, TruthbringerToronto, Shalaleon, Aericanwizard, JHFTC, Czj, AlekseyFy, Spartaz, Kitia, PubliusFL, Awien, PhilKnight, Boffob, Spellmaster, JoergenB, Crud3w4re, CommonsDelinker, Boston, DarkSaber2k, Jamesontai, Javitomad, Bnynms, PeaceNT, Fran Rogers, Rei-bot, Aymatth2, Datakukri, Ponyo, Lightmouse, ClueBot, Andrei Iosifovich, Flaming, Star Mississippi, Ottre, Sun Creator, NuclearWarfare, Yizhenwilliam, DumZiBoT, Raso mk, Good Olfactory, Addbot, Micromaster, Laurinavicius, RJW37, Mnmazur, Lightbot, OlEnglish, Yobot, IRP, JackieBot, Stanislao Avogadro, Jchthys, Omnipaedista, Richard BB, Prezbo, DrilBot, GreenpeaceUbuntuMan, Secret Saturdays, TiberioClaudio~enwiki, Blanes, Jeffrd10, GSorby, Tommy2010, DidgeGuy, TRAJAN 117, ClueBot NG, Northamerica1000, 0ne, Two, Three, Achowat, Alan J. Villarruel, Danielpc2010, Malcolmmwa, ArticleForDeletion, Zorexjmol, CentreLeftRight, Childishbeat and Anonymous: 79 • Conch Republic Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conch_Republic?oldid=676863278 Contributors: The Epopt, Vicki Rosenzweig, Daniel C. Boyer, B4hand, Montrealais, Hephaestos, AntonioMartin, Infrogmation, Michael Hardy, Dori, Gene Poole, Vzbs34, Scott, Mxn, Wfeidt, Schneelocke, Pascal, Timc, Kaare, Ex1le, Ed g2s, AnonMoos, Owen, Bearcat, Bkell, DocWatson42, Jao, Nunh-huh, Foot, Bkonrad, Ragib, Pmanderson, Kate, Poccil, Bigbrother~enwiki, Guanabot, Rama, IlyaHaykinson, Sn0wflake, Amerika, Bastique, Cwolfsheep, JW1805, L33tminion, Giraffedata, Jonathunder, Vslashg, Eleland, Davenbelle, Calton, Batmanand, Mysdaao, Denniss, Malo, Scott5114, Dhartung, RJFJR, Gpvos, Jon Cates, Cmcjackson, Dwbird2, Kitch, Centauri, Deror avi, Brookie, Feezo, Siafu, Jdorje, Before My Ken, Dbolton, Bluemoose, DESiegel, Yst, Graham87, Cuchullain, Emb021, Sjakkalle, Hiberniantears, Syced, Str1977, Wingsandsword, Mattderojas, YurikBot, Wavelength, Ecemaml, Lar, Manxruler, IAMTHEEGGMAN, Shocktm, Rjensen, Chooserr, Smartyhall, Danlaycock, Vlad, Zero Gravitas, TransUtopian, Alarob, Georgewilliamherbert, Petri Krohn, Mais oui!, Jonathan.s.kt, Kingboyk, KasugaHuang, SmackBot, Mira, Melchoir, Harperbruce, Blue520, Matthewcurtis, Quidam65, Hmains, Averette, Atomsprengja, Verrai, Trekphiler, OrphanBot, Cybercobra, Thumbelina, Dutch Rongo, Moby Dick~enwiki, BryanEkers, Hmoul, Nitjanirasu, Timkeck, BillFlis, FairHair, Shanebb, Succubus MacAstaroth, Ryulong, Wedgehead, DafadGoch, JForget, Brownings, Clipper471, Angelboy1314, Dswimmer, After Midnight, Ebyabe, Omicronpersei8, Ironywrit, Mongonikol, Gimmetrow, Satori Son, JamesAM, Thijs!bot, Ileanadu, Amlz, Fatidiot1234, CaptSlash, Spartaz, Ingolfson, MelanieN, PubliusFL, Carlwev, Indon, Dragfyre, Philg88, Cliff smith, Paris1127, Plasticup, Wvlifeguard, Kidlittle, Coldfrontband1, MorganHaggis, Seb az86556, Rdfox 76, PeterHuntington, Miamiboyz, Rypcord, Jack Merridew, Conchbeery, Goustien, Android Mouse Bot 3, Pencil30, ClueBot, Fadesga, Plastikspork, EoGuy, Tarheru, CheckLips, Leontios, Jackdude101, Conchhead, Miami33139, DumZiBoT, Emmette Hernandez Coleman, Raso mk, MystBot, Good Olfactory, Addbot, Ingridjames, Fyrael, Lightbot, The Bushranger, Luckas-bot, JWAbrams, AnomieBOT, Citation bot, Jmckean, Gemurph, Sedasa, FrescoBot, Lonaowna, Gransir, Pachucapress, Machn, Degen Earthfast, RickMagg, Conchspecialforces, MrX, H3llBot, Kill me when i die, RedSoxFan274, Northernmost Territories, HandsomeFella, ClueBot NG, Frietjes, West Eddy, BG19bot, Northamerica1000, InTheRevolution2, ZappaOMati, SD5bot, Alan J. Villarruel, Epicgenius, Jeaniec68, Kharkiv07, Greggens, Anders.maidment, Dr Besant and Anonymous: 129 • Crown Dependency of Forvik Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_State_of_Forvik?oldid=689612516 Contributors: Gene Poole, Kaihsu, Bearcat, Wwoods, D6, Killing Vector, Pol098, BD2412, Angusmclellan, Hiberniantears, MacRusgail, RussBot, Mais oui!, SmackBot, Yopie, Chris the speller, Thumperward, Tamfang, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, Minna Sora no Shita, Stefan2, RMHED, MikeWazowski, J Milburn, Cydebot, Achangeisasgoodasa, Tangerines, Sigurd Dragon Slayer, Jay1279, Magioladitis, Mclay1, Ben MacDui, Mjb1981, Ajfweb, GrahamHardy, Seb az86556, Onecanadasquarebishopsgate, BTH, Lightmouse, Sfan00 IMG, Gene93k, Dalvikur, BOTarate, DumZiBoT, Emmette Hernandez Coleman, Dthomsen8, Good Olfactory, SelfQ, Airplaneman, Blue Square Thing, Razs~enwiki, Djronnqvist, Adam233, Stumpfoot, Outback the koala, Bokaal, RjwilmsiBot, Δ, Northamerica1000, Ohchick97, InTheRevolution2, Raymond1922A, Mogism, CsDix, Alfordloon and Anonymous: 22 • Dominion of Melchizedek Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_of_Melchizedek?oldid=688258247 Contributors: The Anome, Roadrunner, Gene Poole, Paul A, CesarB, Maximus Rex, SEWilco, Rls, Altenmann, Tom harrison, Everyking, Alison, Jdavidb, Neilc, Toytoy, Pmanderson, MakeRocketGoNow, Rich Farmbrough, FT2, Freestylefrappe, Samboy, Antaeus Feldspar, Pavel Vozenilek, Floorsheim, El C, Mjk2357, Reinyday, Bollar, Grutness, Alansohn, Calton, SlimVirgin, Saga City, Evil Monkey, Centauri, Dejvid, Woohookitty, Uncle G, Apokrif, WBardwin, Magister Mathematicae, BD2412, Rjwilmsi, Hiberniantears, Who, MacRusgail, Citizen Premier, Whosasking, Billpg, YurikBot, Wavelength, EDM, Davidpdx, MadMax, Shocktm, Danlaycock, FF2010, Icedog, MStraw, RG2, Kingboyk, DocendoDiscimus, SmackBot, Johnski, Samspade, Rriter, SamuelSpade, Olorin28, Yopie, JFHJr, Gilliam, Hmains, WikiFacts, KAJ, Chris the speller, Bazonka, Giflesund, Jbregehr, OrphanBot, Tapered, Harvardy, BullRangifer, MusicMaker5376, Khazar, Robofish, Ex nihil, Whatsupdoc, Unidyne, Cydebot, AniMate, Doug Weller, JewishCommunityCenter, Ebyabe, Seicer, Thijs!bot, Pstanton, Horologium, AaronY, Darklilac, CyberAnth, Nyttend, MetsBot, Church of emacs, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, Galootius, Lilac Soul, Dinkytown, Wikimandia, Oregonic, Hugo999, TXiKiBoT, Ben, Andy Dingley, Goustien, Anchor Link Bot, ClueBot, TheRedPenOfDoom, DumZiBoT, XLinkBot, Spitfire, Good Olfactory, Airplaneman, Thatguyflint, Addbot, Lightbot, Yobot, WikiDan61, TaBOT-zerem, AnomieBOT, Ipatrol, Carolina wren, Eumolpo, Xqbot, Night w, Warriorboy85, Gransir, Bromley86, Obsidian Soul, Sargdub, PPdd, Alabaster3000, EmausBot, Ocaasi, Faizanalivarya, Shelbert1, Curb Chain, BG19bot, BattyBot, Rightarmleftleg, Fturdctor, Raymond1922A, KateTheWriter, Rybec, Aikenril, Melcous, Mikaradura, Bssmith117, Blankstage, Garden of Edith and Anonymous: 60
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CHAPTER 4. TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES
• Empire of Atlantium Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Atlantium?oldid=688425621 Contributors: Eloquence, Mav, Bryan Derksen, The Anome, Tarquin, Ed Poor, PierreAbbat, Zoe, Someone else, JakeVortex, Vera Cruz, Tannin, Delirium, Gene Poole, CesarB, Angela, Kingturtle, Ugen64, Cyan, IMSoP, Jiang, Evercat, RickK, Viajero, Jwrosenzweig, Fuzheado, Wik, Maximus Rex, Grendelkhan, VeryVerily, Fvw, Raul654, Dpbsmith, Pakaran, Johnleemk, Bearcat, Kowey, Mirv, Rholton, Benc, Michael Snow, Anthony, Hcheney, Jao, Nunh-huh, Curps, Michael Devore, Gamaliel, Duncharris, Gzornenplatz, Matt Crypto, Golbez, Thorn969, PFHLai, Gazpacho, CALR, Rich Farmbrough, Samboy, Belgsoc, Zscout370, Natryn, Galena~enwiki, Emperor George II, Viriditas, Jonathunder, Wifki, TheParanoidOne, Dr Zen, Sade, Katefan0, Fourthords, Tony Sidaway, Centauri, Megan1967, Uncle G, Rjwilmsi, Tim!, Hiberniantears, Tommy Kronkvist, Gulielmus Cumrotae, Billpg, Conscious, Garrysaint, O^O, Wiki alf, Arichnad, Danlaycock, Gadget850, Georgewilliamherbert, Rivarez, Mais oui!, RenamedUser jaskldjslak904, Curpsbot-unicodify, Kingboyk, SmackBot, Grye, Crankshuick, Stifle, Crankshuick 1, Crankshuick 4, Crankshuick 5, Crankshuick 6, Crankshuick 7, Frymaster, Crankshuick 8, Crankshuick 9, Crankshuick 10, Crankshuick 11, Crankshuick 12, Crankshuick 15, Yopie, Crankshuick 18, Crusp, Shuickrank, Shakshuk, Shukshak, Sasae, Aaga, Weio~enwiki, Ww2censor, Greenshed, Ianmacm, Savidan, Harvardy, JzG, FairHair, Dl2000, Iridescent, J Milburn, Wafulz, Ken Gallager, Doug Weller, Chrislk02, Retep412, Lx45803, Mnemeson, CharlotteWebb, PubliusFL, CommonsDelinker, DrKay, It Is Me Here, Plasticup, Urzadek, Crooked allele, Enenkian, CardinalDan, WWGB, Hammersoft, Seb az86556, Onecanadasquarebishopsgate, CarbonLifeForm, Lightmouse, The Stickler, ImageRemovalBot, DragonBot, SchreiberBike, Pi.C.Noizecehx, Mitch Ames, Raso mk, Good Olfactory, Addbot, Micromaster, Laurinavicius, Lightbot, Citation bot, TechBot, Gumruch, Cekli829, TerraHikaru, Citation bot 1, Full-date unlinking bot, EmausBot, Qrsdogg, ZéroBot, H3llBot, ChuispastonBot, EdoBot, TRAJAN 117, ClueBot NG, Colapeninsula, Gilderien, Helpful Pixie Bot, Robinsonprogectionmap, Northamerica1000, Mark Arsten, BattyBot, Libertasgov, ChrisGualtieri, Wyve, Equinox and Anonymous: 37 • Freetown Christiania Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freetown_Christiania?oldid=691062731 Contributors: Bryan Derksen, Andre Engels, Chrislintott, Christian List, R Lowry, Leandrod, Kwertii, Nixdorf, Liftarn, Gabbe, Menchi, Mic, Firebirth, Skysmith, Nikai, Andres, Harvester, Ekips, Guaka, Timwi, Andrewman327, Tris2000, Atreyu42, Peregrine981, Nv8200pa, LMB, Ed g2s, Bjarki S, Kevehs, Owen, RadicalBender, RavenBran, Xiaopo, Sunray, Mervyn, LX, Mattflaschen, Per Abrahamsen, Alan Liefting, Myriad, Ich, Snowdog, Sunny256, Sidar, Pne, Michael MacClancy, Kjetil r, Noe, Lockeownzj00, Icairns, Omassey, Helohe, Rich Farmbrough, Loganberry, Vapour, Mashford, Project2501a, Phiwum, Erauch, Che y Marijuana, Smalljim, Alcidebava, Viriditas, Hooperbloob, Spitzl, Sherurcij, Philip Cross, MadiZone, Gpvos, Njk, FrancisTyers, Firsfron, Woohookitty, Rechlin, StradivariusTV, Lapsed Pacifist, Twthmoses, Cloaked Romulan, Marudubshinki, Mandarax, RichardWeiss, Kbdank71, Rjwilmsi, Jivecat, Salix alba, ElKevbo, Williamborg, FlaBot, Fluid~axiom, Brettathus, Fosnez, Nicapicella, Avabob, Valentinian, Jaraalbe, Roboto de Ajvol, YurikBot, Rapido, WAvegetarian, Gaius Cornelius, Member, Neilbeach, Philopedia, Nogood, Literal Schmiteral, Moop2000, Thesloth, Bayle Shanks, Nothing1212, Danlaycock, Karl Meier, TimK MSI, Ms2ger, Redgolpe, Jogers, Carabinieri, Iwalters, Fram, JLaTondre, SmackBot, Alex Ex, Wittylama, Gilliam, Hmains, Chris the speller, Bluebot, F382d56d7a18630cf764a5b576ea1b4810467238, Mallarme, Quackslikeaduck, Mladifilozof, Masentaa, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Rhollenton, OrphanBot, JonasRH, Fredgoat, Ifrit, Ceoil, AThing, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, Hestemand, Gobonobo, Drjon, Dkristensen, RhoOphuichi, Twas Now, Esn, Mujinga, Unidyne, Medico80, The ed17, Picaroon, Orthuberra, Lentower, WeggeBot, Karl schroeder, Badseed, Necessary Evil, Cydebot, BlueAg09, FalloutFan15, Maziotis, JamesAM, Thijs!bot, Lekkim~enwiki, Fobia, Natalie Erin, Scanbus, Credema, Xigan, Skomorokh, GurchBot, Joshua, The Anomebot2, Fang 23, Icarus999, Dogius, Sasper, Pupster21, Ben MacDui, CommonsDelinker, Lvov, Lee.surette, Thaurisil, Squeezeweasel, Martinlemberg, Aqwis, Jrphayes, Nicks100, Rob Cranfill, Fr33kman, VolkovBot, EuTuga, Stephen Kinch, Bagande, Baumfreund-FFM, Seb az86556, Kaiketsu, Nikosgreencookie, Itemirus, Enigmaman, Atypicaloracle, Jochim Schiller, Legoktm, Bierstube Katzen Keller, Silkepølse, Lightmouse, Kildor, Lebanese blond, Tomaradze, Bjorn Martiz, Appleman1234, Mtaylor848, Bearnmyrthre, Mr. Granger, Sfan00 IMG, ClueBot, Saddhiyama, Solar-Wind, Deselliers, Estirabot, Jrapoport, DerBorg, Shiva4815162342, DumZiBoT, Ajcantu, Eik Corell, XLinkBot, Marchije, DepartedUser4, VanishedUser ewrfgdg3df3, Addbot, Mckinley99, ContiAWB, CactusWriter, AndersBot, Guffydrawers, Krukouski, Yobot, Sageo, Synchronism, AnomieBOT, Hadrian89, OpenFuture, AaB-ern, Jannieleed, Dalia.negra, 4twenty42o, Elideb, Champlax, Mregelsberger, Ramblersen, Alexandru Stanoi, PineScented, Apbiologyrocks, Shadowjams, FrescoBot, XxMorboxX, Lothar von Richthofen, Zezizzebezt, SISPCM, Best name, Degen Earthfast, RedBot, MastiBot, Kamalanand, Fitzcantab, F705i, Nexusultima, Treaclecustard, RjwilmsiBot, Dual Use, EmausBot, John of Reading, Tpsoete, Bobbinb, Slightsmile, Chiton magnificus, Shuipzv3, Δ, ChuispastonBot, Sven Manguard, ClueBot NG, Dareeude, Sorenonilsson, Rsquared906, Movses-bot, Hazhk, Yggiw, Marechal Ney, Widr, Tholme, Gob Lofa, Regulov, BG19bot, BendelacBOT, Northamerica1000, Sugarandmee3, MusikAnimal, Meatsgains, WikiHannibal, Otus scops, BattyBot, Khazar2, FoCuSandLeArN, RotlinkBot, Tentinator, Fernwood1990, ThiggyD, GaeilgeSpraoi, Lgnlint, Vycl1994, Quenhitran, RhinoMind, Dodi 8238, Tommybif, Monkbot, 3-k-fee, KasparBot, Bus No. 8 and Anonymous: 301 • Frestonia Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frestonia?oldid=690905599 Contributors: Gene Poole, Bearcat, Dhartung, Ketiltrout, Tim!, Hiberniantears, Jaraalbe, The Ogre, Georgewilliamherbert, Mais oui!, Kingboyk, SmackBot, Slashme, McGeddon, MNewnham, Omniplex, Jacksonmahr, Gobonobo, Rubywine, Iridescent, Cydebot, Gimmetrow, Eastmain, Nick Cooper, Wikianon, Hugo999, Seb az86556, Jckcip, Goustien, Lightmouse, Draggleduck, DumZiBoT, Good Olfactory, Maximumpyro, Simon McKay, Yobot, Vaishal, Quebec99, Vivaelcelta, Simonjon, LittleWink, BorisAndDoris, Midas02, H3llBot, Northamerica1000, Mezzkal, Arctictruck, Bethsloon and Anonymous: 17 • Global Country of World Peace Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Country_of_World_Peace?oldid=678488671 Contributors: AnonMoos, Auric, Chowbok, Dbachmann, Zscout370, Viyyer, Tabletop, BD2412, Rjwilmsi, Amire80, Fnorp, Danlaycock, SmackBot, Chris the speller, Ww2censor, Dreadstar, Will Beback, Philosophus, Cydebot, Rracecarr, Alaibot, Cloviz, Magioladitis, JaGa, TimidGuy, Purple Iris, Tanaats, Littleolive oil, Sueyen, Calliopejen1, Lightmouse, Werldwayd, SlavicatAJE, ImageRemovalBot, Judyjoejoe, ΕΜΦ, SchreiberBike, DumZiBoT, Airplaneman, Addbot, Fladrif, Lightbot, Yobot, AnomieBOT, Keithbob, LilHelpa, Ranjit78, MerlLinkBot, FrescoBot, Bigweeboy, Plasticspork, Rennell435, EMP, Jurryaany, RjwilmsiBot, John of Reading, Dolescum, WikitanvirBot, Dewritech, H3llBot, Jdontfight, Spicemix, Will Beback Auto, Octopet, Helpful Pixie Bot, BG19bot, CinagroErunam, Coaster92, BattyBot, Zambelo, Garden of Edith and Anonymous: 21 • Grand Duchy of Avram Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Avram?oldid=644632637 Contributors: Zoe, Chuq, Gene Poole, Angela, Wik, Jeffrey Smith, Bearcat, Vespristiano, Ncox, Jao, Peruvianllama, No Guru, Curps, Gilgamesh~enwiki, Guanaco, Siroxo, Gzornenplatz, DCrazy, Jossi, Trevor MacInnis, Freakofnurture, Freestylefrappe, Mjpieters, Samboy, El C, John Vandenberg, WikiLeon, Tony Sidaway, Dominic, Centauri, ScottDavis, Hiberniantears, Harro5, GregAsche, Titoxd, Sherool, Jtkiefer, Gaius Cornelius, Shanel, Jaxl, Johann Wolfgang, Robchurch, JDoorjam, Nick, Danlaycock, Nlu, Sandstein, Jwissick, JuJube, JoanneB, Clair de Lune, Fram, Kolokol, Reject, Garion96, Kingboyk, SmackBot, Dweller, Pgk, Yopie, Xaosflux, Giflesund, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Nakon, Where, Pilotguy, Swatjester, Zahid Abdassabur, Khazar, Dl2000, Tawkerbot2, Rlih, Orderinchaos, Tarpaulmelv, Gogo Dodo, Adolphus79, Nick Number, KrakatoaKatie, Danger, PubliusFL, Avicennasis, TheRanger, DGG, Spool 26, Kiore, WebHamster, Frickeg, WWGB, TXiKiBoT, Seb az86556, Lamro, StAnselm, Grandduke of, Raso mk, Good Olfactory, Addbot, Lightbot, Yobot, FrescoBot, Full-date unlinking
4.1. TEXT
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bot, Blanes, Trappist the monk, Commodore Flippy, H3llBot, Snowman304, ClueBot NG, MoondyneAWB, Northamerica1000, Pasfcm, Moremarkable, 3-k-fee and Anonymous: 74 • Grand Duchy of Westarctica Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Westarctica?oldid=669223448 Contributors: Gene Poole, Gidonb, Kevin Myers, Wtmitchell, Apokrif, Pevernagie, Danlaycock, Nikkimaria, Victor falk, SmackBot, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, Mr. Vernon, Cydebot, Adolphus79, JodyB, Kahastok, Treasuretron, Kuyabribri, CommonsDelinker, Jloughry1976, Davecrosby uk, GrahamHardy, Hugo999, Philip Trueman, Goustien, NuclearWarfare, Good Olfactory, Airplaneman, Addbot, Micromaster, Laurinavicius, Profitoftruth85, Bigzteve, Zorrobot, Yobot, Phoenix B 1of3, Donatrip, ChildofMidnight, Moultonberlin, Lyam Desmet, Skyerise, Travismchenry, Mithril, Slightsmile, ZéroBot, AndyTheGrump, Petrb, ClueBot NG, Phoenix500, Arzino, Vanischenu, Escargoten, Vyacheslav84, Janitoalevic, Nikolas10987654321, Bmann7400, Infinite0694, Sasbas and Anonymous: 16 • Hajdučka Republika Mijata Tomića Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hajdu%C4%8Dka_Republika_Mijata_Tomi%C4%87a? oldid=683185810 Contributors: Gene Poole, Bearcat, Hiberniantears, Bgwhite, Kubura, Mais oui!, SmackBot, Woodshed, JohnCD, Gimmetrow, Vanjagenije, Keith D, Johnpacklambert, GrahamHardy, Seb az86556, PDFbot, Natg 19, Arjayay, DerBorg, Good Olfactory, Micromaster, Lightbot, Okita2, Yobot, AnomieBOT, LilHelpa, J04n, I dream of horses, EmausBot, John of Reading, Northamerica1000, DannyMicro, Image2012, OBCPO1, Randykitty, Seagull123, Monkbot, Filedelinkerbot and Anonymous: 7 • Hay-on-Wye Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hay-on-Wye?oldid=690323258 Contributors: Deb, KF, Olivier, Edward, MartinHarper, Zanimum, Gene Poole, Ellywa, Ahoerstemeier, Merry, Pazzer, Jwrosenzweig, WhisperToMe, Steinsky, Rls, Owain, Andy, Jao, Folks at 137, Orangemike, Capitalistroadster, Gareth Wyn, ALargeElk, MRSC, TonyW, Ukexpat, Picapica, Grstain, Poccil, Ham II, Rich Farmbrough, Cnyborg, Ahkond, Notinasnaid, Saintswithin, Martpol, Flapdragon, Dpaajones, Scotthatton, Polylerus, Ricky81682, Versageek, Woohookitty, Gavinio, Bkkbrad, Dwilke, Tabletop, Angusmclellan, Koavf, MacRusgail, Richardbooth, Wavelength, Eraserhead1, Hairy Dude, Phantomsteve, Peter S., Peterkingiron, Million Little Gods, Calvin08, Mais oui!, Fourohfour, David Biddulph, TLSuda, Philip Stevens, Kingboyk, Ndaisley, A bit iffy, Johnrcrellin, Onebravemonkey, Mauls, Srnec, Sloman, Gilliam, Oscarthecat, Citterio, Eurgain, JzG, Peterlewis, Peter Horn, Skinsmoke, Dl2000, ThuranX, ChazYork, Unidyne, Pit-yacker, Cydebot, Thijs!bot, Edwardx, Thor NL, JEH, Rbwfly, Ericoides, SiobhanHansa, Dekimasu, Jllm06, MetsBot, JoergenB, Enaidmawr, Keith D, R'n'B, Pharaoh of the Wizards, Maproom, FruitMonkey, Brad, Castles99uk, Chienlit, Philip Trueman, Someguy1221, Seb az86556, Jeremy Bolwell, Nedrutland, Andy Dingley, Anchor Link Bot, Jza84, Jonnymac0, ImageRemovalBot, Franamax, Schuy, Dougatwiki, Culturenut, Badgernet, Addbot, Laurinavicius, Daicaregos, Ehrenkater, Lightbot, Delta 51, Luckas-bot, Yobot, MinorProphet, Srinivas, Xqbot, BSTemple, FrescoBot, LucienBOT, Bromley86, RunningClam, Wye Local, Mean as custard, Stj6, Hgk,p, Bilimyali, SporkBot, Seth Starkadder, Aervin, CastleStreet, BG19bot, Topsydog321, RThompson82, MikeAbbeville, Hannaholoughlin, George8211, Katiejonesy, Xanthomelanoussprog, Jasper Turnastone, X8WBA, Bob Henshaw, KasparBot and Anonymous: 62 • Independent State of Rainbow Creek Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_State_of_Rainbow_Creek?oldid=661920492 Contributors: Gene Poole, Bearcat, Clarkk, TPK, Bobblewik, Formeruser-81, CJ, Oliphaunt, Rjwilmsi, Hiberniantears, JdforresterBot, Gaius Cornelius, Danlaycock, Mais oui!, SmackBot, Yopie, Chris the speller, RFD, Cydebot, Sammalin, Johnpacklambert, Seb az86556, Onecanadasquarebishopsgate, Dthomsen8, Good Olfactory, Kbdankbot, Addbot, Micromaster, Lightbot, Full-date unlinking bot, Midas02, SporkBot, MrPahoehoe and Anonymous: 6 • Kingdom of EnenKio Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_EnenKio?oldid=680638977 Contributors: The Anome, Gene Poole, CesarB, Bearcat, Dave6, MakeRocketGoNow, Mike Rosoft, Discospinster, *drew, El C, RoyBoy, Cmdrjameson, Pearle, Mrzaius, AzaToth, Gdavidp, Nightstallion, LukeSurl, Fred Condo, OwenX, Woohookitty, Jersyko, Magister Mathematicae, David Levy, Hiberniantears, Dar-Ape, Celestianpower, Chobot, Billpg, RussBot, Gardar Rurak, Akamad, Shocktm, Irishguy, Brandon, Todfox, Nlu, FF2010, Zzuuzz, Kingboyk, SmackBot, Johnski, Royalguard11, Yopie, Darth Panda, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Harvardy, Kuru, Cesium 133, Chrisch, JHunterJ, Waggers, TastyPoutine, Shoeofdeath, JForget, Unidyne, DumbBOT, Chrislk02, Omicronpersei8, LarryQ, Gimmetrow, Bobblehead, Thadius856, Luna Santin, Why My Fleece?, MER-C, CyberAnth, PubliusFL, New Babylon, Snowolfd4, Geniac, Pedro, VoABot II, KConWiki, Somearemoreequal, Afterthewar~enwiki, MartinBot, STBot, Boston, Naniwako, AntiSpamBot, SJP, Juliancolton, Anthony Scott Mitchell, Qxz, Someguy1221, Lradrama, Seb az86556, Deconstructhis, HkCaGu, Oxymoron83, Denisarona, Beemer69, Faithlessthewonderboy, ClueBot, LAX, Cenarium, Dthomsen8, Good Olfactory, Airplaneman, Addbot, Nohomers48, Lightbot, Eyabbott, Yobot, Amirobot, Carleas, AnomieBOT, Night w, Pepper, Bromley86, Trilobyte fossil, Northamerica1000, PhnomPencil, InTheRevolution2, Liam987, Fraulein451, Raymond1922A and Anonymous: 29 • Kingdom of Redonda Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Redonda?oldid=667748280 Contributors: Gene Poole, Error, Joy, Xinoph, Tagishsimon, Domino theory, Grm wnr, Rich Farmbrough, Flapdragon, Alansohn, Grenavitar, Axeman89, Nightstallion, Velho, RHaworth, Tabletop, Damicatz, Mandarax, Hiberniantears, Sherefong, Valentinian, Billpg, Wasted Time R, YurikBot, Taejo, Danlaycock, Caerwine, Gulliveig, Rhyddfrydol, SuperJumbo, Kingboyk, KnightRider~enwiki, SmackBot, Yopie, Ohnoitsjamie, MalafayaBot, Haphazardjoy, Tamfang, Jwillbur, Greenshed, Nakon, RolandR, General Ization, Robofish, Ollebha~enwiki, Peyre, Mleggett, John Thaxter, Grein, G88keeper, Islomaniac, JustAGal, .anacondabot, Musicaljelly, Nyttend, Jdsbooks, JaGa, CommonsDelinker, Steventity, KremlinX, Enix150, Nikthestunned, Rei-bot, Rontrigger, StAnselm, Canislupusarctos, Aidy 58, Johnsquires, ImageRemovalBot, Invertzoo, Terrorist96, Good Olfactory, Airplaneman, Addbot, Micromaster, Lightbot, Neurovelho, Yobot, AnomieBOT, Anousheh Fard, RibotBOT, Bellerophon, Gransir, Flint1972, Skyerise, Kranny, Kingkranny, XinaNicole, Savagesun, Harrison Deep, ClueBot NG, Jack Greenmaven, Dys Claimer, Princewilliamgates, Princeredonda, James.white779, Isbilia, Vagobot, Guttyvic, Mottengott, United States Man, Жорж Вашингтон, Sam Sailor, Bizness44, Redonda0908, Seapotato, Kidkranny and Anonymous: 55 • Ladonia (micronation) Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladonia_(micronation)?oldid=675356510 Contributors: Gene Poole, Tregoweth, RickK, Bearcat, SchmuckyTheCat, Golbez, Pgan002, Lacrimosus, Valmi, Jkl, Discospinster, Rich Farmbrough, Saga City, Scriberius, Uncle G, Dcgomez, Cuchullain, Tim!, Hiberniantears, Ligulem, Bensin, Ours, Intgr, Hairy Dude, Conscious, Zafiroblue05, Gaius Cornelius, Rsrikanth05, Badagnani, MX44, SM, Danlaycock, Truthdowser, Pegship, Mais oui!, Kingboyk, SmackBot, Slarre, Bobet, Stimpy, Hebel, Wikipediatrix, ZyMOS, Ligulembot, Sleepy Sentry, Euchiasmus, Gerrynobody, Waggers, Heqs, Pattermeister, Cydebot, Thijs!bot, CharlotteWebb, Dreaded Walrus, DuncanHill, PubliusFL, Thaum1el, Jllm06, Jancikotuc, The Anomebot2, Gwern, R'n'B, Flrn, MerryXIV, CommonsDelinker, VolkovBot, NCC1291, Vantar, Kyle the bot, Chikanamakalaka, Quilbert, John Carter, Chaan, Seb az86556, Bobbrahms, Purgatory Fubar, ImageRemovalBot, Icarusgeek, Tomas e, NuclearWarfare, MelonBot, Fastily, Good Olfactory, Airplaneman, Kbdankbot, Addbot, Micromaster, Nohomers48, AkhtaBot, Januarian Winter, SpBot, Qwrk, Krano, CFeyecare, AnomieBOT, D'ohBot, Bromley86, HRoestBot, Dront, Qwertyuiop1994, Full-date unlinking bot, Tyggrysek, Lotje, Updatehelper, EmausBot, L Kensington, Tehlirian, Kulib, Arwenxu, BattyBot, Libertasgov, Drawnmeesaki, Soffredo, Finnusertop, Saectar, Ccceeennnkkk, Moremarkable, Spiderjerky and Anonymous: 68 • Llanrwst Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llanrwst?oldid=674098228 Contributors: Liftarn, JASpencer, Morwen, Rls, Warofdreams, AnonMoos, Owain, Joeblakesley, Pmanderson, Necrothesp, Martpol, Kwamikagami, Ross Burgess, Velella, Saga City,
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CHAPTER 4. TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES
Dave.Dunford, Alai, JBellis, Oliver Chettle, JHJ, Emana, GraemeL, Rhion, SmackBot, NoelWalley, PeeJay2K3, Sloman, Royboycrashfan, Aprhobat, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, Hogyn Lleol, Skinsmoke, Joseph Solis in Australia, Maelor, Cydebot, Slp1, Richardguk, Tocharianne, Guy Macon, Snowy 1973, Dr. Blofeld, VoABot II, The Anomebot2, Enaidmawr, Keith D, RWyn, Think777, Jkmitchell, Peter I. Vardy, Deor, TXiKiBoT, Zidonuke, Technopat, Broadbot, REdmondson, Dicktank, Jeremy Bolwell, Maxim, Anna512, Goustien, Lightmouse, Rosiestep, Llywelyn2000, K. Griffiths~enwiki, NinetyCharacters, Cywiro, Airplaneman, Addbot, Laurinavicius, Daicaregos, Numbo3-bot, Lightbot, MadforMartha, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Blas ar Fwyd, AnomieBOT, Welshbigman, Capricorn42, Danc2k8, Mattg82, MerlLinkBot, FrescoBot, RhysCymru, Alzarian16, EmausBot, Dapper123, Somerwind, Cwmhiraeth, PaleCloudedWhite, Owen4004, Springwater38, Oldtaffy, Mogism, Muaysar, Eric Corbett, SkateTier, SantiLak, Wrennall13, Emerald-wiki and Anonymous: 46 • Lundy Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lundy?oldid=689078766 Contributors: Sjc, Deb, William Avery, Caltrop, Robharper, Michael Hardy, Llywrch, MartinHarper, Gnomon42, Arpingstone, Pcb21, Big iron, Marknew, GRAHAMUK, Charles Matthews, Dysprosia, Michael Glass, Carlossuarez46, Pigsonthewing, PBS, Seglea, Thomf, Auric, Mervyn, David Edgar, Ncox, MPF, Marnanel, Michael Devore, Duncharris, Sebjarod, T0m, Bobblewik, Andycjp, Keith Edkins, Fys, Saugart, Eregli bob, Thincat, Pmanderson, Grstain, D6, Bornintheguz, Discospinster, Rich Farmbrough, Guanabot, Vsmith, Xezbeth, Alistair1978, Martpol, Mwng, R.L.Kennedy, CanisRufus, Etimbo, Dtremenak, Dpaajones, Vanished user 19794758563875, Pearle, Rodw, Kurt Shaped Box, Hoary, BRW, Saga City, Pfahlstrom, Jess Cully, Axeman89, Flyingcheese, Pcpcpc, Stemonitis, SP-KP, Ratzer, Kelisi, Arbeo~enwiki, Kbdank71, Rjwilmsi, Tim!, ErikJanVens, Dimitrii, Koavf, Westcountryguy, FlaBot, Oliver Chettle, BjKa, Gareth E Kegg, Stoive, Gdrbot, Billpg, YurikBot, Wavelength, Rapido, Hairy Dude, RussBot, Gaius Cornelius, Neilbeach, Leutha, SigPig, Jpbowen, Countakeshi, Vancouveriensis, Derek.cashman, Zarboki, Deeday-UK, Gulliveig, NHSavage, CW - U.T., Kingboyk, Sumburgh, SmackBot, Henriksdal, Big Adamsky, Eventer, TimBentley, Bazonka, Chastacosta, Para, Chlewbot, Interfector, Andrew c, Andrew Dalby, Will Beback, Nishkid64, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, Frodsham, SilkTork, BillFlis, Rjgibb, Marcipangris, Peter Horn, Skinsmoke, Fan-1967, Iridescent, Cls14, Gil Gamesh, Ü, HennessyC, J Milburn, Myasuda, Cydebot, Sean the Spook, Peterdjones, Meowy, Doug Weller, Kozuch, Rosser1954, Malleus Fatuorum, Thijs!bot, X201, LudwigK, MichaelMaggs, EdJogg, AntiVandalBot, Sluzzelin, Skomorokh, Maias, Meredyth, Think outside the box, Misheu, Rich257, Cartoon Boy, The Anomebot2, SimonPowell, Engineman, Ace42, Eldumpo, Enquire, Siswrn, Timothy Titus, Paracel63, Keith D, Emeraude, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, Jamespeterka, Dhmellor, GeoWriter, Dispenser, Kazu89, Plasticup, Robertgreer, Hugo999, Chienlit, TXiKiBoT, Clarince63, Elphion, Ravenhurst, Mkpumphrey, Andy Dingley, Lundyite, HopsonRoad, Mspritch, Koromislo1, SieBot, TJRC, SuzannaQ, Flavius Belisarius, Lundypete, Xenophon777, Bauernfreund~enwiki, Goustien, Benea, Grrahnbahr, Jza84, Finetooth, Lethesl, Martarius, Sfan00 IMG, ClueBot, Lundygirl, Pete unseth, Sw258, Excirial, Thechristiancontender, Dekisugi, UKgeofan, Patlabb, NinetyCharacters, Grantus4504, Dthomsen8, MystBot, Good Olfactory, Airplaneman, Ozarkhighlands, Felix Folio Secundus, Chasnor15, Addbot, RobinClay, DOI bot, Mootros, TutterMouse, Can3212, Laurinavicius, BabelStone, LaaknorBot, AnnaFrance, Blokenearexeter, LinkFA-Bot, Mdnavman, Ehrenkater, Peridon, Andreclos, Lightbot, Bermicourt, Softy, Legobot, Yobot, Themfromspace, Ptbotgourou, Kurpfalzbilder.de, Starbois, AnomieBOT, MTimmins92, Citation bot, Bob Burkhardt, ArthurBot, The Roman Candle, Member389845, Eric Blatant, GrouchoBot, Singalongschmee, Trafford09, Erik9, Lundgren8, HJ Mitchell, Citation bot 1, Wikiain, Barefeetdude, Mibix, Trappist the monk, Silent Billy, Lotje, Drpsyc1014, RjwilmsiBot, EmausBot, WikitanvirBot, GoingBatty, Pahazzard, Vanished user zq46pw21, WilliamRev, Lobsterthermidor, Fæ, H3llBot, BishopHerman, Rcsprinter123, Winwaloe, 47SweetBirdofYouth85, Philafrenzy, Jackdann88, ClueBot NG, Barabbas1312, Delusion23, RichardOSmith, Helpful Pixie Bot, Thoughtfortheday, BG19bot, Pfenberg, Malyszkz, Mark Arsten, PaintedCarpet, Jack Silver1000, Samg96, Bob Re-born, Poziedriving, Lundywarden, Cloptonson, SorryLundy, Dexbot, OBCPO1, Levic3, ArmbrustBot, Megan buckholt, Monkbot, AdamoulasA, Anuryn, Starfish-uk and Anonymous: 160 • Nation of Celestial Space Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation_of_Celestial_Space?oldid=677785253 Contributors: Shsilver, Zoe, Gene Poole, AnonMoos, Auric, Everyking, Duncharris, HistoryBA, Discospinster, Ahkond, Xezbeth, Dismas, Hiberniantears, Master Thief Garrett, HERMiT cRAB, Palexandridis, Arichnad, Chooserr, Danlaycock, Garion96, Kingboyk, SmackBot, Grantb, Shoy, Yopie, Hmains, Greenshed, Virgiliu, Cydebot, Retep412, Jeff G., Seb az86556, Lucasbfrbot, Goustien, Dravecky, Good Olfactory, Addbot, BigDwiki, Full-date unlinking bot, BG19bot, Northamerica1000, Khazar2, Raymond1922A, Alan J. Villarruel, Jtrain98, Artie.ross, Katie.Lee97 and Anonymous: 23 • Nova Roma Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Roma?oldid=672797744 Contributors: Gene Poole, AnonMoos, Puckly, Obli, Lacrimosus, Rich Farmbrough, Schuetzm, Dbachmann, ESkog, CanisRufus, QuartierLatin1968, Zidel333, Pearle, Scott5114, Centauri, NantonosAedui, Woohookitty, Chris Weimer, Rjwilmsi, Jweiss11, Hiberniantears, Titoxd, Cmadler, Phantomsteve, RussBot, Lexicon, SpLoT, SmackBot, Kintetsubuffalo, Srnec, Sdalmonte, Bluebot, GSoledade, Vogensen, JonHarder, MattHucke, Midnightblueowl, NJHeathen, Dev920, J Milburn, CmdrObot, Bellerophon5685, Bbudik1001, Salavat, Escarbot, Whogue, JAnDbot, PubliusFL, Kim Dent-Brown, Phunting, STBot, Johnpacklambert, Elistir, Ullarsskald57, Xyl 54, VolkovBot, Davidwr, Oren neu dag, Andy Dingley, Monty845, AlleborgoBot, ImageRemovalBot, Lucius Sempronius Turpio, Gaia Octavia Agrippa, Ottre, Polly, Editor2020, Dthomsen8, Good Olfactory, SelfQ, Airplaneman, Addbot, Laurinavicius, Gonda Attila, This is Paul, Jarble, Yobot, AnomieBOT, TParis, Brightgalrs, Enok, Obersachsebot, J04n, Laterensis, Haploidavey, ReneVenegas95, Jonesey95, Jandalhandler, Katerenka, EmausBot, Helpful Pixie Bot, WingsOnceBot, Dickus Maximus, Marcocapelle, C. Octavius Priscus and Anonymous: 37 • Other World Kingdom Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Other_World_Kingdom?oldid=683526938 Contributors: Gene Poole, AnonMoos, Phil Boswell, Xanzzibar, Icairns, EmilJ, Tanos, Alansohn, Hektor, Eleland, Plrk, Tim!, Hiberniantears, RussBot, NawlinWiki, Danlaycock, Truthdowser, Maxamegalon2000, SmackBot, Yopie, Scientizzle, Redeagle688, SimonD, ISD, Iridescent, CmdrObot, Cydebot, Gogo Dodo, Ante Aikio, LeedsKing, Astanley27, Lyswim, J.delanoy, Thecarbanwheel, Baileypalblue, JayC, Assistanta, Martin451, IdreamofJeanie, Soporaeternus, Beeblebrox, ClueBot, The Thing That Should Not Be, VQuakr, Passargea, Jusdafax, Razorflame, Fattyjwoods, Stepheng3, XLinkBot, Raso mk, Good Olfactory, Airplaneman, Addbot, Otterathome, Willking1979, Micromaster, Ronhjones, Debresser, Nersy, Legobot II, We66er, Beeswaxcandle, James Cantor, AnomieBOT, Powerzilla, Materialscientist, Felyza, Gilo1969, Alumnum, FrescoBot, Surv1v4l1st, A little insignificant, Adlerbot, Skyerise, TheoloJ, Javierito92, OOOOS7, Untilmior, RjwilmsiBot, Mk5384, Mibproductions, Jeraphine Gryphon, BG19bot, Brustopher, Khazar2, Gon266, WikiOriginal-9, Prinsgezinde and Anonymous: 42 • Perloja Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perloja?oldid=661451193 Contributors: Gene Poole, Legionas, Electionworld, Renata3, Mais oui!, Egsan Bacon, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, RM241, ShelfSkewed, Cydebot, Pleckaitis, The Anomebot2, Airplaneman, Perloja, Addbot, Xenobot, Agewa79, Bearas, Citation bot, Leonid 2, Pofka, Helpful Pixie Bot, Monkbot and Anonymous: 1 • Principality of Hutt River Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Hutt_River?oldid=688250206 Contributors: Mav, Robert Merkel, Deb, Ortolan88, SimonP, Leandrod, Twilsonb, Isomorphic, MartinHarper, Nightbringer, Gene Poole, Paul A, Darkwind, Mulad, Timwi, Wik, Itai, Garry Saint, Esquire, AnonMoos, Camerong, Jni, Bearcat, Robbot, Moondyne, Calmypal, Clarkk, Auric, JackofOz, Splatt, Ncox, Dave6, Yama, Jhf, Jao, Robin Patterson, Mintleaf~enwiki, Philwelch, Patrick-br, Duncharris, Gzornenplatz, Pne, Robert Brockway, Eregli bob, SimonArlott, DNewhall, SimonLyall, Ianneub, Lacrimosus, Freakofnurture, Rich Farmbrough,
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Pjacobi, STGM, Art LaPella, Orlady, Tgeller, Longhair, ZayZayEM, Mikel Ward, Darwinek, Mh26, Jonathan Christensen, Caeruleancentaur, Brock, Pauli133, Instantnood, Nightstallion, Centauri, Chochopk, Tabletop, Lapsed Pacifist, Astronaut, TruthCrusader, Hiberniantears, Afterwriting, Ground Zero, MacRusgail, FauxReal, DeltaF508, Chobot, YurikBot, Wavelength, JarrahTree, RussBot, John Quincy Adding Machine, Conscious, DanMS, Gaius Cornelius, Cryptic, Neilbeach, Mortein, Danlaycock, Saberwyn, Zwobot, Xgu, FF2010, [emailprotected], Mais oui!, Kingboyk, Nick-D, SmackBot, Deathlibrarian, Raghu.kuttan, Yopie, Ellipsis, Jeffro77, Bluebot, Jeekc, SeanWillard, Hibernian, Stevage, Aidan Work, Ikiroid, Tamfang, Lesnail, New World Man, Kittybrewster, Greenshed, Harvardy, Nickj69, Esrever, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, JzG, Tigerman2005, AtD, CharlesMartel, Aotearoa, Peyre, Dl2000, Iridescent, Joseph Solis in Australia, Emcee N, GrahamBould, Tawkerbot2, Gjks, CmdrObot, Nautilator, Orderinchaos, Anil1956, Captainktainer, Cydebot, Thewinchester, Sideup, Soetermans, Fritzy1992, Johnsp1, Curtgunz, Rosser1954, Lord Hawk, Davidhorman, Escarbot, AntiVandalBot, CWO, Credema, DOSGuy, GSTQ, PubliusFL, Geniac, Fundamentaldan, NGBates, CommonsDelinker, EuropAir, DrKay, Fred.e, Robertgreer, Wikipeterproject, WLRoss, Ajw1950, WWGB, MArcane, VolkovBot, Drestros power, Seb az86556, Rumiton, Synthebot, AlleborgoBot, Onecanadasquarebishopsgate, SieBot, StAnselm, Hughesdarren, K.h.w.m, Flyer22 Reborn, Goustien, Lightmouse, Ratemonth, Cygnis insignis, Pi zero, LizardJr8, RafaAzevedo, Solar-Wind, Eastcote, Muro Bot, Littleteddy, Chairsenses, Shotgunnova, Trabelsiismail, Good Olfactory, SelfQ, Addbot, Knight of Truth, LaaknorBot, Baffle gab1978, FuneFeai, Yobot, AnomieBOT, Stravin, Rubinbot, Elmmapleoakpine, Xqbot, Nasnema, TerraHikaru, FrescoBot, Outback the koala, RedBot, Kgbo, Full-date unlinking bot, Trappist the monk, Arielkoiman, Chipmunkdavis, Lavaboy900, Hirabayashi, EmausBot, Natalyakautz, WikitanvirBot, Echando una mano, Danba, Dewritech, Hthsprinciple, GoingBatty, Septuaginta, Snotbot, Frietjes, Time in Russia, IgnorantArmies, Helpful Pixie Bot, BG19bot, Frze, Mottengott, Zriha, Shibingeorge, RichardMills65, Cyberbot II, ChrisGualtieri, Mogism, Kiefer IV, Joshtaco, Pacific DXer, UW Dawgs, Ryan2085, Cabeza de Vaca, Golfy2013, Sir Steve, MarkiPoli, Polemicista, Abernoon and Anonymous: 162 • Principality of Sealand Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Sealand?oldid=691264858 Contributors: Joao, The Epopt, Eloquence, Vicki Rosenzweig, Bryan Derksen, Zundark, The Anome, Stephen Gilbert, Ed Poor, Justfred, Wayne Hardman, Scipius, Danny, Walter, SJK, Ortolan88, SimonP, DrBob, Caltrop, Gjalexei, Heron, Camembert, Fonzy, Mintguy, Tzartzam, Leandrod, Patrick, Infrogmation, Booyabazooka, Jgk3, MartinHarper, Tannin, Cyde, Qaz, Karada, Gene Poole, CrucifiedChrist, Shimmin, Arwel Parry, Docu, William M. Connolley, Theresa knott, Jebba, Kingturtle, Ugen64, Vzbs34, Kwekubo, Tristanb, Jiang, Kaihsu, Jeandré du Toit, Efghij, Ruhrjung, Mxn, Smack, Emperorbma, Andrevan, Reddi, Fuzheado, WhisperToMe, Wik, Selket, Barfly, Morwen, Saltine, Taxman, Tempshill, VeryVerily, Omegatron, Shizhao, Rls, Fvw, Warofdreams, Raul654, Nosebud, Flockmeal, Finlay McWalter, UninvitedCompany, Hajor, Jeffq, Owen, Mrdice, Sjorford, Bearcat, Branddobbe, Astronautics~enwiki, Kizor, PBS, Korath, Chris 73, Biggins, Yelyos, SmartBee, Calmypal, Mirv, Drago9034, Academic Challenger, SchmuckyTheCat, Auric, Gidonb, LGagnon, Rasmus Faber, Tanuki Z, Hadal, UtherSRG, Magicker71, Umlautbob, Naelphin, MykReeve, Isopropyl, Seth Ilys, Diberri, Dmn, Oobopshark, Radagast, Ncox, Srtxg, Matt Gies, Admbws, Knobunc, DocWatson42, Jao, 0x0077BE, Jyril, Nichalp, Nunh-huh, Cobaltbluetony, Lupin, Everyking, Curps, Alison, Michael Devore, Varlaam, Jdavidb, LarryGilbert, Ravn, Avsa, Node ue, Gzornenplatz, Matt Crypto, Bobblewik, Golbez, ALargeElk, Gugganij, Geoffspear, Chowbok, JeffyJeffyMan2004, Utcursch, Garryq, Pgan002, Keith Edkins, Mr d logan, Antandrus, The Singing Badger, Margana, OverlordQ, Augusta~enwiki, MisfitToys, Augustine~enwiki, Savant1984, Jossi, Rdl, Rwv37, Pat Berry, Rlquall, EuroTom, Eranb, Histrion, Kahkonen, TonyW, Neutrality, KeithTyler, Dcandeto, Trilobite, Frankieroberto, DMG413, Adashiel, Trevor MacInnis, Grunt, Canterbury Tail, Mike Rosoft, D6, Ta bu shi da yu, Jayjg, Freakofnurture, Deadlock, Discospinster, Rich Farmbrough, Rhobite, FT2, J@ffa, Qutezuce, Pjacobi, Harriv, Paul August, Bender235, MattTM, Andrejj, Kbh3rd, Closeapple, Kelvinc, Violetriga, Nabber00, Project2501a, CanisRufus, Zscout370, Ben Webber, El C, Bletch, RoyBoy, Triona, SHARD, V3rt1g0, CDN99, BW, Reinyday, John Vandenberg, Enric Naval, Viriditas, Giraffedata, Diceman, Aquillion, La goutte de pluie, Sasquatch, Townmouse, MPLX, Cunningham, Vicarage, Kaarlows, Polylerus, Pharos, Caeruleancentaur, Lysdexia, Mrzaius, Alansohn, Alphaboi867, Dr Zen, Jeltz, Jordie, Babajobu, Andrewpmk, Andrew Gray, Davenbelle, Lectonar, Calton, Sligocki, Flata, InShaneee, Spangineer, Malo, Katefan0, Rwendland, Bootstoots, DreamGuy, Hohum, Wtmitchell, Max rspct, Binabik80, Fourthords, Tpearson, Cburnett, Jrleighton, Evil Monkey, Tony Sidaway, Grenavitar, Kaibabsquirrel, Pethr, H2g2bob, Henry W. 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(Ghost In The Machine), Tony1, Alex43223, Black Cat, Glenn Magus Harvey, Barnabypage, Caerwine, Brisvegas, Rev3nant, Ms2ger, Sandstein, AdamFunk, Nezuji, Icedog, Chase me ladies, I'm the Cavalry, Sotakeit, Jcarlyle, Muffinmanpoo, Pb30, Reyk, JoanneB, Rivarez, Benshepherd, Fram, Naught101, Kolokol, Hitchhiker89, Curpsbot-unicodify, Staxringold, Smurfy, Eaefremov, Ybbor, Kungfuadam, JDspeeder1, Otto ter Haar, Kingboyk, SvBiker, Rehevkor, D Monack, Nick-D, Jeff Silvers, Tom Morris, Qero, Bwiki, Ant ie, SmackBot, Fireworks, Johnski, Mira, David Kernow, KnowledgeOfSelf, McGeddon, Bigbluefish, Wehwalt, OvO~enwiki, Thorseth, FRiv, FRivar, Crankshuick, Crankshuick I, Crankshuick 3, Renesis, Brossow, Crankshuick 8, Crankshuick 15, Mauls, Yopie, TantalumTelluride, Gilliam, Brianski, Ohnoitsjamie, Schmiteye, Autarch, Jibbajabba, Cursp, Spurc, Skrof~enwiki, MK8, Jprg1966, Thumperward, BabuBhatt, Hebel, Bazonka, Jvick123, O:O, Vure, Sepupuui, Fupunoea, Yopuqapovak, Xuaot, Roaaka, Omniplex, Giflesund, Epastore, Ryanlarsen, AWeenieMan, Aridd, DHN-bot~enwiki, Da Vynci, Darth Panda, Mladifilozof, Sprocketonline, Zsinj, NYKevin, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, MisterHand, DLand, GI Mike, JRPG, Writtenright, Onorem, MJCdetroit, Folksong, Rrburke, Lesnail, Britmax, Electrolite, RedHillian, Mr.Z-man, Tdl1060, Grover cleveland, Radagast83, Cybercobra, AdamWeeden, Menuet, Nakon, Savidan, EVula, Chris nelson, Kirils, Lucid Smog, Michaelrccurtis, Celardore, HSPMV, Hammer1980, Parrot of Doom, Salamurai, Sigma 7, Bart v M, Gyan guru, RossF18, Kukini, I love Wikipedia, Rockpocket, Comthought, Clicketyclack, Ohconfucius, SashatoBot, Esrever, Mukadderat, Dudecon, AThing, Harryboyles, BrownHairedGirl, Kuru, John, Mugsywwiii, Dishwasherrat, Dhesi, Lazylaces, Goodolclint, Lane5slacker, Mgiganteus1, IronGargoyle, Melody Concerto, 041744, Ckatz, A. Parrot, Loadmaster, Agathoclea, Jimmy Pitt, Mbisgaier, Andhanq, AxG, Metao, SandyGeorgia, Roregan, Renrenren, Dr.K., Marcipangris, SmokeyJoe, Peyre, Galactor213, Zepheus, Mackan, Yes0song, ISD, Triki-wiki, Iridescent, N-edits, Rappo11, Madmexican, Alza213, RekishiEJ, Amakuru, Octane, Richard75, Phoenixrod, Eluchil404, Zanneth, Enginear, Kevin Murray, Fdssdf, Jefftheman45, JForget, RSido, Unidyne, InvisibleK, CmdrObot, Kevin McE, Blue-Haired Lawyer, Kris Schnee, Nunquam Dormio, Exzakin, KnightLago, Friendofsealand, Shandris, Darthbob100, Sealander, Cydebot, Future Perfect at Sunrise, Vanished user 2340rujowierfj08234irjwfw4, Corpx, Gokarter641, ST47, Adolphus79, Porsche997SBS, Camestone, Srajan01, Hippypink, Doug Weller, HitroMilanese, JoshHolloway, Legis, Garik, Johnsp1, Retep412, Vanished User jdksfajlasd, Douglast86, Satori
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CHAPTER 4. TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES
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S., Sestbbs, Cloudlet, AddWittyNameHere, Second Skin, King sorks, MUSE123, Philipposit, Esmost, Monkbot, SantiLak, Why should I have a User Name?, M1234567812345678, Thomas1012, Ljones18, WoubbtheWizard, MarkiPoli, Dreck123, Justjane49, Sigehelmus, BigMac120, OCMan101, The Last Arietta, MrPahoehoe, IchibanWeeaboo, Shibbolethink, Baron Ironside, Iiioooppp, Seamensemen, Thetrollman1234, TheCoffeeAddict, Vupse, ScrapIronIV, Sealandisbestcountry, Jwf 16, Sealandyassssssssss, Joseph2302, Blahbeh, Heirofspace101, Common-Sense-10023, Pouter, SavageEditor, Prinsgezinde, KasparBot, Olfbir, Bla654321, Osama Bin GabeN, Verbii3, Vikreus2539, James10189, Crimson&Clover71, Freddibasil, Forhetalia, Female.spain, Fetabread, EL SARO 92, Weird-country-shipper, Jyl Boldheart and Anonymous: 1124 • Principality of Seborga Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Seborga?oldid=690482412 Contributors: Karada, Gene Poole, Bogdangiusca, Rob.derosa, VeryVerily, MiLo28, AnonMoos, Secretlondon, PuzzletChung, Sjorford, Bearcat, RedWolf, Straczynski, CdaMVvWgS, Rebrane, Ncox, Jao, Ausir, Everyking, Zumbo, Duncharris, DO'Neil, Jason Quinn, Mboverload, Gzornenplatz, Gyrofrog, Gugganij, Quadell, Calexico, Kusunose, OwenBlacker, DragonflySixtyseven, Xanatos 2097, Anárion, Rlquall, Poccil, Pasquale, Guanabot, Cnyborg, Smyth, Pavel Vozenilek, Flapdragon, STGM, CanisRufus, Zscout370, Bollar, Shenme, Jordgubbe, Polylerus, Nik42, Dr Zen, Elchupachipmunk, DreamGuy, Paladine, H3h, Centauri, Siafu, Bobrayner, Canaen, Chochopk, Tabletop, Privacy, Isnow, Koavf, Hiberniantears, BjKa, Chobot, Bgwhite, YurikBot, RussBot, Pippo2001, Gaius Cornelius, Member, Shocktm, Lord Finton, THB, Danlaycock, Fabiean, Rwxrwxrwx, Mais oui!, CapPixel, Rhyddfrydol, Fastifex, Kingboyk, Attilios, SmackBot, Zazaban, Verne Equinox, Eskimbot, Kintetsubuffalo, Yopie, Srnec, Bluebot, Colonies Chris, Tamfang, OrphanBot, Greenshed, CristianoMacaluso, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, BrownHairedGirl, Cesium 133, TheNeon, Kransky, Peyre, Cnbrb, Octane, Ibadibam, Ken Gallager, Cydebot, Duwenbasden, Rosser1954, Thijs!bot, RoPa, Smile a While, Escarbot, Credema, TuvicBot, Jmu2108, PubliusFL, Magioladitis, Ksle, The Anomebot2, Agricolae, CommonsDelinker, Lemur12, BlueDome, Mjb1981, Carlomorino, Bully25, Rémih, DimiTalen, Mkpumphrey, Seb az86556, Bearian,
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Mimich, Schmalls, Synthebot, Onecanadasquarebishopsgate, Avnjay, Goustien, Radavenport, Sfan00 IMG, Dinamik, Czarkoff, Iohannes Animosus, Editor2020, Bearsona, XLinkBot, Gerhardvalentin, Good Olfactory, SelfQ, Addbot, Nohomers48, Pilgab, Marx01, Aeiuo, Mliu92, Robomod, Lightbot, דוד שי, Yobot, Legobot II, Amble, Gongshow, AnomieBOT, Materialscientist, Frukko, Enok, Chris mahan, Tiller54, Stanszyk, Alboran, Outback the koala, Tourikis, Arceupins, Lung salad, Pangeanempire, Mk5384, אריה ה., Sawconqueredcame, Cristiano Tomás, ZomgPancakes, SporkBot, Ilijav, Δ, Christian Mac Juane, Caratteristica strutturale, MelbourneStar, Porsche-one, Anticus17, Helpful Pixie Bot, BG19bot, InfattiVedeteCheViDice, Kendall-K1, InTheRevolution2, BattyBot, YFdyh-bot, E4024, Hmainsbot1, HALLO111689, Vitalianogallo33, Micronationalist1999, Celilochan4ever, Kilometers to Verona, CentreLeftRight, NewHikaru07, Fish2015, Weidibrigi and Anonymous: 123 • Republic of Minerva Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minerva_Reefs?oldid=680017650 Contributors: Julesd, Davidcannon, Florian Blaschke, Bletch, Bollar, Polylerus, Grutness, Scriberius, Ratzer, Lasunncty, XLerate, Danlaycock, SmackBot, Goldfishbutt, Rojomoke, Hmains, Schmiteye, Chris the speller, MalafayaBot, Aridd, Zachorious, DLinth, RASAM, Girmitya, Tauʻolunga, CmdrObot, Gvwalsh, Cydebot, Thijs!bot, Hugo.arg, Darklilac, Henning Blatt, The Anomebot2, Brammen, Dietmarpetutschnig, Idioma-bot, Hugo999, VolkovBot, LukeHoC, Dominictimms, Jonas Poole, Goustien, Bigal.nz, Emmette Hernandez Coleman, Good Olfactory, Addbot, Ronhjones, LaaknorBot, Lightbot, Yobot, Tucoxn, ArthurBot, Srich32977, Nomentz, Pelmeen10, Full-date unlinking bot, Bleudragen, Sveindit, ZéroBot, Morgan Hauser, Madkiwis, Frietjes, Asalrifai, Northamerica1000, Winkelvi, Monkbot, KateHolligan**, ID man12 ID and Anonymous: 14 • Republic of Molossia Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Molossia?oldid=691616573 Contributors: The Anome, William Avery, Gene Poole, Andrewman327, Furrykef, Bearcat, Auric, Mike Rosoft, Discospinster, Konstantin~enwiki, Jpgordon, John Vandenberg, Giraffedata, Fourthords, Stemonitis, TheIguana, GVOLTT, LOL, Strongbow, Rajiv Varma, Tabletop, Mandarax, Draconiator, Rjwilmsi, Hiberniantears, Vegaswikian, Ysangkok, SVTCobra, It’s-is-not-a-genitive, Chobot, Igordebraga, Mysekurity, RussBot, 10stone5, Pseudomonas, Danlaycock, DeadEyeArrow, Cynicism addict, Mais oui!, Allens, Jeffreymcmanus, Kingboyk, SmackBot, Slashme, Yopie, Gilliam, Ohnoitsjamie, Hmains, Bazonka, Breadandcheese, Samanathon, Metallurgist, Mr.Z-man, Fuhghettaboutit, Valenciano, Evilgidgit, TenPoundHammer, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, ElizaBarrington, IronGargoyle, Beetstra, Molossia, Dr.K., Marcipangris, Peyre, MikeWazowski, Courcelles, Rdunn, Addict 2006, NickW557, Erick91, Future Perfect at Sunrise, Bellerophon5685, Adolphus79, Daniel J. 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Villarruel, Lugia2453, Spicyitalianmeatball, OBCPO1, ChemTerm, Oldtoongowild, Geocal5, Epicgenius, Yamaha5, Espero92, Blackout154, ChrisChupy, Imawikipidia, Information Liberator, Prof.Soren, The biter, AdRob5, Golfy2013, MolossiaClubwiki, Gingeroscar, MolossiaClubeditorMOL, Transdonia, Skr15081997, M1234567812345678, Josepheatonuk, MrPahoehoe, MrTFOG, Isaacjcollins, 3-k-fee, Cjkemp877, CentreLeftRight, DemocracyLT, Childishbeat, Alfordloon, Asdfsaddfsdf and Anonymous: 240 • Republic of Peščenica Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Pe%C5%A1%C4%8Denica?oldid=651827021 Contributors: Joy, Bearcat, Klemen Kocjancic, Zscout370, Miranche, GregorB, Rjwilmsi, Kevlar, Hiberniantears, Kubura, De Administrando Imperio, SmackBot, Hmains, Mafutrct, Neelix, Gimmetrow, Nick Number, Goustien, Admiral Norton, Maradona01, Airplaneman, Addbot, Yobot, Xqbot, GooglePedia12, Blanes, A930913, Feon and Anonymous: 8 • Rockall Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockall?oldid=688134412 Contributors: Dreamyshade, Derek Ross, Andre Engels, Deb, SimonP, Mintguy, Edward, Paul Barlow, Zeno Gantner, Skysmith, Ellywa, Docu, Notheruser, Jdforrester, Jschwa1, Ciphergoth, Kwekubo, Big iron, GRAHAMUK, Wooster, Crusadeonilliteracy, John Cross, Molinari, Malcohol, Bjh21, Wik, DJ Clayworth, Kierant, Val42, Bjarki S, Rls, Warofdreams, AnonMoos, Shantavira, Owain, Chrism, PBS, Smallweed, Kokiri, Rorro, Auric, Bkell, Mervyn, Jeroen, David Edgar, Wereon, Rho~enwiki, Dmn, PBP, Jooler, MPF, Palapala, Wwoods, Henry Flower, Lurker, Gilgamesh~enwiki, Finn-Zoltan, Bobblewik, Auximines, Keith Edkins, Excalibur, PDH, OwenBlacker, Rlquall, Pmanderson, Necrothesp, Sam Hocevar, Grunners, Neutrality, Ukexpat, Demiurge, Jakro64, Miborovsky, Bornintheguz, RossPatterson, Rich Farmbrough, Guanabot, Pastoralist, Alistair1978, Martpol, Rannpháirtí anaithnid (old), Mwng, Sc147, Flapdragon, Raikje, Jnestorius, CanisRufus, Livajo, Touriste, John Warburton, Cmdrjameson, Dpaajones, MaxHund, Cwolfsheep, Tachitsuteto, Man vyi, Scotthatton, Gunnernett, [emailprotected], Towel401, Jonathunder, GK, JadziaLover, Aardwolf, Sapient Homo, Fraslet, Kurt Shaped Box, Mlessard, Ayrshire-−77, Zantastik, Dabbler, Deacon of Pndapetzim, Evil Monkey, Lopo~enwiki, Gene Nygaard, Axeman89, Instantnood, LukeSurl, Johntex, Db-inf~enwiki, Richard Weil, Duke33, Bruce89, Tfz, Brookie, Bastin, Thryduulf, Angr, Mel Etitis, Anilocra, Dupont Circle, SP-KP, Ratzer, JBellis, KarlJorgensen, Kelisi, Michael Grant, Arzachel, BlaiseFEgan, Banpei~enwiki, DHarker, Graham87, Nobot~enwiki, Rjwilmsi, Coemgenus, Koavf, Red King, Lugnad, XLerate, Leithp, Vclaw, MacRusgail, Mark83, Rune.welsh, Jay-W, Ben-w, Liambennett, Ahunt, Physchim62, Valentinian, Jgharston, Bgwhite, EamonnPKeane, YurikBot, Hairy Dude, Mahahahaneapneap, Snappy, RussBot, Lincolnite, Bleakcomb, Hede2000, M0RHI, Million Little Gods, Gaius Cornelius, Finbarr Saunders, NawlinWiki, TEB728, Wiki alf, Janke, Grafen, Shaun F, Spikehay, Lexicon, Johndarrington, RFBailey, Tony1, Zwobot, Pietras1988, Sir Edgar, Tsk070, PS2pcGAMER, FiggyBee, Djdaedalus, Wardog, Zello, Sulasgeir, Chesnok, 2fort5r, Mais oui!, Wikipeditor, Curpsbot-unicodify, NeilN, CIreland, The Yeti, Sumburgh, A bit iffy, Scolaire, SmackBot, David Kernow, Nihonjoe, Villeneuve1982, Yuriy75, Finavon, Hungoverdrawn, AtilimGunesBaydin, Stifle, Rojomoke, Mauls, MediaMangler, Hmains, Chris the speller, Bluebot, Baumfabrik, TimBentley, Morrismaciver, Bjmullan, Breadandcheese, Sadads, Kotra, Tamfang, New World Man, Dbdb, Elendil’s Heir, Lox, Badgerpatrol, Bdiscoe, Springnuts, ZScarpia, Chymicus, BrownHairedGirl, DLinth, Soap, Kuru, John, Gobonobo, Tony Corsini, Mabuska, IronGargoyle, 16@r, Willy turner, Billreid, SirFozzie, Waggers, Dr.K., P199, MTSbot~enwiki,
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CHAPTER 4. TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES
MarkThomas, Dl2000, Mrwrite, Graldensblud, DabMachine, Quaeler, Andrewrpalmer, Richard75, Woodshed, Aapold, Chris55, Friendly Neighbour, CmdrObot, Kevin McE, Jon kare, Having lost wickets, LM82, Billstewart, Cydebot, Danrok, Soetermans, Amandajm, Lo2u, Rosser1954, Buron444, AntiVandalBot, Llykstw, Forestfarmer, F McGady, Whytecypress, Dweir, Bcallens, Mikenorton, Volcanoguy, Redking7, Andonic, PeteMoore, Rothorpe, .anacondabot, AprilMayJune, Magioladitis, Jmorrison230582, The Anomebot2, Cerddaf, Animum, MetsBot, Sammalin, G1MFG, Ben MacDui, Keith D, Archolman, AlexiusHoratius, Celticbum, Lilac Soul, EdBever, Dinkytown, DrKay, Spathaky, Yonidebot, GeoWriter, Gwen Gale, HighKing, Morefun, Deor, VolkovBot, Niceley, Chienlit, Aesopos, TXiKiBoT, BertSen, MatthewHaywood, Rei-bot, John Carter, PDFbot, Greswik, Andy Dingley, Michaeldsuarez, Thunderbird2, Mohonu, SD Martin61, The Red Hat of Pat Ferrick, NorthFacer, Kernel Saunters, Jack Merridew, Stanning, Goustien, Benea, Lightmouse, Msrasnw, ImageRemovalBot, Invertzoo, Dancingwombatsrule, Soporaeternus, Fribbler, Knepflerle, Mysticaldreamer, Taliska, Tyarra, Piledhigheranddeeper, McMarcoP, Baseballbaker23, Dough007, Staighre, SchreiberBike, Advanstra, The Baroness of Morden, Mhockey, XLinkBot, Dthomsen8, Alansplodge, Good Olfactory, Airplaneman, Irish Sylar, Addbot, The Sage of Stamford, DOI bot, Mrandrias, RTG, Sun Ladder, Glass Sword, Lucian Sunday, Tassedethe, Numbo3-bot, Ehrenkater, Lightbot, Zorrobot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, EchetusXe, Mooretwin, DisillusionedBitterAndKnackered, AnomieBOT, Galoubet, Xufanc, Geord0, Danno uk, Citation bot, ArthurBot, Xqbot, The Roman Candle, Eric Blatant, GrouchoBot, Joshua Darkins, Mckw99, Nixón, Nagualdesign, MusicInTheHouse, D'ohBot, Outback the koala, Shwallyshwallyshwah, Citation bot 1, Keith Talent, Redrose64, Davittite, Grammarspellchecker, Tóraí, Rockall.tam, Konero26, Thrissel, Silent Billy, Jonkerz, ClemMacGána, PleaseStand, RjwilmsiBot, Tomtom2009, Nhancock, Beyond My Ken, Ready4broadway, Workac, Racerx11, Gimmetoo, Addyman11, ZéroBot, The Nut, Davidmoriarty84, H3llBot, David J Johnson, Upperham, Quite vivid blur, Krásné nápady, ChuispastonBot, Ihardlythinkso, Ζετα ζ, ClueBot NG, This lousy T-shirt, Gilderien, Frietjes, Delusion23, Jdperkins, WikiPuppies, Helpful Pixie Bot, Darbinyanm087, BG19bot, Murry1975, Davidgoldman0, Dr. R.M. de Jonge, Pinkmlover, Robert the Devil, Silvio1973, Aisteco, New User Twothousand, BattyBot, Tomh903, IkbenFrank, Cyberbot II, SD5bot, Mogism, Caleb Dorey, Jayvenkham, Pgcnzwiki, Marmitejunkie, Rob984, Nsteffel, Awaniko, Spyglasses, Eric Corbett, Metilsteiner, Schematica, Monkbot, Varnebank, IrishSovereignty, Lodouniex, MrTaaDaa, Nycro10659, TheMagikCow, Crimson&Clover71, Dónal o hailisea, Seafóid and Anonymous: 327 • Talossa Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talossa?oldid=684143817 Contributors: Gene Poole, Paul A, Bearcat, Yekrats, Jorge Stolfi, Histrion, Rich Farmbrough, Livajo, Caeruleancentaur, Alansohn, Javier Jelovcan, R. Ben Madison, Hiberniantears, Ground Zero, Frjwoolley, Bgwhite, Danlaycock, SmackBot, Doc Strange, Chris the speller, Ehrbar, Tve4, BrownHairedGirl, Robofish, A. Parrot, Thetrick, CmdrObot, AndrewHowse, Cydebot, Otto4711, Jacnoc, Agbdavis, Jamesa7171, Tean91, Empireofthrace, Manushand, Kitia, PubliusFL, Jnorwood1972, Drm310, Maproom, Elistir, DarkSaber2k, VolkovBot, John Carter, Seb az86556, Greswik, Wyattt, Deconstructhis, The Evil Spartan, BTH, Goustien, Kalmino, Kennym2, SoxBot, DerBorg, Spinoff, Canihaveacookie, Aashalom, XLinkBot, Mbenz, Atmadja, Good Olfactory, Addbot, Micromaster, Jeffrags, AttoRenato, Wwwdigi, Luckas-bot, Yobot, AnomieBOT, Ipatrol, LilHelpa, Donatrip, Omnipaedista, Eugene-elgato, Alitermos, Likazar, EmausBot, Mnidjm, Midas02, Cobaltcigs, ClueBot NG, Adam9812, Phoenix500, Helpful Pixie Bot, BG19bot, Northamerica1000, Badinetor, Robin van der Vliet, Superollywood, Alan J. Villarruel, JackLodge4, Addisvalerio, Filedelinkerbot, Ondinegreen, Sebastian Panache, Cpl-Zeruru, Vormeph, Frank Finklestein, Hdoeswikipedia and Anonymous: 70 • Užupis Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%C5%BEupis?oldid=684824419 Contributors: Skysmith, Lysy, Zinnmann, Legionas, Alexkon, Gene Nygaard, Axeman89, Firsfron, Woohookitty, Lokyz, BD2412, Rjwilmsi, Volunteer Marek, RussBot, Arichnad, ExRat, Renata3, Rmpoole, Sandstein, Arthur Rubin, UmR, SmackBot, Xx236, Mladifilozof, Dr. Dan, Mykolas OK, Zholyte123~enwiki, Dakana, Zemenespuu~enwiki, CmdrObot, M.K, Thijs!bot, Bot-maru, Iulius, Ed!, The Anomebot2, CommonsDelinker, A Nobody, Mikej007, Idioma-bot, Glossologist, TXiKiBoT, Broadbot, Himalajski, SieBot, BotMultichill, Zedlik, Lightmouse, Philshapiro608, Tiny plastic Grey Knight, Jacurek, Mild Bill Hiccup, Malikbek, MystBot, Airplaneman, Addbot, Lightbot, Luckas-bot, DirlBot, LilHelpa, GiW, Wiki.2026, Mys 721tx, Alexkokkola, EmausBot, Gagarine, BanWisco, Goodjunk, Pofka, BG19bot, Butyzcholewami, Kontinentai, Mottengott, Raymond1922A, Mogism, Joshtaco, Hippocamp, Ilmarinens, Pomkbum, Parrotdudeking and Anonymous: 33 • Wirtland (micronation) Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirtland_(micronation)?oldid=689441563 Contributors: SchmuckyTheCat, Ukexpat, Woohookitty, Gnhn, Rjwilmsi, Tedder, RussBot, RadioFan, Danlaycock, Mais oui!, SmackBot, Yopie, Thumperward, Ww2censor, Ckatz, WilliamJE, Cydebot, Doug Weller, Hypersite, JAnDbot, Yakushima, Nyttend, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, Juliancolton, Moonriddengirl, Dpmuk, XLinkBot, AgnosticPreachersKid, MystBot, Good Olfactory, Addbot, Jafeluv, Fluffernutter, Yobot, MauritsBot, Xqbot, TruthPraiser, Witizen, Greg Tyler, SassoBot, Multixfer, Rich church mouse, Blanes, TobeBot, Trappist the monk, Arielkoiman, EmausBot, MigueldelosSantos, Remux, BabbaQ, BG19bot, Ghuzz, InTheRevolution, Makecat-bot, Monkbot and Anonymous: 27 • Emperor Norton Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Norton?oldid=691430694 Contributors: Damian Yerrick, Tobias Hoevekamp, The Epopt, CYD, Mav, Bryan Derksen, Manning Bartlett, Jeronimo, Ed Poor, Larry Sanger, Ortolan88, 0, Montrealais, Leandrod, Stevertigo, Infrogmation, Michael Hardy, EvanProdromou, Dreamword, Dante Alighieri, Jtdirl, Vera Cruz, Blacklite, Kalki, GTBacchus, Skysmith, Gbleem, Eric119, Minesweeper, Tregoweth, Stw, Ihcoyc, Chrishorrocks, Arwel Parry, Rboatright, Snoyes, CatherineMunro, Ugen64, Vzbs34, Andres, Jiang, Ineuw, Astudent, Jacques Delson, Mxn, Conti, Jengod, Alex S, Timwi, Bemoeial, RickK, Choster, Paul Stansifer, Geary, WhisperToMe, Hyacinth, Cleduc, Mackensen, Elwoz, Stormie, Carl Caputo, Michael Rawdon, Johnleemk, Jeffq, RadicalBender, Phil Boswell, Gentgeen, Ke4roh, Dale Arnett, Tlogmer, Ray Radlein, Boffy b, Xiaopo, Donreed, Calmypal, KnightofNEE, Henrygb, Kahn~enwiki, Auric, Bkell, Wereon, Carlj7, Carnildo, Davidcannon, Radagast, David Gerard, Fabiform, Crculver, Nunh-huh, Lupin, Brian Kendig, Ausir, No Guru, Perl, Curps, MingMecca, Ssd, Leonard G., Iceberg3k, Bobblewik, Geni, Slowking Man, Quadell, Antandrus, DevilsAdvocate, Nkolodny, Piotrus, Rdsmith4, Oneiros, Burgundavia, Kuralyov, Pmanderson, DenisMoskowitz, Austin Hair, Neutrality, Pitchka, YpsilantiBruin, Karl Dickman, Genesis, Neschek, Vivacissamamente, D6, Mindspillage, Brianhe, Rich Farmbrough, Guanabot, Qutezuce, Silence, Wadewitz, Bender235, Helldjinn~enwiki, Aranel, PhilHibbs, Aaronbrick, Jlin, Rpresser, Viriditas, Reuben, I9Q79oL78KiL0QTFHgyc, Tachitsuteto, RJL20, Daf, Hargrimm, Mixcoatl, Polylerus, Jonathunder, SPUI, E is for Ian, Cadriel, SnowFire, Lokicarbis, Atlant, Improv, Ross Stenersen, Kingolf, Calton, Tchalvak, Malo, SidP, Fourthords, Dabbler, Harej, ~shuri, Gene Nygaard, Trick, Jävligsvengelska, Johnwcowan, Megan1967, Gmaxwell, Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ), Jeffrey O. 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Дянко Марков, Youssef Stevanovisky, Nemovisky and Anonymous: 41 • How to Start Your Own Country (TV series) Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_to_Start_Your_Own_Country?oldid= 688229276 Contributors: Shii, Michael Hardy, Gene Poole, Kierant, Ed g2s, David Gerard, Orangemike, Everyking, Histrion, Darksun, Trilobite, Rich Farmbrough, Kbh3rd, Pearle, Graius, Jess Cully, Nightstallion, LukeSurl, The JPS, Domfeargrieve, Search4Lancer, Koavf, Fish and karate, Fantom~enwiki, Flowerparty, Axver, Intgr, HighHopes, Billpg, Dkkicks, Jeffthejiff, Pburka, Danlaycock, Wknight94, Jimbob1630, Kingboyk, SmackBot, Anarchist42, Stubblyhead, Colonies Chris, Cybercobra, Nakon, BryanG, John, Steady.eddie, Kingfisherswift, Slakr, Tamlyn, Gorniac, Rdunn, Mattbr, Ninetyone, GMc, NickW557, ShelfSkewed, Ken Gallager, AntiVandalBot, Smartse, IanOsgood, Magioladitis, OswaldLee, Jessicapierce, Americanhero, Gwern, CommonsDelinker, Jevansen, Hugo999, Sam Blacketer, Bovineboy2008, Biffothebear, Zondi, Goustien, Staygyro, The Baroness of Morden, XLinkBot, Addbot, Micromaster, Fraggle81, AnomieBOT, 1exec1, Yowuza, Gaja, JimVC3, Tuesdaily, F W Nietzsche, I dream of horses, Orphan Wiki, DrFredJones, Staszek Lem, Asamut79, Brycehughes, Manytexts, Mhiji, ClueBot NG, Snotbot, Widr, KLBot2, MusikAnimal, Jakeooob, Fob Upset, BattyBot, Khazar2, K7L, Jacob Hellflames, Terminator123456, JackWilfred, BHjr132, DacianMiclea, MrPahoehoe, Juliunaso and Anonymous: 80 • List of micronation currencies Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_micronation_currencies?oldid=690406595 Contributors: Gene Poole, Gidonb, Discospinster, Rich Farmbrough, Stesmo, Grutness, Denniss, Hiberniantears, Sharkface217, Kubura, Nikkimaria, SmackBot, Yopie, H2ppyme, Addshore, Timcrow, Will Beback, Claudre, Carnby, Stefan2, AtD, Michael Greiner, Andrwsc, ISD, FairuseBot, J Milburn, Adolphus79, Nick Number, Jarkeld, Hullaballoo Wolfowitz, JamesBWatson, CommonsDelinker, Coolbeans2340, UnitedStatesian, Onecanadasquarebishopsgate, Colfer2, JL-Bot, Kathleen.wright5, Bearsona, XLinkBot, Theinfamousfinatic, SelfQ, Micromaster, Gonda Attila, Lincei101, SwisterTwister, Neethis, Bihco, DanielBrain, TerraHikaru, Outback the koala, DrilBot, Tommy-g-98, Blanes, Imperialocity, Newgalician, John of Reading, ClueBot NG, Michaelmas1957, Sporeatic, Addihockey10 (automated), Jbdhbc, DannyMicro, PresidentOfTerra, Doctorwhofan778, Robin van der Vliet, Jojo6150, Raymond1922A, AuHamilton, Wiltyler12465165464, Yamaha5, MicronationGuy, Param Mudgal, Schalamzaar Empire, Camdenhaman, Cjkemp877, Полк. Дянко Марков, HBT101, Djdanny6 and Anonymous: 36 • List of micronations Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_micronations?oldid=691433876 Contributors: The Anome, Zoe, Someone else, Vera Cruz, Liftarn, MartinHarper, Pedreco, Delirium, GrandVoivodOfErdely, Gene Poole, Jschwa1, Kwekubo, Emperorbma, Timwi, RickK, Dysprosia, Wik, Maximus Rex, Itai, Garry Saint, Esquire, ThereIsNoSteve, Jni, Phil Boswell, Chuunen Baka, Earl Andrew, Ray Radlein, Chris 73, ZimZalaBim, Nurg, Chris Roy, Academic Challenger, Anthony, GreatWhiteNortherner, Carnildo, Kunderemp, Dave6, Mboverload, Prosfilaes, Lucky 6.9, Kvasir, Domino theory, Kaldari, DragonflySixtyseven, MRSC, IndigoGenius, Kevyn, Guppyfinsoup, Mike Rosoft, Discospinster, Brianhe, Rich Farmbrough, Iwoj~enwiki, Freestylefrappe, Samboy, ESkog, MBisanz, Poroubalous, Aude, 96T, Cmdrjameson, JW1805, Merope, Geschichte, Grutness, Alansohn, Gary, Hektor, SlimVirgin, Apoc2400, Wtmitchell, Dhartung, ReyBrujo, DeirYassin, Axeman89, Centauri, Marasmusine, Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ), Jeffrey O. Gustafson, Woohookitty, Uncle G, Bo, Isnow, Turnstep, Mandarax, BD2412, Rjwilmsi, Hiberniantears, Bfigura, Ian Pitchford, Isotope23, Tijuana Brass, Zotel, Visor, Moocha, Theymos, Wavelength, Pip2andahalf, Phantomsteve, CanadianCaesar, Tenebrae, Gaius Cornelius, NawlinWiki, Pagrashtak, Leutha, Shocktm, Arichnad, Kubura, Renata3, Blowdart, Fenris78, Georgewilliamherbert, Sandstein, Closedmouth, E Wing, Dspradau, JuJube, Fram, Scoutersig, Mais oui!, Javamannen2, Well well4, Meegs, Kingboyk, Victor falk, SmackBot, C.Fred, Grye, Bill3000, Jrockley, Yopie, B.Wind, H2ppyme, Master of Puppets, PrimeHunter, Omniplex, Emurphy42, Huon, Fuhghettaboutit, Wiz9999, Makemi, MatthewKarlsen, TedE, Timcrow, RolandR, CristianoMacaluso, MetroStar, Victor Lopes, Will Beback, Kilroy Collins, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, Claudre, Carnby, EoinMahon, Shadowlynk, Peebles05, Evan Robidoux, Stefan2, Ckatz, A. Parrot, FairHair, Molossia, Ryulong, GhostInTheMachine, Andrwsc, ISD, Tony Fox, Whatsupdoc, Rdunn, Jayseph, J Milburn, JForget, Greenunity, JohnCD, Orderinchaos, Max Fun~enwiki, Orthuberra, ShelfSkewed, Nortix, Lurlock, Gogo Dodo, Flowerpotman, Adolphus79, Robiaan, DumbBOT,
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CHAPTER 4. TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES
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said Zebedee, ECollege, Niceguyedc, Blanchardb, 718 Bot, Prince edward154, Jca93, DLB 4 eva, Verzannt, Estirabot, Clarkcorp, WilliamF1, Grey Matter, NuclearWarfare, JasonAQuest, Singularity42, Terminator484, Jacobus I, 05dempc, SoxBot III, Biturica, Barinc, DumZiBoT, Gawain VIII, Bearsona, XLinkBot, JWhitt433, Theinfamousfinatic, Protectthehuman, Faithforum, Raso mk, VTAbenakiMD, SelfQ, TWMM91, Eklipse, Waterlandnews, Perloja, Addbot, Micromaster, Hauntedpretty, Morriswa, Mootros, SpellingBot, Marx01, Gonda Attila, Mnmazur, Henrymadman14, Favonian, Dayewalker, Bigzteve, Tide rolls, Verbal, Apiya, -iNu-, Sumpland, Otrfan, Tolomer, Drpickem, Luckas-bot, KenshinHolstein, Yobot, MauriManya, Lark19uk, Vanished user sflgjhaerp98q3iv8j3qp8uti, PMDrive1067, Vitla, SeanPyke, Lost Banana, Backslash Forwardslash, AnomieBOT, Nick3232, Hjorg3, Conrad188, State of pamale, Piano non troppo, Alan95list, Danielfärs, Neethis, Zangar, Law, Glenfarclas, Jubbaia, Powerzilla, Minnecologies, Realabbass~enwiki, Forturas, Jdausten, Citation bot, Cando12, Comarade, GB fan, .غامدي.أحمد24, FreeRangeFrog, Flopo1, Leofomic, Exmadxman, Emeriestro.antonio.1, IViking, Cipika, Capricorn42, PresidentHogan001, Ducaleditor, Acha1993, About the Sultan, The Evil IP address, BritishWatcher, Northprez, Witizen, Oli lowrie2001, Polartec239, Alumnum, ColonelR, Kikifrka, Mr. smille, Gojabey, Nasatroe, Chris bartley, DanielBrain, Abc123Wiki, What9999999333, Bbilasiorntiveny, LordTaeglan, Wvh2, Niels Vermeersch, Assed206, Pamale, FrescoBot, RichardOwen97, Nilfberglord, AwockaLord, Sizey, Dorigod, D'ohBot, ProcEnforce, Illuminaticoldgirl, Astgenator, Ishiai, MGA73bot, Jackbert, Hiyoufgtyio, Outback the koala, Hell in a Bucket, NuclearWizard, Jipalu, ImmortalDragonfly, Bromley86, Gooberpeaandme, Packardstan, Snoobysoo, Lyam Desmet, Tommy-g-98, DominicCyninge, LCCHSman, Skyerise, Qwertyuiop1994, Aca Srbin, Mijojustin, Burhanbektas14, HaiyaTheWin, Ali asterix1, Jujutacular, Full-date unlinking bot, BadWolfAU, Like a Pete, Kranny, Henry Knight, Monkop, Blanes, Happy man007, Lightlowemon, Kwivia, AriAilin, Kingdom of Ruritania, Imperialocity, Negativezero19097, MoonWillow080794, MrX, Mdmo57, GreenUpGreenOut, Reaper Eternal, Cypruss11, Alfrag, Custardmite77, Lord of the Pit, Irvi Hyka, Produde94, RjwilmsiBot, Viniciusmc, KonradAlexanderI, Best Banana, Thrind, Tom10194, Mikers222, John of Reading, Soceles, Mk5384, Britannic124, Hekewe, Fedcella, AlanSiegrist, Spongie555, Hoppimike, BKCW8, Wikipelli, Wild for kicks, Farfloogle, Whatismoo, F1ryan, Werieth, VanBlevins, Carlox16, Hellfirej, DCFC10, Agnonef, AdzDrury, Banderaz1963, UNOOR015, Mrarmadilloguy, Aneuschaefer, Goldenballs90, Gambaland, Birtawil, Declan2018, CowKing11, AlexanderFreud, Errorius, King Joe I of the Republic of Joe, Senjuto, Jsanthara, Parachuteman24, Tfeaster, Therexbanner, Chaseacer, Montoshking, TRADITIONA, Felix123cat, DKH2010, Gia Thế tiên sinh 2, RepublicOfLostisland, 3141llamsR, George6852, Austreneland, Sukehisashi, NiamGov, Berehan, Prussiamerica, BarnabyJoe, GeekX01, RepublicOfUcitoneia, Msmelliebellie, Princeredonda, Unscintillating, InterADS, Sjb101, StarDeg, Xarucoponce, Abcqwerty67, MBAxTom, SomeDudeWithAUserName, Tohphayt, Abthauzen, Xx2650, Shatpank97, Ryan Vesey, Jj900123, Al Villarruel, Helpful Pixie Bot, Legoless, Jordboss2k10, Emînough, Jbdhbc, Veyneru, Prcc27, Northamerica1000, El Monterrey, ИзРоссии, PhnomPencil, Reddogsix, Mercudo, InTheRevolution2, PWheelers, Uberstadt, SaluteChciken, OCCullens, Tom3377, BattyBot, Libertasgov, Micronation132, Escargoten, Doctorwhofan778, AMS351996, Dylanvt, Raymond1922A, Tokyo46, Mogism, SiBr4, Caleb Dorey, StealthHawk69, OBCPO1, Solarislv, Dronskla, ZacharyGeorge, NHCLS, Gon266, ChrisHill1407, Ilmarinens, SMB99thx, Neegzistuoja, YiFeiBot, Run swim, D Eaketts, Seagull123, HistoryAddict2000, JuncoMountainBoy, Marchjuly, Lastglad, Monkbot, Filedelinkerbot, Eastern sun 1701, Universal Triumvirate, Austin fridenberg, Chaojidage, Sebastian Panache, MrPahoehoe, President Matthew T. Scarbrough, Cjkemp877, SSJGokuPower, CentreLeftRight, Ster3oPro, BORAGORIDEV, Ohnahnah, Полк. Дянко Марков, Crimson&Clover71, Tyanc13and7, Johnny Appleseed 396, Illes Sant Jordi and Anonymous: 399 • Montevideo Convention Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montevideo_Convention?oldid=690960616 Contributors: Derek Ross, SJK, Daniel C. Boyer, Olivier, Stevertigo, MartinHarper, Jpatokal, Jiang, Skyfaller, Adam Carr, Robbot, Merovingian, Jao, Robert Brockway, Gene s, Rich Farmbrough, Freestylefrappe, Smyth, Ngchen, Vecrumba, Bobo192, Darwinek, Andrew Gray, Marianocecowski, Urban~enwiki, Nightstallion, Grace Note, RicJac, Pharmacomancer, Mandarax, Coemgenus, FlaBot, Gurch, Jaraalbe, DownUnder555, Hairy Dude, Kauffner, Rjensen, Deodar~enwiki, LodeRunner, Danlaycock, Otto ter Haar, SmackBot, Hmains, Kisholi, Hebel, Hmortar, GRuban, Cybercobra, Andrealand, EdGl, Evlekis, Ourai, Harlan wilkerson, Sephui, William Mauco, Cydebot, Thijs!bot, Horologium, X96lee15, Magioladitis, Jim Nightshade, MariusM, Hoverfish, Ashishbhatnagar72, Gwern, 5618, Tustiman, Rossenglish, ThisIsJustASagaNow, Kakoui, Goustien, Randy Kryn, Enthusiast01, BenchmarkBen, Readin, DumZiBoT, Tommy Sea, Good Olfactory, Johnkatz1972, Wotapalaver, Mnmazur, FutureDragon, Legobot, AnomieBOT, Yowuza, Cmortar, Jmarchn, Night w, Buzz-tardis, Mistakefinder, MondalorBot, Cusio, Chipmunkdavis, EmausBot, ZéroBot, ChuispastonBot, Petrb, Helpful Pixie Bot and Anonymous: 30
4.2 Images • File:1puffin1929.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/1puffin1929.JPG License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:20130723_MERU_(Maharishi_European_Research_University)_in_Vlodrop_Holland_-_CC_BY-NC-ND_1000x368.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/20130723_MERU_%28Maharishi_European_Research_University% 29_in_Vlodrop_Holland_-_CC_BY-NC-ND_1000x368.jpg License: CC BY 1.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Dr. Jean Fortunet • File:35_Minerva_Dollars.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/35_Minerva_Dollars.JPG License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Rosser1954 Roger Griffith
4.2. IMAGES
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• File:AMU_Sectioned.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/AMU_Sectioned.png License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: http://amunion.weebly.com/bulletin/official-map-released-membership-opened Original artist: Travis McHenry • File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg License: Cc-bysa-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Aericamap.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Aericamap.jpg License: Attribution Contributors: http://www.aericanempire.com Original artist: Eric Lis and Bernie Glynn • File:Aerican_Empire_Logo.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Aerican_Empire_Logo.jpg License: CC BY 2.5 Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia by SreeBot Original artist: Timcrow at en.wikipedia • File:Alytus_County_COA.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Alytus_County_COA.png License: Public domain Contributors: Virtuali paroda „Lietuvos valstybės šiuolaikinė heraldika“. I dalis Original artist: Arvydas Každailis • File:Alytus_County_flag.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/Alytus_County_flag.png License: Public domain Contributors: Virtuali paroda „Lietuvos valstybės šiuolaikinė heraldika“. I dalis Original artist: Arvydas Každailis or Rimvydas Rimkūnas • File:Ambox_contradict.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Ambox_contradict.svg License: Public domain Contributors: self-made using Image:Emblem-contradict.svg Original artist: penubag, Rugby471 • File:Ambox_important.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work, based off of Image:Ambox scales.svg Original artist: Dsmurat (talk · contribs) • File:Antarctica_Peter_I_Island.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/Antarctica_Peter_I_Island.png License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Arms4.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Arms4.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.5 Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia; Transfer was stated to be made by User:Undead_warrior. Original artist: Original uploader was Molossia at en.wikipedia • File:Arms_Avram.GIF Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/eb/Arms_Avram.GIF License: Fair use Contributors: Copyright owner is John Charlton Rudge (John, the Duke of Avram). Original artist: ? • File:Arms_Celestia.GIF Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/07/Arms_Celestia.GIF License: Fair use Contributors: image was scanned by George Cruickshank (Gene Poole) from an original copy of “Report to the Universe” by James Thomas Mangan. Source stated is the personal property of George Cruickshank. Copyright in the design resides with the estate of James Thomas Mangan and his heirs. Original artist: ? • File:Arms_Melchizedek.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4f/Arms_Melchizedek.png License: Fair use Contributors: http://melchizedek.com/dom/index.html Original artist: ? • File:Arx_in_Ladonia.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Arx_in_Ladonia.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: Flickr Original artist: Hakan Dahlstrom • File:Atlantic_Puffin_Lundy.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Atlantic_Puffin_Lundy.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Grantus4504 • File:Bandera_República_Glaciar.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Bandera_Rep%C3%BAblica_ Glaciar.png License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Xarucoponce • File:Bandera_d'Atlantium.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Bandera_d%27Atlantium.svg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.atlantium.org/symbols.html Original artist: Unknown • File:Beacon_hill_sketch.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Beacon_hill_sketch.svg License: CC BYSA 3.0 Contributors: This file was derived from Beacon hill sketch.jpg: Original artist: Beacon_hill_sketch.jpg: Grant Sherman (User:Grantus4504) • File:Bison_on_stamp_Lithuania_Perloja.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Bison_on_stamp_ Lithuania_Perloja.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://bison-stamps.narod.ru/stamps/europa/lithuania_1994-en.html Original artist: Lithuania Post • File:CelestiaCoin.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/CelestiaCoin.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Photograph of original coin Original artist: James T. Mangan • File:Christiania,_glass_house,_august_2007.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Christiania%2C_ glass_house%2C_august_2007.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: originally posted to Flickr as christiania, glass house, august 2007 Original artist: seier+seier • File:Christiania_(Locator-Gif).gif Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Christiania_%28Locator-Gif%29. png License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Локомотив • File:Christiania_Street.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Christiania_Street.JPG License: CC BYSA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Steffen Hillebrand, Steffen84 • File:Christiania_depuis_Notre_Sauveur.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Christiania_depuis_ Notre_Sauveur.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.5 Contributors: No machine-readable source provided. Own work assumed (based on copyright claims). Original artist: No machine-readable author provided. Nicor assumed (based on copyright claims).
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• File:Chritianias_common_law.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Chritianias_common_law.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Jeuleu • File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Other_World_Kingdom.jpg Source: Other_World_Kingdom.jpg License: Fair use Contributors: Other World Kingdom website Original artist: ?
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d1/Coat_of_Arms_of_
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Principality_of_Seborga_-vector.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/ Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Principality_of_Seborga_-vector.svg License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: raster image from official sources Original artist: Mliu92 • File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Conch_Republic_FH020010.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Conch_Republic_FH020010.jpg License: Attribution Contributors: Own work Original artist: Deror avi • File:Conch_Republic_FH020010_crop.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Conch_Republic_ FH020010_crop.jpg License: Attribution Contributors: Own work Original artist: Deror avi • File:Conch_Republic_flag_on_balcony.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Conch_Republic_flag_ on_balcony.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Dragfyre • File:Conch_Republic_map.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Conch_Republic_map.png License: Public domain Contributors: No machine-readable source provided. Own work assumed (based on copyright claims). Original artist: No machine-readable author provided. Jmadrid assumed (based on copyright claims). • File:Conwy_UK_location_map.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Conwy_UK_location_map.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Ordnance Survey OpenData. Original artist: Nilfanion, created using Ordnance Survey data • File:Copenhagen_entrance_christiania.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Copenhagen_entrance_ christiania.jpg License: CC BY 1.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Quistnix • File:DBWF_Flag.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/DBWF_Flag.svg License: Public domain Contributors: http://dbwf.net/images/BWF_Flag.GIF on the Dominion’s official website. Original artist: Pbroks13 (talk) (redraw) • File:De_nieuwe_vuurtoren_van_Lundy.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/De_nieuwe_vuurtoren_ van_Lundy.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Dickelbers • File:Devon_UK_location_map.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Devon_UK_location_map.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Ordnance Survey OpenData. Original artist: Nilfanion, created using Ordnance Survey data • File:Edit-clear.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg License: Public domain Contributors: The Tango! Desktop Project. Original artist: The people from the Tango! project. And according to the meta-data in the file, specifically: “Andreas Nilsson, and Jakub Steiner (although minimally).” • File:Emperor_Joshua_A._Norton_I.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Emperor_Joshua_A. _Norton_I.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://content.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/tf8z09p3v7&brand=calisphere Original artist: H.W. Bradley or William Rulofson • File:Emperor_Norton_proclamation_re._assumption_of_prerogatives_WFHM_SF.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/ wikipedia/commons/3/39/Emperor_Norton_proclamation_re._assumption_of_prerogatives_WFHM_SF.JPG License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: BrokenSphere • File:Entrée_de_Christiania.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Entr%C3%A9e_de_Christiania.jpg License: CC BY-SA 1.0 Contributors: Transferred from fr.wikipedia to Commons. Original artist: Bruno Jargot • File:Europe_location_SLD.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Europe_location_SLD.png License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: David Liuzzo, based on his work; call_me_berti, edited • File:FRENTE-MEDALHA.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/FRENTE-MEDALHA.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Claudre • File:Flag_Of_Vikesland.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Flag_Of_Vikesland.svg License: CC BYSA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: NsMn • File:Flag_Rainbowcreek.gif Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/e7/Flag_Rainbowcreek.gif License: Fair use Contributors: Electronic image created by George Cruickshank (Gene Poole). Copyright in the design is held by Thomas Barnes. Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_Aerica.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Flag_of_Aerica.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work. Smiley from File:Smiley.svg Original artist: Quintin336 • File:Flag_of_Aeterna_Lucina.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Flag_of_Aeterna_Lucina.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Gjp-39 • File:Flag_of_Akhzivland.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Flag_of_Akhzivland.png License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: OBCPO1 • File:Flag_of_Antarctica.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Flag_of_Antarctica.svg License: CC0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_Aramoana.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/Flag_of_Aramoana.png License: CC BYSA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: OBCPO1
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• File:Flag_of_Argentina.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Here, based on: http://manuelbelgrano.gov.ar/bandera/creacion-de-la-bandera-nacional/ Original artist: Government of Argentina • File:Flag_of_Austenasia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Flag_of_Austenasia.svg License: CC0 Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons by Alan Liefting using CommonsHelper. Original artist: InTheRevolution2 at English Wikipedia • File:Flag_of_Brazil.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_Bumbunga.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Flag_of_Bumbunga.svg License: CC-BYSA-3.0 Contributors: This vector image was created with Inkscape. Original artist: Himasaram • File:Flag_of_Celestia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/6b/Flag_of_Celestia.svg License: Fair use Contributors: http://www.listofmicronations.com/lomwiki/index.php?title=File:Flag_Celestia_01.png&limit=250 Original artist: James T. Mangan • File:Flag_of_Chile.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: SKopp • File:Flag_of_Christiania.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/Flag_of_Christiania.svg License: Public domain Contributors: User created Original artist: Liftarn • File:Flag_of_Colombia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Drawn by User:SKopp Original artist: SKopp • File:Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg License: Public domain Contributors: This vector image was created with Inkscape. Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp, rewritten by User:Gabbe • File:Flag_of_Cuba.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Drawn by User:Madden Original artist: see below • File:Flag_of_Denmark.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:Madden • File:Flag_of_Ecuador.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.presidencia.gob.ec/pdf/Simbolos-Patrios.pdf Original artist: President of the Republic of Ecuador, Zscout370 • File:Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: user:Nightstallion • File:Flag_of_Elleore.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/Flag_of_Elleore.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Recoloured version of Image:Flag of Scotland.svg Original artist: original Scottish flag by Kbolino, recoloured by TeVe • File:Flag_of_Enclava_(simplified).png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Flag_of_Enclava_ %28simplified%29.png License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: • ilpost.it Original artist: Carnby • File:Flag_of_EnenKio.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Flag_of_EnenKio.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: TeVe • File:Flag_of_Europe.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg License: Public domain Contributors: • File based on the specification given at [1]. Original artist: User:Verdy p, User:-xfi-, User:Paddu, User:Nightstallion, User:Funakoshi, User:Jeltz, User:Dbenbenn, User:Zscout370 • File:Flag_of_Freedonia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Flag_of_Freedonia.svg License: CC BY 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Yuma • File:Flag_of_Guatemala.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:K21edgo • File:Flag_of_Haiti.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Coat of arms from: Coat of arms of Haiti.svg by Lokal_Profil and Myriam Thyes Original artist: (colours and size changes of the now deletied versions) Madden, Vzb83, Denelson83, Chanheigeorge, Zscout370 and Nightstallion • File:Flag_of_Honduras.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_Key_West,_Florida.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Flag_of_Key_West%2C_ Florida.svg License: CC BY 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Jmckean • File:Flag_of_Ladonia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Flag_of_Ladonia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: The standard Ladonian flag has been described here. Original artist: User:Quilbert • File:Flag_of_Ladonia_with_contours.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Flag_of_Ladonia_with_ contours.svg License: Public domain Contributors: The standard Ladonian flag has been described here. Original artist: User:Quilbert • File:Flag_of_Lithuania.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: SuffKopp • File:Flag_of_Lovely.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/Flag_of_Lovely.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: McSush • File:Flag_of_Mexico.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg License: Public domain Contributors: This vector image was created with Inkscape. Original artist: Alex Covarrubias, 9 April 2006
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CHAPTER 4. TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES
• File:Flag_of_Murrawarri_Republic.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Flag_of_Murrawarri_ Republic.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work, based on revision at nationalunitygovernment.org Original artist: Ranking Update
• File:Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work based on: